Bystander-Focused Prevention of Sexual Violence
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- Marybeth Aileen Hodge
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1 Bystander-Fcused Preventin f Sexual Vilence Research n the causes f sexual vilence and evaluatin f preventin effrts indicates that bystanders (als referred t as witnesses, defenders, r upstanders) are a key piece f preventin wrk. Cmmn Cmpnents f Bystander Interventin Awareness. A key first step is t heighten awareness s individuals and grups are better able t identify instances f sexual vilence. Sense f Respnsibility. A sense f respnsibility gives the bystander mtivatin t step in and take actin. Bystanders are much mre likely t help friends than strangers, and are mre likely t help strangers if they see them as part f a grup they identify with (like supprting the same sprts team). 1 Perceptins f nrms. Perceptins f peer nrms abut helping (whether yu think yur friends are likely t help), and perceptins f authrities' (like teachers') attitudes are related t bystander attitudes. Peple ften mistakenly think thers are less supprtive f ding smething t address sexual vilence than they actually are. Studies shw links between perceptins f helping, trust, and cmmitment amng cmmunity members; trust in campus authrities; and their willingness t take actin as a bystander. 2 Weighing prs and cns. Peple weigh the csts and benefits f getting invlved in a risky situatin. These include threats t their wn safety, negative cnsequences fr their relatinships with thers, and the ptential t change the utcme f a risky situatin r t help a victim. Cnfidence. Peple wh feel mre cnfident in their ability t help are mre likely t take actin. 3 A cnsistent research finding is that preventin prgrams, particularly in-persn educatinal and skill wrkshps, increase individuals' sense that they can take effective actin. 4 Building Skills. Peple need t knw what t d and hw t d it. Ppulatin survey data shws that many peple are at a lss fr specific ways t help. 5 Survivrs tell us that friends and family d nt always d things that are useful r supprtive, and these negative r unhelpful respnses make cping with and recvering frm abuse much harder. 6 Sme f the prmise f bystander interventin training is that it can give mtivated cmmunity members skills t intervene in ways that prtect their wn safety and are truly supprtive t victims. Cntext. Bystanders als need safety nets fr themselves resurces they can call upn and cmmunity plicies that supprt interventin. Delivery Methds In persn, skill -building curricula. Wrkshps f varying lengths are the mst researched preventin training fr ptential bystanders. Sme f the first prgrams were Katz's Mentrs in Vilence Preventin 7' 8 and Berkwitz's Men's Prject. 9' 1 Mynihan et al.'s Bringing in the BystandermA ll mainly addresses sexual vilence but als includes segments related t relatinship abuse. 12 Green Dt" has an intensive training curriculum called SEEDS fr cllege students that is als nw being implemented and evaluated in high schls. 14 Fubert's One in Fur 15 has prgrams fr men and fr wmen that train them t be active bystanders, again with mre f a fcus n sexual assault. 16 1
2 The biggest and mst cnsistent impacts f bystander training are n attitudes, including cnfidence as a bystander, intent t take actin, and perceived benefits f actin. 17 Students have als shwn decreases in belief in rape myths and increases in knwledge. 18 Published results exist fr MVP, Bringing in the BystanderTM, One in Fur, Caching Bys t Men 19 (fr high schl students), and Green Dt, thugh studies vary quite a bit in the methds used. 2 Berkwitz's Men's Prject has sme data t suggest that it may reduce perpetratin f sexual assault amng sme participants in the prgram and change men's nrms abut cercin in relatinships. 21 The Caching Bys t Men prgram and Bringing in the Bystander have bth shwn higher self-reprted bystander behavirs amng participants in these prgrams. 22 Several key studies f bystander prgrams used mre rigrus experimental and quasiexperimental designs but mre research is needed. 23 A recent meta-analysis fund prmising effects f bystander preventin curricula. 24 Scial marketing campaigns. These have been develped t raise awareness acrss many different grups f peple. On campuses, Knw Yur PwerTM is ne f the best researched. It mdels psitive bystander actins. 