Biol115 The Thread of Life"
|
|
- Geoffrey Boyd
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Biol115 The Thread of Life" Lecture 9" Gene expression and the Central Dogma"... once (sequential) information has passed into protein it cannot get out again. " ~Francis Crick, 1958!
2 Principles of Biology & other references" Chapter Gene Expression (What is the central dogma)" Chapter Non-coding RNA (Overview only)" Crick, F. (1970) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. Nature 227, " 2"
3 Objectives" Explain the flow of biological information between the key molecules involved in transcription and translation." Examine criticisms and evidence against the Central Dogma." Key terms: central dogma, transcription, translation, reverse transcription, RNA viruses, prions, RNA editing, non-coding RNA" 3"
4 Development of the Central Dogma" Crick proposed the Central Dogma to indicate the direction of information flow: from nucleic acid to proteins." All possible directions of information flow" By 1958, some arrows were removed" 4"
5 The Central Dogma of Biology" The Central Dogma specifies that biological information stored in DNA is used to synthesise proteins via an RNA intermediate." The information flow is largely unidirectional, from DNA to protein." The information in DNA is also replicated before cell division." 5"
6 Genetic information is used to synthesise proteins" Genetic information refers to the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA." The linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA specifies a linear sequence of amino acids " Linear sequence of amino acids = polypeptide or protein! 6"
7 RNA as viral genetic material " The broadest variety of RNA genomes is found in viruses that infect animals" Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA" HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)! 7"
8 RNA as viral genetic material" The viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome is called a provirus! Unlike a prophage, a provirus remains a permanent resident of the host cell" The host s RNA polymerase transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA molecules" The RNA molecules function both as mrna for synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for new virus particles released from the cell" 8"
9 Insert Fig P391" 9"
10 Insert Fig P390" 10"
11 Prions: the simplest infectious agents" Prions are slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals" Prions propagate by converting normal proteins into the prion version" Scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans are all caused by prions" 11"
12 Prions and Mad Cow disease" Section of " a brain from" a patient suffering from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or spongiform encephalopathy (SE)" 12"
13 What are prions?" related to normal proteins of unknown " function" " Two versions of these proteins:" normal = PrP" abnormal = PrP * " " PrP" " 3-D models of normal PrP protein and abnormal, infectious PrP * " PrP * " 13"
14 Why did prions challenge the Central Dogma?" prion = infectious protein that appeared to replicate itself" Central Dogma = only DNA can produce new protein" Resolution of conflict:" New prions are formed by structural change of host prion-like proteins, not by synthesis of new protein." 14"
15 Lesson learned from prion infections: the Central Dogma is still valid" The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. (F.H.C. Crick, 1970)! 15"
16 RNA editing" 5 November 2010 Nature doi: /news " 19 May 2011 Nature doi: /news " " RNA editing is the site-specific modification of an RNA sequence from that of its template by mechanisms other than splicing." " Results in changes to the sequences of mrna such that the message no longer reflects the genetic code in DNA." " THR SER SER HIS" ACG UCG AGA CAU(mRNA)" " ACG UCG UGA CAU (mrna)" THR SER * " " HIS" Original Sequence" Edited Sequence" 16"
17 Editing of Glutamate receptor mrna in human neurons" Unlike RNA splicing, RNA editing changes the code in mrna (without changing the code in DNA)" Editing produces glutamate receptor proteins with varying receptor functions" Nishikura Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7, (December 2006) doi: / nrm2061" 17"
18 18"
