HIV and the immune system linked to heart disease in women
|
|
- Felix Harrison
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. HIV and the immune system linked to heart disease in women 26 September 2013 The widespread availability of potent combination anti-hiv therapy (commonly called ART or HAART) in Canada, Australia, the U.S. and Western Europe has greatly improved the health of HIV-positive people. Deaths from AIDSrelated infections are now much less common, at least among HIV-positive people who get tested, make regular clinic visits and take ART every day exactly as directed. Inflammation HIV infection activates the immune system, causing it to release chemical signals that incite inflammation throughout the body. This is a normal response to an infection, as the body mobilizes to contain an invading germ. However, in many cases, the immune system is not able to squelch HIV. Treatment for HIV significantly reduces levels of HIVrelated inflammation, but ART does not eliminate the inflammation associated with HIV infection, perhaps because the virus continues to persist, albeit at relatively low levels. As a result, inflammation persists and this carries the potential to gradually degrade many organ systems. Gender Several studies have found a link between an increased risk for serious cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke) and HIV infection, particularly among men. However, comparatively less is known about the impact of prolonged HIV infection on the cardiovascular health of women. Observational studies in France and North America suggest that HIV-positive women have an increased risk for heart attack, in some cases as high as three-fold greater than among HIV-negative women. Precisely why this increased risk occurs has not been clear, until very recently. Uncovering risks Researchers in Boston have intensely studied women, both HIV positive and negative, to better understand the interactions between their immune and cardiovascular systems. In the Boston study, all women were free from symptoms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and did not have a history of CVD. Using high-resolution X-ray scans (CT scans) of the women s arteries, researchers found that HIV-positive women were more likely to have more sticky deposits in their arteries called plaque, specifically non-calcified plaque (NCP). These are unstable deposits of fat and other materials that can burst and trigger the formation of blood clots. If the clot formed is sufficiently large, it can block an artery and lead to a heart attack. Researchers linked the presence of NCP to certain inflammatory signals produced by cells of the immune system called monocytes. These and other findings are discussed later in this report. Study details Researchers at New England s leading medical centre, Massachusetts General Hospital, recruited 90 women. None of them had a history of or symptoms of CVD and they were distributed as follows: 60 HIV-positive women 30 HIV-negative women
2 All women were recruited from the same communities to ensure that they had similar CVD risk and socio-economic factors. As our focus will be on the HIV-positive women, here is their average profile: age 47 years ethno-racical composition 75% women of colour, 25% white women time since HIV diagnosis 15 years 98% were taking ART 84% had a viral load less than 50 copies/ml CD4+ count 600 cells 17% had higher-than-normal blood pressure 8% were currently taking a class of cholesterol medicines commonly called statins 15% had type 2 diabetes 50% smoked tobacco 47% were undergoing menopause 5% currently injected street drugs 10% currently used cocaine in general, most women were at least overweight Results Plaque Overall, HIV-positive and -negative women seemed to have similar amounts of plaque in their arteries. However, when researchers focused on the presence of non-calcified plaque, HIV-positive women had significantly more of these unstable deposits in their arteries. Even when researchers took into account well-known risk factors for CVD such as older age, smoking tobacco, abnormal cholesterol levels and so on HIV-positive women were still found to have elevated deposits of NCP. The research team also compared findings from HIV-positive women to information in their database of men (with and without HIV) and found that the average levels of blood sugar and so-called good cholesterol (HDL-C) in HIVpositive women were significantly greater than in men. In contrast, men had significantly elevated levels of triglycerides in their blood. Focus on the immune system Compared to men with or without HIV infection, HIV-positive women were more likely to have elevated levels of the following proteins and cells in their blood: soluble CD163 (scd163) soluble CD14 (scd14) activated CD4+ cells Other proteins that have previously been associated with HIV-related inflammation in some studies with HIV-positive people interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were not statistically elevated among HIV-positive women in the Boston study. Taking many factors into account, researchers found that HIV infection was significantly linked to the presence of NCP in the arteries of women. A key finding In the present study of relatively young women without symptoms of or a history of CVD and who had generally good control of HIV, researchers found increased activation of the immune system and greater amounts of unstable deposits in the arteries of HIV-positive women compared to HIV-positive men and HIV-negative women. These deposits, called NCP, are unstable and prone to rupture; in previous studies with HIV-negative people, they are associated with an increased risk for heart attacks. Different cells and proteins