25 Green Dt is als a cllege-based anti-vilence prject that includes a scial marketing awareness campaign. Evaluatins f this wrk are underway. 26 The Red Flag campaign 27 in Virginia has nt yet been evaluated. These are merely a few examples as new lcal campaigns are being develped at a rapid rate. Research suggests that these campaigns increase awareness f the prblem f relatinship abuse and sexual vilence, as well as psitive attitudes abut being an active bystander acrss varius grups f peple. 28 Hwever, scial marketing campaigns alne have nt yet been linked t changes in behavir and are likely t be particularly useful when linked with ther preventin tls. 29 Evaluatin data are limited with the exceptin f the Knw Yur P wertm campaign, which fund prmising attitude change results acrss several studies. 3 Online resurces. Bystander preventin is increasingly ging nline: The University f Mntana n has a prgram fr all students abut sexual assault that includes a segment n hw t be a helpful bystander. 2 Emry University 3 has develped a three-hur training fr cllege men that includes a bystander cmpnent. Haven 33 and Every Chice 34 als have bystander cmpnents in their nline sexual assault trainings. The Natinal Sexual Vilence Resurce Center 35 has an nline training related t bystander actin in brader cmmunity cntexts. Agent f Change 36 is anther nline training with sme preliminary evaluatin results The app Circle f 6 37 fcuses n preventing sexual assault by helping individuals mbilize their supprt system t intervene when they might need help. These are a few examples, thugh n published evaluatins exist and mre research is needed t examine their effectiveness. A grwing amunt f research describes the effectiveness f nline preventin effrts fr certain health behavirs like prblematic drinking and HIV preventin. 38 This is an interesting innvatin that warrants rigrus evaluatin research. Interactive theater. This is anther strategy fr reaching large audiences with fewer resurces and is particularly ppular as part f cllege campus first year student rientatins. Central 2
3 Michigan's N Zebras 39 Califrnia State's InterACT prgram,'" and SCREAM Theater at Rutgers 41 are three f the mst well-knwn examples that place bystanders at the center f the theater skits. A grup f actrs stages scenes related t sexual assault r relatinship vilence and at key mments asks fr audience input r participatin t mdel psitive bystander interventin and risk reductin. T date, InterACT is the nly ne evaluated in the peer review literature using a pre- pst design.'" A rigrus evaluatin f SCREAM is currently underway.'" Faculty Training. Als imprtant, especially n cllege campuses, are the faculty, wh are part f the cmmunity. Training fr faculty is emerging as an interesting next step fr bystander preventin at clleges and universities. T date, curricula have been develped but nt evaluated." Cmbining Tls Research is clear that using multiple tls fr a multi-prnged apprach t preventin is best." A recent study shwed the benefits f cmbining a bystander-fcused scial marketing campaign with an educatinal wrkshp t imprve attitudes abut being an active bystander." A rigrus research study in middle schls shwed the benefits f a classrm based curriculum cmbined with schl-wide effrts including plicy changes and enfrcement, invlvement f teachers as active bystanders and mnitrs and a schl-wide pster campaign. The schl-wide effrts seemed mst crucial fr vilence reductin. 47 Challenges t bystander actin Research als tells us that bystanders are ften unsure f themselves as respnders. They are unclear abut whether interventin is needed r welcme, r what they shuld d t help. Fr example, a natinal survey f adults fund that ver half the sample suspected they knew a friend, family member r c-wrker wh was a victim f dmestic vilence, but 65% wanted mre infrmatin abut what t d abut it." A study f cllege students fund that 58% did nt knw hw t help a victim." These studies shw that bystanders ften lack the awareness and skills t take helpful actins. Recent research als indicates that bystander actin is different if they knw the victim, the perpetratr r bth. 5 Further, sme new findings suggest that cmpared t ther frms f interpersnal vilence, sexual vilence may be less safe fr bystanders, 51 highlighting the imprtance f bystander safety as a critical cmpnent f preventin wrk. Part f increasing safety is changing cmmunity cntexts s that there are adequate resurces fr bystanders t draw upn, peer nrms encurage helping tgether, and bystanders learn skills fr hw t help withut putting themselves in danger. Bystander interventin is ne prmising cmpnent f sexual vilence preventin. Research suggests it will be mst effective if bystanders are prvided with active learning experiences t build skills, if educatin is cnducted in cmbinatin with peer nrms shifts, and if interventin is supprted by plicies that prvide safety nets fr bystanders. 3