19 Non-coding RNAs & heterochromatin formation" Non-coding RNA can silence genes i.e. inhibit gene expression" Non-coding RNA (e.g. sirna) can convert euchromatin into non-expressed heterochromatin." The non-coding RNA Xist (red) coats one of the two X chromosomes in females, compacting it into heterochromatin and inactivating it." 19"
20 Challenge to the Central Dogma" While RNA editing and non-coding RNA can alter the expression of genes, these phenomena do not invalidate the central dogma." once information has passed into protein it cannot get out again.! 20"
21 You should now be able to:" 1. Describe information flow in biological systems using the Central Dogma of molecular biology " 2. Explain how RNA viruses, prions, RNA editing and non-coding RNA may be used as examples to contradict the Central Dogma (although they do not)." 3. Describe how RNA editing provides a powerful mechanism to produce biological variation that is not of genetic origin." 4. Explain why mechanisms such as RNA editing and non-coding RNA-mediated gene silencing produce phenotypic variation, but that those variations are not genetic (heritable)." 21"
Chapter 13B: Animal Viruses
Chapter 13B: Animal Viruses 1. Overview of Animal Viruses 2. DNA Viruses 3. RNA Viruses 4. Prions 1. Overview of Animal Viruses Life Cycle of Animal Viruses The basic life cycle stages of animal viruses
More informationChapter 19: Viruses. 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction. 2. Bacteriophages. 3. Animal Viruses. 4. Viroids & Prions
Chapter 19: Viruses 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction 2. Bacteriophages 3. Animal Viruses 4. Viroids & Prions 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction Chapter Reading pp. 393-396 What exactly is a Virus? Viruses
More informationChapter 19: Viruses. 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction. What exactly is a Virus? 11/7/ Viral Structure & Reproduction. 2.
Chapter 19: Viruses 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction 2. Bacteriophages 3. Animal Viruses 4. Viroids & Prions 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction Chapter Reading pp. 393-396 What exactly is a Virus? Viruses
More informationChapter 18. Viral Genetics. AP Biology
Chapter 18. Viral Genetics 2003-2004 1 A sense of size Comparing eukaryote bacterium virus 2 What is a virus? Is it alive? DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat Viruses are not cells Extremely tiny electron
More informationAP Biology Reading Guide. Concept 19.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
AP Biology Reading Guide Name Chapter 19: Viruses Overview Experimental work with viruses has provided important evidence that genes are made of nucleic acids. Viruses were also important in working out
More information1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope
VIRUSES BIOLOGY II VOCABULARY- VIRUSES (22 Words) 1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope 4. Provirus 5. Retrovirus 6. Reverse transcriptase 7. Bacteriophage 8. Lytic Cycle 9. Virulent 10. Lysis 11. Lysogenic Cycle
More information19/06/2013. Viruses are not organisms (do not belong to any kingdom). Viruses are not made of cells, have no cytoplasm, and no membranes.
VIRUSES Many diseases of plants and animals are caused by bacteria or viruses that invade the body. Bacteria and viruses are NOT similar kinds of micro-organisms. Bacteria are classified as living organisms,
More information11/15/2011. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Viral Genomes. Structural Features and Characteristics
Chapter 19 - Viruses Outline I. Viruses A. Structure of viruses B. Common Characteristics of Viruses C. Viral replication D. HIV II. Prions The Good the Bad and the Ugly Viruses fit into the bad category
More informationAP Biology. Viral diseases Polio. Chapter 18. Smallpox. Influenza: 1918 epidemic. Emerging viruses. A sense of size
Hepatitis Viral diseases Polio Chapter 18. Measles Viral Genetics Influenza: 1918 epidemic 30-40 million deaths world-wide Chicken pox Smallpox Eradicated in 1976 vaccinations ceased in 1980 at risk population?
More informationViral reproductive cycle
Lecture 29: Viruses Lecture outline 11/11/05 Types of viruses Bacteriophage Lytic and lysogenic life cycles viruses viruses Influenza Prions Mad cow disease 0.5 µm Figure 18.4 Viral structure of capsid
More informationVIRUSES. 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart.
