Blood and Defense. Chapter 11
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1 Blood and Defense Chapter 11
2 Functions of Blood 1. Carry nutrients from the small intestine and oxygen from the lung to tissues in the body 2. Transport wastes from tissues to the kidneys and carbon dioxide to the lungs for removal from the body 3. Carry hormones and enzymes around the body 4. Control water and acidity balance in the body 5. Provide antibodies and white blood cells to tissues to fight infection 6. Provide platelets and clotting factors to stop bleeding 7. Distribute heat around the body
3 What is in blood? 4 main components: Erythrocytes: Red blood cells Leukocytes: White blood cells Thrombocytes: Platelets Plasma: Fluid
4
5 What is in blood? 4 main components: 45% is red blood cells 55% is the plasma (fluid) Less than 1% are the white blood cells and platelets
6
7 Plasma Liquid part of blood It contains: 90% Water 10% other Proteins (make the plasma thicker and assist clotting) Ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) Nutrients (glucose, lipids, amino acids) Hormones
8 Plasma When blood clots the proteins that help clotting in the plasma are used up. The liquid separated from clotted blood is called serum (does NOT have clotting proteins in it)
9 Blood Cells There are three main types of blood cells: Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets They are all produced in the bone marrow!
10 Erythrocytes - Red blood cells (RBCs) Biconcave disc-shaped cells Most abundant cell in the blood Do not have a nucleus or mitochondria Highly specialized to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
11 Erythrocytes (RBCs) Hemoglobin is a protein containing Heme (Iron and Bilirubin) binds Oxygen molecules One RBC contains millions of hemoglobin molecules!
12 Fun fact: Bird and reptile RBCs have a nucleus! Through evolution, mammal RBCs lost their nucleus to carry more oxygen and be more efficient!
13 Erythrocytes (RBCs) They are produced in the bone marrow Takes about 2 days to make a RBC Your body makes about 2 million RBCs / second RBCs live in the blood for approx. 120 days Once old and damaged, they are broken down by the spleen. Bilirubin is a by-product of RBC breakdown and is excreted in bile (pigment)
14 Anemia Decreased RBCs in the blood Caused by: low production, blood loss, iron deficiency, increased destruction When anemic, people feel out of breath, weak and tired
15 FYI At high altitudes the low oxygen levels in the air stimulate the body to produce more RBCs to increase oxygen transportation in the body. People who live at these altitudes are accustomed to the low oxygen levels and if you travel to high altitudes you can get altitude sickness
16 Leukocytes- White blood cells (WBCs) Less than 1% of blood Important in immunity (fight infections and toxins) by: Phagocytosis: engulf foreign particles/cells/organisms Make Antibodies: long-term immune response
17 Leukocytes- White blood cells (WBCs) 5 kinds: Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils -phagocytosis Monocytes Lymphocytes - makes and expresses antibodies No granules Single, large nucleus Contain Granules Segmented nucleus
18 Thrombocytes - Platelets Smallest cell in the blood Do not contain a nucleus or organelles Highly specialized to control bleeding (coagulation)
19 Thrombocytes - Platelets When a blood vessel is damaged platelets are activated: change shape to become spiky and sticky. They stick to the damaged section of vessel and plug it to stop bleeding. Once activated they also release Thromboplastin
20 Blood Clotting Thromboplastin activates a cascade of clotting events Fibrin threads trap blood cells and more platelets forming a clot Thrombus: a clot formed in a blood vessel to stop bleeding
21 Blood Clotting Fibrin threads
22 Embolus Embolism Embolus: a clot that is dislodged into the circulatory system If the embolus becomes lodged, blocking a vessel = embolism Leads to tissue damage and cell death since cuts off blood flow to that area
23 Component of Blood Also called Portion of the blood Structure (what does it look like?) Function (what does it do?) Fluid Plasma 55% 90% water, 10% proteins, ions and nutrients Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes 45% Biconcave disc, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin Suspends cells of the blood, contains enzymes, hormones and antibodies Transport O2 and CO2 White Blood Cells (5 types) Neutrophils <1% Granulocytes Segmented Eosinophils <1% nucleus Phagocytosis Basophils <1% Monocytes <1% Agranulocytes, large single Lymphocytes <1% nucleus Form antibodies Platelets Thrombocytes <1% Small, no nucleus Coagulation
24 Blood Types Universal Donor O- Universal Receiver AB+
25 Blood Types
26 Your body s defense system 3 main lines of defense: 1 2 Non-specific: barriers to prevent entry of pathogens (invader) Ex. skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, tears Non-specific: immune response activated after entry of pathogen into body Ex. inflammation, phagocytosis 3 Specific: immune response targeted to pathogens that pass the first 2 defences Ex. antibodies, lymphocytes
27 1st Line of Defense: non-specific barrier
28 1st Line of Defense: non-specific barrier Intact skin is a protective barrier that cannot be penetrated by pathogens The skin also secretes substances (acid, tears, saliva, sweat ect) that kills pathogens and flushes them away
29 1st Line of Defense: non-specific barrier Skin lining airways (nasal passage, respiratory tract) secrete mucus and is lined with cilia (hairlike -projections). The mucus traps pathogens and cilia sweeps them away, out of the tract