4 1Bennett, S., Banyard, V. L., Garnhart, L. (under review) T act r nt t act, That is the questin?: Barriers and facilitatrs f bystander interventin; Levine, M., Prsser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005). Identity and emergency interventin: Hw scial grup membership and inclusiveness f grup bundaries shape helping behavir. Persnality and Scial Psychlgy Bulletin, 31, Sulkwski, M. L. (2011). An investigatin f students' willingness t reprt vilence in campus cmmunities. Psychlgy f Vilence, 1, Banyard, V. L., Eckstein, R., & Mynihan, M. M. (2010). Sexual vilence preventin: The rle f stages f change. Jurnal f Interpersnal Vilence, 25, Banyard, V.L, Mynihan, M.M., & Plante, E.G. (2007). Sexual vilence preventin thrugh bystander educatin: An experimental evaluatin. Jurnal f Cmmunity Psychlgy, 35, s Knwledge Netwrks (2011). Cllege Dating Vilence and Abuse Pll. Accessed frm 6 Sylaska, K. M. & Edwards, K. M. (2013). Disclsure f intimate partner vilence t infrmal scial supprt netwrk members: A review f the literature. Trauma, Vilence, and Abuse, published nline first July 24, Katz, J., Heisterkamp, A. & Flemming, A. M. (2011). The scial justice rts f the Mentrs in Vilence Preventin mdel and its applicatin t a high schl setting. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, Bystander Paper.pdf 10 Gidycz, C. A., Orchwski, L. A., & Berkwitz, A. D. (2011). Preventing sexual aggressin amng cllege men: An evaluatin f a scial nrms and bystander interventin prgram. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, Banyard, V.L., Mynihan, M.M., & Plante, E.G. (2007). Sexual vilence preventin thrugh bystander educatin: An experimental evaluatin. Jurnal f Cmmunity Psychlgy, 35, Cker, A. L., Ck-Craig, P. G., Williams, C. M., Fisher, B. S., Clear, E R., Garcia, L. S., & Hegge, L. M. (2011). Evaluating Green Dt: An active bystander interventin t reduce sexual assault n the cllege campuses. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, Langhinrichsen-Rhling, J., Fubert, J. D., Brasfield, H. M., Hill, B., & Shelley-Tremblay, S. (2011). The Men's Prgram: Des it impact cllege men's self-reprted bystander efficacy and willingness t intervene? Vilence Against Wmen, 17, Banyard, V.L., Mynihan, M.M., & Plante, E.G. (2007). Sexual vilence preventin thrugh bystander educatin: An experimental evaluatin. Jurnal f Cmmunity Psychlgy, 35, Cares, A.C., Banyard, V. L., Mynihan, M. M., Ptter, S. J., Williams, L M., & Stapletn, J. G. (in press). Changing attitudes abut being a bystander t vilence: Translating an in-persn educatin prgram t a new campus. Vilence Against Wmen; Ahrens, C. E., Rich, M. D., & Ullman, J. B. (2011). Rehearsing fr real life: The impact f the interact sexual assault preventin prgram n self-reprted likelihd f engaging in bystander interventins. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, ; Banyard, V.L., Mynihan, M.M., & Plante, E.G. (2007). Sexual vilence preventin thrugh bystander educatin: An experimental evaluatin. Jurnal f Cmmunity Psychlgy, 35, ; Cares, A.C., Banyard, V. L., Mynihan, M. M., Ptter, S. J., Williams, L. M., & Stapletn, J. G. (in press). Changing attitudes abut being a bystander t vilence: Translating an in-persn educatin prgram t a new campus. Vilence Against Wmen; Cker, A. L., Ck-Craig, P. G., Williams, C. M., Fisher, B. S., Clear, E R., Garcia, L. S., & Hegge, L M. (2011). Evaluating Green Dt: An active bystander interventin t reduce sexual assault n the cllege campuses. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, ; Gidycz, C. A., Orchwski, L. A., & Berkwitz, A. D. (2011). Preventing sexual aggressin amng cllege men: An evaluatin f a scial nrms and bystander interventin prgram. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, ; Fubert, J.D., Langhinrichsen-Rhling J., Brasfield, H. & Hills, B. (2010). Effects f a rape awareness prgram n cllege wmen: increasing bystander efficacy and willingness t intervene. Jurnal f Cmmunity Psychlgy, 38, ; Katz, J., Heisterkamp, A. & Flemming, A. M. (2011). The scial justice rts f the Mentrs in Vilence Preventin mdel and its applicatin t a high schl setting. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, ; Langhinrichsen-Rhling, J., Fubert, J. D., Brasfield, H. M., Hill, B., & Shelley-Tremblay, S. (2011). The Men's Prgram: Des it impact cllege men's self-reprted bystander efficacy and willingness t intervene? Vilence Against Wmen, 17, ; Miller, E., Tancredit, D. J., McCauley, H. L., Decker, M. R., Virata, M. C. D., Andersn, H. A.,... Silverman, J. G. (2012). "Caching bys int men": A cluster-randmized cntrlled trial f a dating vilence preventin prgram. Jurnal f Adlescent Health, Gidycz, C. A., Orchwski, L. A., & Berkwitz, A. D. (2011). Preventing sexual aggressin amng cllege men: An evaluatin f a scial nrms and bystander interventin prgram. Vilence Against Wmen, 17,
5 22 Miller, E., Tancredit, D. J., McCauley, H. L., Decker, M. R., Virata, M. C. D., Andersn, H. A.,... Silverman, J. G. (2012). "Caching bys int men": A cluster-randmized cntrlled trial f a dating vilence preventin prgram. Jurnal f Adlescent Health, Miller, E., Tancredit, D. J., McCauley, H. L., Decker, M. R., Virata, M. C. D., Andersn, H. A.,... Silverman, J. G. (2012). "Caching bys int men": A cluster-randmized cntrlled trial f a dating vilence preventin prgram. Jurnal f Adlescent Health, Katz, J. & Mre, J. (2013). Bystander educatin training fr campus sexual assault preventin: An initial meta-analysis. Vilence and Victims, 28, Ptter, S. J. (2012). Using a multi-media scial marketing campaign t increase active bystanders n the cllege campus. Jurnal f American Cllege Health, 60(4), Cker, A. L., Ck-Craig, P. G., Williams, C. M., Fisher, B. S., Clear, E R., Garcia, L. S., & Hegge, L. M. (2011). Evaluating Green Dt: An active bystander interventin t reduce sexual assault n the cllege campuses. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, Ptter, S. J. (2012). Using a multi-media scial marketing campaign t increase active bystanders n the cllege campus. Jurnal f American Cllege Health, 60(4), Banyard, V., Ptter, S. J., Cares, A. C., Williams, L M., Mynihan, M. M., & Stapletn, J. G. (unpublished manuscript). Bystander interventins t preventin sexual vilence n diverse campuses: A test f multiple preventin tls. 30 Ptter, S. J. (2012). Using a multi-media scial marketing campaign t increase active bystanders n the cllege campus. Jurnal f American Cllege Health, 60(4), Paschall, M.J., Antin, T., Ringwalk, C. L., & Saltz, R. F. (2011). Evaluatin f an internet-based alchl misuse preventin curse fr cllege freshmen: Findings f a randmized multi-campus trial. American Jurnal f Preventive Medicine, 41, ; Swendeman, D. & Rtheram-Brus, M. J. (2011). Innvatin in sexually transmitted disease and HIV preventin: Internet and mbile phne delivery vehicles fr glbal diffusin. Current Opinins in Psychiatry, 23, zebras.aspx Ahrens, C. E., Rich, M. D., & Ullman, J. B. (2011). Rehearsing fr real life: The impact f the interact sexual assault preventin prgram n self-reprted likelihd f engaging in bystander interventins. Vilence Against Wmen, 17, McMahn, persnal cmmunicatin, Cares, A. C. (2012). Teaching abut Criminal Victimizatin: Guidelines fr Faculty. Lwell, MA: University f Massachusetts Lwell. FINAL SEP2012 tcm pdf 45 Natin, M., Crust, C., Wandersman, A., Kumpfer, K. L, Seyblt, D., Mrrisey-Kane, E., & Davin, K. (2003). What wrks in preventin: Principles f effective preventin prgrams. American Psychlgist, 58, Banyard, V., Ptter, S. J., Cares, A. C., Williams, L M., Mynihan, M. M., & Stapletn, J. G. (unpublished manuscript). Bystander interventins t preventin sexual vilence n diverse campuses: A test f multiple preventin tls. 47 Taylr, B. G., Stein, N D., Mumfrd, E. A., & Wds, D. (2013). Shifting bundaries: An experimental evaluatin f a dating vilence preventin prgram in middle schls. Preventin Science, 14, Opinin Research Crpratin, accessed frm 49 Knwledge Netwrks (2011). Cllege Dating Vilence and Abuse Pll. Accessed frm - dating-vilence-and-abuse-pll 50 Bennett, S., Banyard, V. L., Garnhart, L. (under review) T act r nt t act, That is the questin?: Barriers and facilitatrs f bystander interventin. 51 Hamby, S., Weber, M., Grych, J. & Banyard, V. (under review). What Difference D Bystanders Make? The Assciatin f Victim Outcmes with Bystander Invlvement In a Cmmunity Sample. Psychlgy f Vilence. 5
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