3 There are many cells of the immune system. Historically, the main focus of HIV research has been on T-cells (such as CD4+ and CD8+ cells) as well as B-cells. A relatively understudied group of immune cells is called monocytes; in their mature form, they are called macrophages. These cells play many roles, including alerting the immune system to the presence of invading germs, amplifying the immune response and attacking infected cells. Aging and immune activation In the present study, researchers found high levels of scd14 and scd163 in the blood of HIV-positive women. These proteins are shed into the blood when monocytes are activated. In general, in people who are aging, excess scd163 is found in the blood and monocytes and macrophages appear to be somewhat dysfunctional as they are less able to control infections. In the present study, the high levels of scd163 and other proteins and activated cells in the blood of HIV-positive women suggests that their immune systems have prematurely aged, by between 10 and 15 years compared to HIVnegative women of the same age. In theory, the chronic immune activation found in HIV-positive women combined with dysfunctional monocytes/macrophages could play a role in accelerating the process of CVD. However, this theory remains to be proven. What is being done? Researchers in different countries are testing interventions (such as low-dose Aspirin, fish oil, exercise and antiinflammatory drugs) to try to dampen excess inflammation associated with chronic HIV infection. However, longterm studies will be required to assess if such interventions can prevent heart attacks, strokes and other problems. Well-designed studies to explore these issues are time consuming and very expensive. In the meantime, cardiovascular researchers note that there are factors that can be addressed to improve the health of HIV-positive women. For instance, in the present study there were factors identified among HIV-positive women that are associated with an increased risk for CVD, including the following: smoking tobacco being overweight type 2 diabetes injecting street drugs use of cocaine All of these factors can begin to be addressed with discussion between doctor and patient, increased levels of exercise (when possible), changes to diet, use of medicines to control blood sugar, referrals for psycho-social support, treatment for smoking cessation and addiction counselling. The findings from the present study underscore the unique issues of HIV-positive women and the need for researchers to begin to develop CVD risk calculators that take into account substance use and chronic immune activation. A warning In reviewing the findings from Boston, Dr. Franck Bocarra and Dr. Ariel Cohen, cardiovascular experts based in France, note that if doctors and their HIV-positive patients cannot bring these risk factors under control it is possible that over the coming decade these risk factors could intensify one another and generate an explosive cocktail for CVD. Resources HIV and cardiovascular disease CATIE fact sheet How to Say I Quit and Mean It The Positive Side
4 Sean R. Hosein REFERENCES: 1. Fitch KV, Srinivasa S, Abbara S, et al. Noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque and immune activation in HIV-infected women. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2013; in press. 2. Boccara F, Cohen A. Immune activation and coronary atherosclerosis in HIV-infected women: Where are we now, and where will we go next? Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2013; in press. 3. Lohse N, Hansen AB, Gerstoft J, et al. Improved survival in HIV-infected persons: consequences and perspectives. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Sep;60(3): Freiberg MS, Chang CC, Kuller LH, et al. HIV infection and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Internal Medicine Apr 22;173(8): Boccara F, Lang S, Meuleman C, et al. HIV and coronary heart disease: Time for a better understanding. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Feb 5;61(5): Pandrea I, Cornell E, Wilson C, et al. Coagulation biomarkers predict disease progression in SIV-infected nonhuman primates. Blood Aug 16;120(7): Helleberg M, Afzal S, Kronborg G, et al. Mortality attributable to smoking among HIV-1-Infected individuals: A nationwide, population-based cohort study. Clinical Infectious Diseases Mar;56(5): Zanni M, Lo B, Wai B, et al. Increased coronary atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability features on computed tomography angiography among HIV-positive subjects vs. matched HIV-negative controls. In: Program and abstracts of the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 3-6 March 2013, Atlanta, U.S. Abstract Baker J, Huppler-Hullsiek K, Singh A, et al. Monocyte activation but not T cell activation predicts progression of coronary artery calcium in a contemporary HIV cohort. In: Program and abstracts of the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 3-6 March 2013, Atlanta, U.S. Abstract 66LB. 10. Walker J, Burdo T, Miller A, et al. Elevated numbers of CD163+ macrophages in the hearts of SIV-positive rhesus macaques with cardiac diseases are decreased using PA300. In: Program and abstracts of the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 3-6 March 2013, Atlanta, U.S. Abstract Martin GE, Gouillou M, Hearps AC, et al. Age-associated changes in monocyte and innate immune activation markers occur more rapidly in HIV infected women. PLoS On e. 2013;8(1):e Hearps AC, Martin GE, Angelovich TA, et al. Aging is associated with chronic innate immune activation and dysregulation of monocyte phenotype and function. Aging Cell Oct;11(5):867-75
5 Produced By: 555 Richmond Street West, Suite 505, Box 1104 Toronto, Ontario M5V 3B1 Canada Phone: Toll-free: Fax: Charitable registration number: RR Disclaimer Decisions about particular medical treatments should always be made in consultation with a qualified medical practitioner knowledgeable about HIV- and hepatitis C-related illness and the treatments in question. CATIE provides information resources to help people living with HIV and/or hepatitis C who wish to manage their own health care in partnership with their care providers. Information accessed through or published or provided by CATIE, however, is not to be considered medical advice. We do not recommend or advocate particular treatments and we urge users to consult as broad a range of sources as possible. We strongly urge users to consult with a qualified medical practitioner prior to undertaking any decision, use or action of a medical nature. CATIE endeavours to provide the most up-to-date and accurate information at the time of publication. However, information changes and users are encouraged to ensure they have the most current information. Users relying solely on this information do so entirely at their own risk. Neither CATIE nor any of its partners or funders, nor any of their employees, directors, officers or volunteers may be held liable for damages of any kind that may result from the use or misuse of any such information. Any opinions expressed herein or in any article or publication accessed or published or provided by CATIE may not reflect the policies or opinions of CATIE or any partners or funders. Information on safer drug use is presented as a public health service to help people make healthier choices to reduce the spread of HIV, viral hepatitis and other infections. It is not intended to encourage or promote the use or possession of illegal drugs. Permission to Reproduce This document is copyrighted. It may be reprinted and distributed in its entirety for non-commercial purposes without prior permission, but permission must be obtained to edit its content. The following credit must appear on any reprint: This information was provided by CATIE (the Canadian AIDS Treatment Information Exchange). For more information, contact CATIE at CATIE Production of this content has been made possible through a financial contribution from the Public Health Agency of Canada. Available online at:
Viral infections Hep C and HIV linked to hip fractures
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Viral infections Hep C and HIV linked to hip fractures 22 November 2012 Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV causes inflammation,
More informationFrom Safer Sex Guide. Using condoms
From Safer Sex Guide Using condoms Click to enlarge Using condoms correctly and consistently can signifiantly reduce your chances of passing or getting HIV and other STIs. There are two types of condoms
More informationLong-acting drugs for HIV
From TreatmentUpdate 222 Long-acting drugs for HIV Long-acting formulations of two anti-hiv drugs are being tested in clinical trials: cabotegravir an experimental integrase inhibitor made available in
More informationDoravirine vs. darunavir
From TreatmentUpdate 220 Doravirine vs. darunavir Doravirine is an experimental non-nuke that is undergoing phase III clinical trials. It is designed to be effective against most strains of HIV that are
More informationDetailed results from the START study
From TreatmentUpdate 210 Detailed results from the START study Researchers in 35 countries across all continents collaborated to recruit 4,685 HIV-positive adults who were in good health for START. Upon
More informationUnderstanding risk by sex act
From Safer Sex Guide Understanding risk by sex act Kissing (with tongue) Chlamydia Avoid kissing if you or your partners have sores on the lips or mouth, or if one of you has an active oral infection (such
More informationCan metformin also protect arteries?