30 Cystic Fibrosis (FYI) Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal genetic disease affecting Canadian children and young adults. At present, there is no cure. CF causes various effects on the body, but mainly affects the digestive system and lungs. The degree of CF severity differs from person to person, however, the persistence and ongoing infection in the lungs, with destruction of lungs and loss of lung function, will eventually lead to death in the majority of people with CF. Typical complications caused by cystic fibrosis are: Difficulty digesting fats and proteins Malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies because of inability to absorb nutrients Progressive lung damage from chronic infections and aberrant inflammation CF related diabetes Sinus infections It is estimated that one in every 3,600 children born in Canada has CF. More than 4,100 Canadian children, adolescents, and adults with cystic fibrosis attend specialized CF clinics. For more information about disease management, please visit Living with Cystic Fibrosis. - See more at:
31 2nd Line of Defense: non-specific immune response When a pathogen gets through 1st defense (barrier), cells in the tissue release a chemical signal (cytokines) to recruit white blood cells White blood cells leave the blood vessel and enter tissues to ingest the pathogen (phagocytosis) The primary WBC responsible for phagocytosis of invaders are Neutrophils and Monocytes
32 2nd Line of Defense: non-specific immune response Injury breaks through skin and introduces pathogens to area Cells in the tissue release cytokines to initiate inflammatory response Neutrophils and Monocytes leave the blood vessel and enter the tissue Neutrophils and Macrophages engulf the pathogens (phagocytosis)
33 Phagocytosis - Neutrophils They spend 6-7 hrs in the blood stream until signalled to enter tissues to engulf pathogen - Once in a tissue can survive for 1-4 days cytokines Enters tissue
34 Phagocytosis - Monocytes They spend 8 hrs in the blood stream until signalled to enter tissues to engulf pathogen - Once in a tissue live there for up to a month Once in the tissue they are called Macrophages
35 Phagocytosis - Monocytes
36 Phagocytosis - process
37 2nd Line of Defense: non-specific immune response often called Inflammatory response
38 2nd Line of Defense: non-specific immune response often called Inflammatory response
39 3rd Line of Defense: specific immune response Final line of defense - targeted response to specific pathogens by proteins and cells 2 types: Targeted phagocytosis (complement proteins) Antibody-mediated (lymphocytes)
40 3rd Line of Defense: targeted phagocytosis The plasma contains complement proteins that tag foreign invaders Once tagged WBCs are able to identify the invader as foreign and attack it Some complement proteins are able to puncture protective coating of invaders, causing them to burst
41 3rd Line of Defense: targeted phagocytosis
42 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody-mediated Response ALL CELLS have antigens on their surface. Antigens are sugar-protein complexes that identify the cell (every type of cell has different, unique antigens on its surface)
43 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody-mediated Response Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that bind to a specific matching antigen Antigen-Antibody Complex
44 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody-mediated Response A single antibody can bind to multiple antigens, creating a crosslinking effect - which is easier for phagocytes to identify and destroy!
45 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody-mediated Response The lymph system gathers fluid from tissues and filters it through the lymph organs (Spleen & lymph nodes) Macrophages and Lymphocytes reside here to attack and identify pathogens
46
47 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody-mediated Response Lymphocytes are the WBC that identifies foreign antigens and produce antibodies against them. There are two main types of lymphocytes: T-cells: stored in the Thymus gland 3 types: Helper, Killer and Suppressor T-cells B-cells: stored in the Blood 2 types: Plasma B-cells and Memory B-cells
48 1. A macrophage ingests a foreign invader it expresses its antigens on its surface 2. Helper T cells identify the antigens and releases a chemical signal (lymphokines) to B cells 3. The Plasma B-cells divide and multiply 4. Helper T-cells pass on blueprint of foreign antigens to the B-cells 5. Plasma B-cells produce and release antibodies matching the foreign antigen 6. Antigen-Antibody complexes form and are ingested by phagocytes
49 Plasma
50 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody-mediated Response Suppressor T-cells: stop the immune response When the infection has been fought off suppressor T-cells stop B-cells from multiplying and producing antibodies This is a safety mechanism so body doesn t continue attack forever = controls response
51 Suppressor T-cell signals immune response to stop All pathogens destroyed
52 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody-mediated Response Memory B-cells: remember the blueprint of foreign antigens so that the next time the body encounters it the response is faster
53 Second exposure: Memory B-cell signals IMMEDIATE release of antibodies Helper T-cell also passes antigen onto Memory B cells Memory B-cells remain in the blood after infection
54 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody-mediated Response Killer T-cells: destroys cells in the body that have been mutated, damaged or infected Virus, toxins, cancer ect change the antigens on the surface of cells Killer T-cells identify the infected antigens and release chemicals that kill the cell
55 Killer T Cell releases destructive chemicals Killer T Cell identifies an infected antigen
56 1st Line of Defense: Barriers 3rd Line of Defense: Antibody Mediated 2nd Line of Defense: Phagocytosis and Inflammation Plasma Cytokines
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