AP BIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS ACTIVITY #3 NAME DATE HOUR VIRUSES 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart. Viral Part Description of Part 2. Some viruses have an envelope
More informationLecture 2: Virology. I. Background
Lecture 2: Virology I. Background A. Properties 1. Simple biological systems a. Aggregates of nucleic acids and protein 2. Non-living a. Cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside of a
More informationChapter 6- An Introduction to Viruses*
Chapter 6- An Introduction to Viruses* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. 6.1 Overview of Viruses
More informationLESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK. Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV
LESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV In the last two lessons we discussed the how the viral life cycle causes host cell damage. But is there anything we can do to prevent
More informationBIOLOGY. Viruses CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick TENTH EDITION
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 19 Viruses Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 19.1 Are the viruses (red) budding from this
More informationDate. Student Name. Prompt: This passage is called Characteristics of Viruses. It is about viruses.
Student Name Characteristics of Viruses--Part I Level High School - Science Date _ Prompt: This passage is called Characteristics of Viruses. It is about viruses. Similarities and Differences Between Viruses
More informationOverview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life
Overview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life Viruses called bacteriophages can infect and set in motion a genetic takeover of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli Viruses lead a kind of borrowed life between
More informationChapter 19: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 19: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the science that studies microorganisms = living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye Microorganisms
More informationChapter13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Chapter13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 11/20/2017 MDufilho 1 Characteristics of Viruses Viruses Minuscule, acellular, infectious agent having either DNA or RNA Cause infections
More information19 2 Viruses Slide 1 of 34
1 of 34 What Is a Virus? What Is a Virus? Viruses are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids. Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living cells. 2 of 34 What Is a Virus? Viruses
More informationLESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK. How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Eukaryotic: Non-bacterial cell type (bacteria are prokaryotes).. LESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication This lesson extends the principles we learned in Unit
More informationHands-on Activity Viral DNA Integration. Educator Materials
OVERVIEW This activity is part of a series of activities and demonstrations focusing on various aspects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle. HIV is a retrovirus. Retroviruses are distinguished
More informationViruses. Picture from:
Viruses Understand the structure of bacteriophages & human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Appreciate that viruses replicate in host cells (thereby destroying them) Picture from: http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/lxvii1/viruses.html
More informationViruses Tomasz Kordula, Ph.D.
Viruses Tomasz Kordula, Ph.D. Resources: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, pp. 295, 1330, 1431 1433; Lehninger CD Movie A0002201. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand parasitic life cycle of
More informationBacteriophage Reproduction
Bacteriophage Reproduction Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles The following information is taken from: http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/index.html#charvir Bacteriophage Structure More complex
More informationViruses defined acellular organisms genomes nucleic acid replicate inside host cells host metabolic machinery ribosomes
The Viruses Viruses Viruses may be defined as acellular organisms whose genomes consist of nucleic acid, obligately replicate inside host cells using host metabolic machinery and ribosomes to form a pool
More informationIntroduction to viruses. BIO 370 Ramos
Introduction to viruses BIO 370 Ramos 1 2 General Structure of Viruses Size range most
More information19 Viruses BIOLOGY. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Structural Features and Characteristics
9 Viruses CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Viruses A. Structure of viruses B. Common Characteristics of Viruses C. Viral replication D. HIV Lecture Presentation
More informationViruses. Non-cellular organisms. Premedical - Biology
Viruses Non-cellular organisms Premedical - Biology Size the smallest 20 nm and more Non-cellular: viruses are infectious particles plant, animal, bacterial = bacteriophages virion = nucleic acid + protein
More informationChapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003
Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003 Viruses Virology-study of viruses Characteristics: acellular obligate intracellular parasites no ribosomes or means
More informationOne of the classifications was if the virus is enveloped or naked.
Last time we gave an introduction about viruses, we talked about; definition of viruses, characters of viruses, structures of viruses and classification of viruses. One of the classifications was if the
More informationSECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE. 1. The diameter of viruses ranges from about a. 1 to 2 nm. b. 20 to 250 nm. c. 1 to 2 µm. d. 20 to 250 µm.
SECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. virus 2. capsid 3. retrovirus 4. viroid 5. prion MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The diameter of
More information7.012 Problem Set 6 Solutions
Name Section 7.012 Problem Set 6 Solutions Question 1 The viral family Orthomyxoviridae contains the influenza A, B and C viruses. These viruses have a (-)ss RNA genome surrounded by a capsid composed
More informationTranscription and RNA processing
Transcription and RNA processing Lecture 7 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Spring 2018 It is possible that Nature invented DNA for the purpose of achieving regulation at the transcriptional rather than at the
More informationHistory of Virology. Russian Bacteriologist Dimitri Iwanowski TMD tobacco mosaic disease TMV isolated and purified
Viruses & Prions Viruses Virus miniscule, acellular, infectious agent having one or several pieces of either DNA or RNA No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, organelles Cannot carry out any metabolic pathway
More informationBio 111 Study Guide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Bio 111 Study Guide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein BEFORE CLASS: Reading: Read the introduction on p. 333, skip the beginning of Concept 17.1 from p. 334 to the bottom of the first column on p. 336, and
More informationVirus and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - 1
Virus and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - 1 We have discussed the molecular structure of DNA and its function in DNA duplication and in transcription and protein synthesis. We now turn to how cells regulate
More informationThe Zombies of the Scientific Community Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents. Acellular Agents
viruses protein and nucleic acid viroids RNA virusoids RNA prions proteins The Zombies of the Scientific Community Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents Acellular Agents Viruses major cause of
More informationSome living things are made of ONE cell, and are called. Other organisms are composed of many cells, and are called. (SEE PAGE 6)
Section: 1.1 Question of the Day: Name: Review of Old Information: N/A New Information: We tend to only think of animals as living. However, there is a great diversity of organisms that we consider living
More informationSize nm m m
1 Viral size and organization Size 20-250nm 0.000000002m-0.000000025m Virion structure Capsid Core Acellular obligate intracellular parasites Lack organelles, metabolic activities, and reproduction Replicated
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Ashraf
number 4 Done by Nedaa Bani Ata Corrected by Rama Nada Doctor Ashraf Genome replication and gene expression Remember the steps of viral replication from the last lecture: Attachment, Adsorption, Penetration,
More informationGene Regulation Part 2
Michael Cummings Chapter 9 Gene Regulation Part 2 David Reisman University of South Carolina Other topics in Chp 9 Part 2 Protein folding diseases Most diseases are caused by mutations in the DNA that
More informationTranscription and RNA processing
Transcription and RNA processing Lecture 7 Biology W3310/4310 Virology Spring 2016 It is possible that Nature invented DNA for the purpose of achieving regulation at the transcriptional rather than at
More information7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 7
MI Department of Biology 7.013: Introductory Biology - Spring 2005 Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor yler Jacks, Dr. Claudette Gardel 7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 7 FRIDAY May 6th, 2005 Question
More informationRevisiting the Definition of Living Thing
Biology of Viruses (Ch 0 p77 and 88-9) What do you already know about viruses? Revisiting the Definition of Living Thing How did we define a living thing? H0 DOMAIN ARCHAEA virus So, if the Cell Theory
More informationLast time we talked about the few steps in viral replication cycle and the un-coating stage:
Zeina Al-Momani Last time we talked about the few steps in viral replication cycle and the un-coating stage: Un-coating: is a general term for the events which occur after penetration, we talked about
More informationViral structure م.م رنا مشعل
Viral structure م.م رنا مشعل Viruses must reproduce (replicate) within cells, because they cannot generate energy or synthesize proteins. Because they can reproduce only within cells, viruses are obligate
More informationFayth K. Yoshimura, Ph.D. September 7, of 7 HIV - BASIC PROPERTIES
1 of 7 I. Viral Origin. A. Retrovirus - animal lentiviruses. HIV - BASIC PROPERTIES 1. HIV is a member of the Retrovirus family and more specifically it is a member of the Lentivirus genus of this family.
More informationMONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE CHAPTER 13: VIRUSES. 1. Obligate intracellular parasites that multiply in living host cells
MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE CHAPTER 13: VIRUSES I. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES A. General Characteristics 1. Obligate intracellular parasites that multiply in living host cells 2. Contain a single
More informationCharacterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions CHAPTER SUMMARY Viruses, viroids, and prions are acellular (noncellular) disease-causing agents that lack cell structure and cannot metabolize,
More informationHuman Genome: Mapping, Sequencing Techniques, Diseases
Human Genome: Mapping, Sequencing Techniques, Diseases Lecture 4 BINF 7580 Fall 2005 1 Let us review what we talked about at the previous lecture. Please,... 2 The central dogma states that the transfer
More informationViruses and Prions (Chapter 13) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus
Viruses and Prions (Chapter 13) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Source for figures and content: Tortora, G.J. Microbiology An Introduction
More informationViruses. Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to:
Name: 3.5 Responses to Stimuli Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to: 3.5.4 Viruses 1. Explain the problem of defining what a virus is - living or non-living? 2. show you
More informationWarts are a skin virus!
Viruses Warts are a skin virus! Herpes mouth virus: Other Viral Diseases Measles Polio Smallpox Influenza Hepatitis B Virus Viruses & Cancer Human Papilloma Virus HPV Tree Man - HPV Is a Virus a Living
More informationReverse transcription and integration
Reverse transcription and integration Lecture 9 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Spring 2018 One can t believe impossible things, said Alice. I dare say you haven t had much practice, said the Queen. Why, sometimes
More informationEukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Chapter 19: Control of Eukaryotic Genome The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different,
More informationVirus Basics. General Characteristics of Viruses. Chapter 13 & 14. Non-living entities. Can infect organisms of every domain
Virus Basics Chapter 13 & 14 General Characteristics of Viruses Non-living entities Not considered organisms Can infect organisms of every domain All life-forms Commonly referred to by organism they infect
More informationBIOL 1010 Introduction to Biology: The Evolution and Diversity of Life. Spring 2011 Sections A & B
BIOL 1010 Introduction to Biology: The Evolution and Diversity of Life. Spring 2011 Sections A & B Steve Thompson: stthompson@valdosta.edu http://www.bioinfo4u.net 1 What about viruses? Truth is nobody
More informationFayth K. Yoshimura, Ph.D. September 7, of 7 RETROVIRUSES. 2. HTLV-II causes hairy T-cell leukemia
1 of 7 I. Diseases Caused by Retroviruses RETROVIRUSES A. Human retroviruses that cause cancers 1. HTLV-I causes adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis 2. HTLV-II causes hairy T-cell leukemia
More informationVirology Introduction. Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment.
DEVH Virology Introduction Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment. Definitions Virology: The science which study the
More informationVirus Basics. General Characteristics of Viruses 5/9/2011. General Characteristics of Viruses. Chapter 13 & 14. Non-living entities
Virus Basics Chapter 13 & 14 General Characteristics of Viruses Non-living entities Not considered organisms Can infect organisms of every domain All life-formsf Commonly referred to by organism they infect
More informationChapter 19. Viruses. Concept 19.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Chapter 19 Viruses Lecture Outline Overview: A Borrowed Life Viruses are the simplest biological systems. Most viruses are little more than aggregates of nucleic acids and protein genes in a protein coat.
More informationthe world and viruses
More than 5,450 viruses belonging to more than 2,000 species, 287 genera, 73 families and 3 orders are recognized in the 8th ICTVreport report. the world and viruses 1 1889 H2N2 Emerging viruses in the
More informationVIRUS VIROID PRION. Ms.Tanyaratana Dumkua Biology Department, Mahidolwittayanusorn School
VIRUS VIROID PRION Ms.Tanyaratana Dumkua Biology Department, Mahidolwittayanusorn School What is virus? Living? Need food? Reproduction? Cell? Cytoplasm? Cell membrane? Metabolism? Size? Component? Adenovirus
More informationCharacterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions SLOs What are the Characteristics
More informationIntroduction retroposon
17.1 - Introduction A retrovirus is an RNA virus able to convert its sequence into DNA by reverse transcription A retroposon (retrotransposon) is a transposon that mobilizes via an RNA form; the DNA element
More informationCh. 19 Viruses & Bacteria: What Is a Virus?