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Can metformin also protect arteries? 8 December 2011 Reports suggest that cardiovascular disease is becoming common among HIV-positive
More informationNorthern Alberta preventing HIV transmission to babies
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Northern Alberta preventing HIV transmission to babies 25 June 2009 Since 1996 the widespread availability of combination therapy for HIV
More informationThe debut of velpatasvir for hepatitis C
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. The debut of velpatasvir for hepatitis C 23 November 2015 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be grouped into six major strains, or genotypes,
More informationExploring the risks of liver cancer after successful treatment for hepatitis C virus
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Exploring the risks of liver cancer after successful treatment for hepatitis C virus 11 June 2013 In Canada and other high-income countries,
More informationA study about switching from TDF to TAF
From TreatmentUpdate 211 A study about switching from TDF to TAF Researchers enrolled HIV-positive participants who were taking regimens containing TDF (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), the original formulation
More informationPatient navigators for hepatitis C patients found useful in New York City
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Patient navigators for hepatitis C patients found useful in New York City 4 January 2017 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects and injures the
More informationStudy finds PEP not 100% effective in preventing HIV infection
From TreatmentUpdate 152 Study finds PEP not 100% effective in preventing HIV infection Some doctors and nurses who care for PHAs may sustain needle-stick injuries. This raises the possibility that they
More informationHere are some of the steps (greatly simplified) and gaps that can occur in the HIV Treatment Cascade:
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Alberta Reducing deaths by strengthening the HIV Treatment Cascade 20 May 2014 In Canada and other high-income countries, deaths from AIDS-related
More informationHepatitis C treatment program improves access to housing, income and healthcare
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Hepatitis C treatment program improves access to housing, income and healthcare 13 July 2015 Despite high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV)
More informationHow are testing technologies used to diagnose HIV infection?
HIV testing technologies are used to determine if a person has HIV. Several types of HIV testing technologies are used in Canada. These tests differ in several ways, including where the test is conducted,
More informationIs there a link between niacin and stroke?
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Is there a link between niacin and stroke? 7 July 2011 A large American-Canadian study called Aim-High was halted 18 months ahead of schedule.
More informationNorwegian HIV vaccine Very modest results seen in recent clinical trial
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Norwegian HIV vaccine Very modest results seen in recent clinical trial 21 February 2012 Although HIV infection can be treated with combination
More informationIncreased risk for dialysis found with HIV infection
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Increased risk for dialysis found with HIV infection 12 September 2013 In high-income countries such as Canada, Australia and the U.S.
More informationStudy finds sustained-release dexamfetamine is promising for reducing cocaine use
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Study finds sustained-release dexamfetamine is promising for reducing cocaine use 27 April 2016 Depending on the circumstances, the use
More informationAmerican Academy of Pediatrics issues statement on infant feeding and HIV transmission
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. American Academy of Pediatrics issues statement on infant feeding and HIV transmission 7 February 2013 The widespread availability of potent
More informationThe epidemiology of HIV in Canada
FACTSHEET The epidemiology of HIV in Canada This fact sheet provides a snapshot of the HIV epidemic in Canada. It is one of a series of fact sheets on the epidemiology of HIV and hepatitis C in Canada.
More informationLimiting the spread of hepatitis C virus with Treatment as Prevention (TasP)
From TreatmentUpdate 197 Limiting the spread of hepatitis C virus with Treatment as Prevention (TasP) The idea of Treatment as Prevention, or TasP, has been proposed and is being implemented in some regions
More informationHIV testing technologies
HIV testing technologies HIV testing technologies are used to determine if a person has HIV. Several types of HIV testing technologies are used in Canada. These tests differ in several ways, including
More informationThe epidemiology of hepatitis C in Canada
The epidemiology of hepatitis C in Canada FACT SHEET Published 2017 This fact sheet provides a snapshot of the hepatitis C epidemic in Canada. It is one of a series of fact sheets providing epidemiological
More informationHep C treatment can cure a person from Hep C. However, a person could get infected again.
Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) Summary Sofosbuvir is a medication used to treat Hep C. It is used in combination with other medications to cure people of the Hep C virus. Sofosbuvir is taken at a dose of 400 mg
More informationStudy explores risk for shingles in the current era
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Study explores risk for shingles in the current era 19 February 2015 Infection with VZV (varicella zoster virus), a member of the herpes
More informationPost-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) Summary Post-exposure prophylaxis, or PEP, is a way to help prevent the transmission of HIV in an HIV-negative person who may have been recently exposed to HIV. It involves
More informationDoes syphilis affect HIV in the brain?
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Does syphilis affect HIV in the brain? 1 February 2011 Outbreaks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are occurring in Canada and
More informationKey messages on hepatitis A for clients are available at the end of this fact sheet.
Hepatitis A Summary Hepatitis A is an infection caused by a virus that can be sexually transmitted. Infection with hepatitis A results in inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). Hepatitis A is transmitted
More informationHepatitis A FACTSHEET. Summary. What is hepatitis A?
FACTSHEET Hepatitis A Summary Hepatitis A is an infection caused by a virus that can be sexually transmitted. Infection with hepatitis A results in inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). Hepatitis A is
More informationSuperbug increasing among HIV positive people
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Superbug increasing among HIV positive people 24 September 2007 Bacteria are a common source of problems, causing a variety of infections,
More informationIt is a good idea for anyone having sex to get tested regularly and treated for STIs if necessary.
FACTSHEET Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV Transmission This is one of a series of fact sheets about the biology of HIV transmission. The fact sheets review specific biological factors that make
More informationPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
FACTSHEET Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) Summary Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a way for an HIV-negative person who is at risk of HIV infection to reduce their risk of becoming infected with HIV.
More information3TC (lamivudine, Epivir)
3TC (lamivudine, Epivir) Summary 3TC is a type of antiretroviral drug called a nucleoside analogue (or nuke ). 3TC can cause nausea, headache, diarrhea, vomiting and weakness; however, it causes few side
More informationExciting results in monkeys lead to a clinical trial in humans
From TreatmentUpdate 219 Exciting results in monkeys lead to a clinical trial in humans A close relative of HIV called SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) causes an AIDS-like disease in susceptible monkeys.
More informationCan mirtazapine assist recovery from crystal meth addiction?
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Can mirtazapine assist recovery from crystal meth addiction? 20 December 2011 Stimulants such as amphetamine and its more potent form,
More informationTHE POWER OF UNDETECTABLE. What you need to know about HIV treatment as prevention
THE POWER OF UNDETECTABLE What you need to know about HIV treatment as prevention CONTENTS 3 Treatment as prevention First, a few basics: What is an undetectable viral load? How do I know if I m undetectable?
More informationLymphoma FACTSHEET. Summary. About the lymphatic system. Who is at risk for lymphoma? What is lymphoma?
FACTSHEET Lymphoma Summary Lymphoma is a cancer that affects a part of the immune system called the lymphatic system. Like any cancer, the earlier lymphoma is diagnosed, the easier it is to treat. In general,
More informationRaltegravir (Isentress)
Raltegravir (Isentress) Summary Raltegravir is a type of anti-hiv drug called an integrase inhibitor. Raltegravir is generally well tolerated. Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea and headache;
More informationThe Patient as Partner
From The Positive Side, Summer 2018 The Patient as Partner The idea that a person should be an active participant, not just a recipient, of their own healthcare has deep roots. Feminists, people living
More informationHepatitis C Basics. Michael Bailey Director of Programming, CATIE. Mary Choy Regional Health Education Coordinator, CATIE
Hepatitis C Basics Michael Bailey Director of Programming, CATIE Mary Choy Regional Health Education Coordinator, CATIE CATIE Our History Learning Objectives 1) To learn about the basics of hepatitis C
More informationThe elusive AIDS vaccine
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. The elusive AIDS vaccine 4 March 2008 In the 25 years since HIV was discovered, researchers have made many strides in the fight against
More informationDoes tenofovir (TDF) cause liver injury?
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Does tenofovir (TDF) cause liver injury? 10 February 2016 Tenofovir is an important antiviral drug used to treat HIV and hepatitis B virus
More informationSchizophrenia and HIV Study underscores serious issues associated with dual diagnoses
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Schizophrenia and HIV Study underscores serious issues associated with dual diagnoses 15 July 2015 Several studies have found that some
More informationHepatitis C virus some background information
From TreatmentUpdate 167 Hepatitis C virus some background information Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread by exposure to infected blood. The following behaviours, which can expose a person to infected blood,
More informationTreatment Bulletin. Aging & HIV. Toronto People With AIDS Foundation. A comprehensive guide to aging for people living with HIV/AIDS.