Ch. 19 Viruses & Bacteria: What Is a Virus? A virus is an invective agent consisting of a nucleic acid in a protein coat, able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. A bacteriophage ( bacteria
More informationPurpose: To describe the characteristics of viruses and how they infect a host cell.
Intro to Viruses Group Worksheet Name: Per: # Purpose: To describe the characteristics of viruses and how they infect a host cell. Directions: Discuss the following questions as a group and use the resources
More informationPROTEIN SYNTHESIS. It is known today that GENES direct the production of the proteins that determine the phonotypical characteristics of organisms.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS It is known today that GENES direct the production of the proteins that determine the phonotypical characteristics of organisms.» GENES = a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that performs
More informationVIROLOGY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS WILEY. John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders
VIROLOGY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders WILEY -urief Contents Preface to Second Edition xix Preface to First Edition xxi Abbreviations Used in This Book xxiii Greek
More informationViruses, Viroids, and Prions
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions General Characteristics of Viruses Obligatory intracellular parasites
More informationSection A: The Genetics of Viruses
CHAPTER 18 MICROBIAL MODELS: THE GENETICS OF VIRUSES AND BACTERIA Section A: The Genetics of Viruses 1. Researchers discovered viruses by studying a plant disease 2. A virus is a genome enclosed in a protective
More informationNucleic acid: singled stranded, double stranded, RNA, or DNA, linear or circular. Capsid: protein coat that is most of the mass of the virus.
Viruses General Characteristics of Viruses 1. Depending on view may be regarded as exceptionally complex aggregates of nonliving chemicals or as exceptionally simple living microbes. 2. Contain a single
More information5/6/17. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Pathogens are disease-causing organisms
5/6/17 Disease Diseases I. II. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Biol 105 Chapter 13a Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing organisms Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic.
More informationLecture 5 (Ch6) - Viruses. Virus Characteristics. Viral Host Range
Lecture 5 (Ch6) - Viruses Topics Characteristics Structure/Classification Multiplication Cultivation and replication Non-viral infectious agents Treatment 1 Virus Characteristics obligate intracellular
More informationBiology 350: Microbial Diversity
Biology 350: Microbial Diversity Strange Invaders: Viruses, viroids, and prions. Lecture #27 7 November 2007-1- Notice handouts and announcements for today: Outline and study questions A 1999 paper discussing
More informationViral Genetics. BIT 220 Chapter 16
Viral Genetics BIT 220 Chapter 16 Details of the Virus Classified According to a. DNA or RNA b. Enveloped or Non-Enveloped c. Single-stranded or double-stranded Viruses contain only a few genes Reverse
More informationDNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis.
Section 3: DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Vocabulary Review synthesis New RNA messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA transcription
More informationMicrobiology Chapter 7 Viruses
Microbiology Chapter 7 Viruses 7:1 Viral Structure and Classification VIRUS: a biological particle composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat CAPSID: protein coat surrounding a
More informationChapter 12: Acellular Agents: Viruses, Viroids and Prions
Chapter 12: Acellular Agents: Viruses, Viroids and Prions Viruses Viruses are acellular infectious agents that are much smaller than bacteria and are usually measured in nanometers (Figure 12.1). They
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Ashraf Khasawneh
number 3 Done by Mahdi Sharawi Corrected by Doctor Ashraf Khasawneh *Note: Please go back to the slides to view the information that the doctor didn t mention. Prions Definition: Prions are rather ill-defined
More informationEpigenetics: The Future of Psychology & Neuroscience. Richard E. Brown Psychology Department Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1
Epigenetics: The Future of Psychology & Neuroscience Richard E. Brown Psychology Department Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1 Nature versus Nurture Despite the belief that the Nature vs. Nurture
More information7.014 Problem Set 7 Solutions