Toronto People With AIDS Foundation Treatment Bulletin Aging & HIV February 2010 Disclaimer The Treatment Resources Program at the Toronto People With AIDS Foundation provides information and resources
More informationProgramming Connection
The H.E.R. Pregnancy Program Programming Connection Case Study Organization: Streetworks Region: Edmonton, Alberta Prepared: 2018 Quick Facts Population Street involved, Women Date Started 2011 Region
More informationStarting points. living with HIV
Starting points living with HIV Have you found out you have HIV and are trying to get your bearings? We can help you with the basics of living with HIV. Here s what you ll read about in this booklet: What
More informationCrystal meth interviews reveal its impact on HIV positive men
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Crystal meth interviews reveal its impact on HIV positive men 15 April 2009 Crystal meth, also known as ice or Tina, is a form of the stimulant
More information3TC (lamivudine, Epivir)
FACTSHEET 3TC (lamivudine, Epivir) Summary 3TC is a type of antiretroviral drug called a nucleoside analogue (or nuke ). 3TC can cause nausea, headache, diarrhea, vomiting and weakness; however, it causes
More informationExploring risks for MRSA infection A tale of two studies
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Exploring risks for MRSA infection A tale of two studies 2 March 2012 A group of bacteria called S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus ) are
More informationMG an emerging sexually transmitted infection
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. MG an emerging sexually transmitted infection 9 October 2013 The bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is sexually transmitted and can cause
More informationDaclatasvir (Daklinza)
Daclatasvir (Daklinza) Summary Daclatasvir (Daklinza) is a medication used to treat hepatitis C. It is taken with sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) and sometimes ribavirin. This combination is approved in Canada for
More informationI ANTI-HIV AGENTS. Contents I ANTI-HIV AGENTS II COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS. A. Raltegravir vs. efavirenz four. years later
TreatmentUpdate 179 Vol. 22, No. 4 May/June 2010 ISSN 11817187 Available on the World Wide Web at www.catie.ca/tu.nsf Contents I ANTI-HIV AGENTS A. Raltegravir vs. efavirenz four years later 1 B. Raltegravir
More informationQuad (Stribild) Safety and effectiveness issues in depth
From TreatmentUpdate 191 Quad (Stribild) Safety and effectiveness issues in depth The FDA reviewed health-related information collected from 1,408 HIV-positive people who participated in two pivotal clinical
More informationHarvoni (ledipasvir + sofosbuvir)
Harvoni (ledipasvir + sofosbuvir) Summary Harvoni is a medication used to treat hepatitis C. It is approved in Canada for people with all genotypes of the hepatitis C virus. Harvoni is a combination of
More informationAsk the Experts: Managing Lipid Levels
From The Positive Side, Winter 2013 Ask the Experts: Managing Lipid Levels My doctor said that my lipid levels are cause for concern. Any do s and don ts you can share? JB, Brandon, Manitoba Interviews
More informationHarvoni (ledipasvir + sofosbuvir)
FACTSHEET Harvoni (ledipasvir + sofosbuvir) Summary Harvoni is a medication used to treat hepatitis C. It is approved in Canada for people with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. Harvoni is a combination of
More informationDaclatasvir (Daklinza)
FACTSHEET Daclatasvir (Daklinza) Summary Daclatasvir (Daklinza) is a medication used to treat hepatitis C. It is taken with sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) and sometimes ribavirin. This combination is approved in
More informationSome research issues with marijuana, HIV and inflammation
From TreatmentUpdate 225 Some research issues with marijuana, HIV and inflammation The body produces many compounds that cells use to send information via signals to each other. One such system of signals
More informationWill de-simplification of HIV treatment become common in highincome
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Will de-simplification of HIV treatment become common in highincome countries? 13 February 2018 As more people start HIV treatment, researchers
More informationThe HIV testing process
FACTSHEET The HIV testing process Summary There are a few steps that a person will take in the HIV testing process. To access an HIV test, people can request a test or may be offered a test. There are
More informationOf the 1.5 million heart attacks
CARDIOLOGY PATIENT PAGE CARDIOLOGY PATIENT PAGE C-Reactive Protein A Simple Test to Help Predict Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke Paul M Ridker, MD, MPH Of the 1.5 million heart attacks and 600 000 strokes
More informationRaltegravir (Isentress)
FACTSHEET Raltegravir (Isentress) Summary Raltegravir is a type of anti-hiv drug called an integrase inhibitor. Common side effects of raltegravir include diarrhea, nausea and headache; these are usually
More informationHints of a cure the future of stem cell transplants and HIV
CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Hints of a cure the future of stem cell transplants and HIV 21 December 2010 In 2008 a team of cancer researchers from Berlin, Germany,
More informationCardiovascular Disease Management in HIV Infection
Slide 1 of XX Cardiovascular Disease Management in HIV Infection Turner Overton, MD Professor of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama Learning Objectives After attending this
More informationCalcium is a chemical element that is essential for living organisms.