MIT Department of Biology 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 7.014 Problem Set 7 Solutions Question 1 Part A Antigen binding site Antigen binding site Variable region Light chain Light chain Variable
More informationPage 32 AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review CONCEPT 6 REGULATION
Page 32 AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review CONCEPT 6 REGULATION 1. Feedback a. Negative feedback mechanisms maintain dynamic homeostasis for a particular condition (variable) by regulating physiological processes,
More informationJulianne Edwards. Retroviruses. Spring 2010
Retroviruses Spring 2010 A retrovirus can simply be referred to as an infectious particle which replicates backwards even though there are many different types of retroviruses. More specifically, a retrovirus
More information3. on T helper {cells / lymphocytes} ; 3. ACCEPT macrophages / dendritic cells / CD4 cells
1(a) 1. (structure G is {glycoprotein / gp120} ; 2. used for {attachment / eq} to CD4 (molecules / receptors /antigens) ; 1. IGNORE gp 41 and gp 160 and other wrong numbers 3. on T helper {cells / lymphocytes}
More informationCh. 18 Regulation of Gene Expression
Ch. 18 Regulation of Gene Expression 1 Human genome has around 23,688 genes (Scientific American 2/2006) Essential Questions: How is transcription regulated? How are genes expressed? 2 Bacteria regulate
More informationOctober 26, Lecture Readings. Vesicular Trafficking, Secretory Pathway, HIV Assembly and Exit from Cell
October 26, 2006 Vesicular Trafficking, Secretory Pathway, HIV Assembly and Exit from Cell 1. Secretory pathway a. Formation of coated vesicles b. SNAREs and vesicle targeting 2. Membrane fusion a. SNAREs
More informationA virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. [2]
GUIDED READING - Ch. 19 - VIRUSES NAME: Please print out these pages and HANDWRITE the answers directly on the printouts. Typed work or answers on separate sheets of paper will not be accepted. Importantly,
More informationName Section Problem Set 6
Name Section 7.012 Problem Set 6 Question 1 The viral family Orthomyxoviridae contains the influenza A, B and C viruses. These viruses have a (-)ss RNA genome surrounded by a capsid composed of lipids
More informationMedChem 401~ Retroviridae. Retroviridae
MedChem 401~ Retroviridae Retroviruses plus-sense RNA genome (!8-10 kb) protein capsid lipid envelop envelope glycoproteins reverse transcriptase enzyme integrase enzyme protease enzyme Retroviridae The
More information2.1 VIRUSES. 2.1 Learning Goals
2.1 VIRUSES 2.1 Learning Goals To understand the structure, function, and how Viruses replicate To understand the difference between Viruses to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; namely that viruses are not classified
More informationVIROIDS, PRIONS. Infectious Stage When virus infects a cell, nucleic acid must be uncoated and gain access to metabolic machinery of cell.
VIROIDS, PRIONS A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope. Viruses infect
More informationCDC website:
Hepatitis B virus CDC website: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_b/slide_1.htm Relevance Key Features es of Hepatitis t B Virus 250 million people infected worldwide. In areas of
More informationGlossary of relevant medical and scientific terms
Glossary of relevant medical and scientific terms Alzheimer's disease The most common dementing illness of the elderly in the UK. The neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease is significantly different from
More informationHIV INFECTION: An Overview
HIV INFECTION: An Overview UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS II SEMINAR VJ
More informationAntiviral Drugs Lecture 5
Antiviral Drugs Lecture 5 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (MLAB 366) 1 Dr. Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy 2 Introduction Viruses are microscopic organisms that can infect all living cells. They are parasitic and multiply
More informationThe Blueprint of Life: DNA to Protein. What is genetics? DNA Structure 4/27/2011. Chapter 7
The Blueprint of Life: NA to Protein Chapter 7 What is genetics? The science of heredity; includes the study of genes, how they carry information, how they are replicated, how they are expressed NA Structure
More informationThe Blueprint of Life: DNA to Protein
The Blueprint of Life: NA to Protein Chapter 7 What is genetics? The science of heredity; includes the y; study of genes, how they carry information, how they are replicated, how they are expressed 1 NA
More informationProtein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis 10.6-10.16 Objectives - To explain the central dogma - To understand the steps of transcription and translation in order to explain how our genes create proteins necessary for survival.
More information