1 of 8 9/28/2015 9:04 AM Home About me Health and Nutrition Diet General Health Heart Disease August 19, 2014 By Axel F. Sigurdsson MD 259 Comments Like Share 82 Calcium is a chemical element that is essential
More informationToxoplasmosis FACT SHEET. What is toxoplasmosis? Symptoms CONTACT US. Published 2016
Toxoplasmosis What is toxoplasmosis? Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The parasite is transmitted to people through eating undercooked meat, especially
More information2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines on the Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk: Overview and Commentary
2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines on the Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk: Overview and Commentary The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease Becky McKibben, MPH; Seth
More informationCoronary Artery Calcium Score
Coronary Artery Calcium Score August 19, 2014 by Axel F. Sigurdsson MD 174 Comments essential for living organisms. Calcium is a chemical element that is Most of the calcium within the human body is found
More informationAddressing Vascular Plaque Ruptures
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/medical-breakthroughs-from-penn-medicine/addressing-vascularplaque-ruptures/3131/
More informationHIV treatment and an undetectable viral load to prevent HIV transmission
HIV treatment and an undetectable viral load to prevent HIV transmission FACT SHEET Published 2018 CONTACT US Summary It is now well known that the use of HIV treatment not only improves the health of
More informationStatin Use and Cardiovascular Disease in HIV
Statin Use and Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Steven K. Grinspoon, MD Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts FLOWED: 04/18/16 Los Angeles, California: April 25, 2016 Statin Use
More informationREPORT FROM THE CANADIAN CHRONIC DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM:
REPORT FROM THE CANADIAN CHRONIC DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM: PROTECTING AND EMPOWERING CANADIANS TO IMPROVE THEIR HEALTH TO PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE HEALTH OF CANADIANS THROUGH LEADERSHIP, PARTNERSHIP,
More informationC-Reactive Protein and Your Heart
C-Reactive Protein and Your Heart By: James L. Holly, MD Inflammation is the process by which the body responds to injury. Laboratory evidence and findings at autopsy studies suggest that the inflammatory
More informationIMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW WHEN YOU HAVE HEPATITIS C
IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW WHEN YOU HAVE HEPATITIS C GETTING STARTED: Important things to know when you have hepatitis C If you just found out that you have hepatitis C, you may have a lot of questions.
More informationd4t (stavudine, Zerit)
d4t (stavudine, Zerit) Summary d4t (stavudine, Zerit) is a type of anti-hiv drug called a nuke or nucleoside analogue. Common side effects of d4t can include headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. d4t
More informationHPV, Cervical Dysplasia and Cancer
FACTSHEET HPV, Cervical Dysplasia and Cancer Summary Cervical dysplasia is an abnormal change in the cells of the cervix in the uterus. Early changes, called low-grade lesions by doctors, may persist and
More informationRaltegravir (Isentress)
FACTSHEET Raltegravir (Isentress) Summary Raltegravir is a type of anti-hiv drug called an integrase inhibitor. Common side effects of raltegravir include diarrhea, nausea and headache. The dose of raltegravir
More informationDescovy FACTSHEET. Summary. What is Descovy? How does Descovy work?
FACTSHEET Descovy Summary Descovy is the name given to a pill containing the following two anti- HIV drugs: TAF (tenofovir alafenamide) and FTC (emtricitabine). Descovy comes in two, colour-coded strengths
More informationRibavirin (Ibavyr, Moderiba)
Ribavirin (Ibavyr, Moderiba) Summary Ribavirin is a medication used to treat hepatitis C. It is used in combination with other medications to cure people of the hepatitis C virus. Ribavirin is taken orally
More informationTuberculosis FACTSHEET. Summary. What is TB?
FACTSHEET Tuberculosis Summary Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and usually affects the lungs. However, among people co-infected with TB and HIV, parts
More informationHans Strijdom SA Heart Meeting November 2017
Hans Strijdom SA Heart Meeting November 2017 HIV-infection and ART, but not high sensitivity CRP, are associated with markers of vascular function: Results from the Western Cape cohort of the EndoAfrica
More informationTuberculosis FACT SHEET. Summary. What is TB?
Tuberculosis Summary Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and usually affects the lungs. However, among people co-infected with TB and HIV, parts of the body
More informationDoes medicare cover ct heart calcium scoring
Does medicare cover ct heart calcium scoring Search 12-1-2018 12th January 2018 I m going to try and draw some of the strands together at this point, in an attempt to provide some advice as to how to reduce
More informationOxford Technology Showcase 2016 Big Healthcare Challenges in chronic disease. Inflammation quantification for cardiovascular risk characterisation
Big Healthcare Challenges in chronic disease Inflammation quantification for cardiovascular risk characterisation Developing an advanced biomarker of Coronary Artery Disease using common CT imaging Dr.
More informationHPV, anal dysplasia and anal cancer
HPV, anal dysplasia and anal cancer Summary Anal cancer typically develops over a period of years, beginning with a precancerous condition called anal dysplasia. Anal dysplasia occurs when clusters of
More informationThe forgotten group: a new HIV outbreak amongst people who inject drugs. Patricia Anderson Lead CNS BBV Brownlee Centre
The forgotten group: a new HIV outbreak amongst people who inject drugs Patricia Anderson Lead CNS BBV Brownlee Centre No conflicts to declare Potted History 1981 Modern wave of drug misuse Glasgow soared
More informationPreclinical Detection of CAD: Is it worth the effort? Michael H. Crawford, MD
Preclinical Detection of CAD: Is it worth the effort? Michael H. Crawford, MD 1 Preclinical? No symptoms No physical findings No diagnostic ECG findings No chest X-ray X findings No diagnostic events 2
More informationPerspective Cardiovascular Complications of HIV Infection
Perspective Cardiovascular Complications of HIV Infection HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Widely used cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk calculators to determine
More informationHIV Infection as a Chronic Disease. Howard Libman, MD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School
HIV Infection as a Chronic Disease Howard Libman, MD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Role of Primary Care Approximately 50,000 patients are diagnosed with HIV infection annually
More informationYOUR INFORMATION. Ischemic Heart Disease
YOUR INFORMATION Ischemic Heart Disease ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE Your diagnosis You have been given a diagnosis of heart failure, which usually means your heart is working inefficiently. This inefficiency
More informationThe need for more research and boosting the brain
From TreatmentUpdate 186 The need for more research and boosting the brain When the AIDS pandemic first appeared in North America, doctors were puzzled by the sight of previously healthy young men who
More informationThe Facts about Smoking and Heart Disease
Patient & Family Guide 2017 The Facts about Smoking and Heart Disease www.nshealth.ca The Facts about Smoking and Heart Disease This pamphlet explains the risks of tobacco use on the development of heart
More informationA simple test can detect early signs of heart disease, but insurance does not not cover it.. Coronary calcium scan finds early signs of
12-2-2013 A simple test can detect early signs of heart disease, but insurance does not not cover it.. Coronary calcium scan finds early signs of heart disease. Does medicare cover cardiac calcium score.
More informationRibavirin (Copegus, Ibavyr, Moderiba)
FACTSHEET Ribavirin (Copegus, Ibavyr, Moderiba) Summary Ribavirin is a medication used to treat hepatitis C. It is used in combination with other medications to cure people of the hepatitis C virus. Ribavirin
More informationDr. Jonathan Spages D.C.
17 Natural Ways to Lower Cholesterol Dr. Jonathan Spages D.C. Copyright 2017 All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information
More informationPatients First. Risk Reduction for Heart and Vascular Disease. High blood cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for heart and vascular disease.
Patient Education HEALTH AND WELLNESS High blood cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for heart and vascular disease. Risk Reduction for Heart and Vascular Disease Risk factors are habits, traits
More informationInspired Functional Ingredients to Innovate and Differentiate Your Brand. Products by Ecovatec Solutions Inc.
Inspired Functional Ingredients to Innovate and Differentiate Your Brand Products by Ecovatec Solutions Inc. High Density Lipopeptides (HDL p ) High Density Lipopeptides (HDL p ) High density lipoproteins
More information