1. Lymph, the fluid of the lymphatic system, is collected from nearly every tissue and organ and transported to.

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1 (2 points each) Multiple Choice. Read each question thoroughly before answering. From the choices available, choose the answer that is the most correct. Place all answers on the accompanying answer sheet. 1. Lymph, the fluid of the lymphatic system, is collected from nearly every tissue and organ and transported to. a. ducts of the digestive system where it is disposed of b. the lungs for reoxygenation c. systemic veins where it is reincorporated into blood d. the liver for recognition of any acquired antigens 2. Cervical nodes, axillary nodes, and inguinal nodes are groupings of a. tonsils b. lymphatic nodules c. lymph nodes d. mucosa associated lymphoid tissue 3. Which is the largest of the vessels carrying lymph? a. Lymph ducts b. Lacteals c. Lymph capillaries d. Lymphatic trunks 4. It is well known that the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct return all body lymph. But which one handles the majority of the body s lymph? a. Right lymphatic duct b. Thoracic duct 5. When immune system cells proliferate in lymphoid tissues, a. specific cells reproduce producing clones of themselves. b. red bone marrow responds to erythropoietin secretion by the kidney and produce more lymphocytes. c. lymphatic capillaries grow into newly-formed tissues during fetal development. d. none of these choices is correct. 6. The germinal centers located in most secondary lymphoid organs are the location of a. filtration of lymph. b. proliferation of lymphocytes. c. splenic arteries and veins. 7. Leukocytes leave the vascular system by changing shape and passing through the capillary endothelium in the process known as a. chemotaxis b. diapedesis. c. margination. D. ameboid movement. E. attraction. 8. Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? (Write the letter of all that apply) a. Thymus b. Lymph node c. MALT d. Red bone marrow e. Tonsils f. Peyer s patches 9. Which of the following best describes the function of the nasal concha/meatus? a. Direct incoming air away from the esophagus and toward the glottis. b. Present stout hairs in the nasal vestibules to warn of an object or bug entering the nasal cavity. c. Direct incoming air toward wet, mucus-covered surfaces where air is warmed and humidified. d. Sound production. 10. Which of the following is not classified as a conducting respiratory passage? a. trachea b. segmental bronchus c. respiratory bronchiole d. lobar bronchus f. both b and c are correct. 11. The Type I alveolar cells are a. simple squamous cells that make up the majority of the alveolar layer of the respiratory membrane. b. free-roaming macrophages that make their way through the alveoli. c. cuboidal cells responsible for secreting surfactant. d. capillary endothelium.

2 12. Vaccines work by. a. boosting innate immunity with cytokines b. priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure c. providing the necessary antibodies to fight infections d. suppressing inflation to help speed healing 13. Plasma cells. a. have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody) b. are large so that they can envelope their prey by phagocytosis c. are small so that they slip between endothelial cells of capillaries to fight infection in the surrounding tissues d. have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum to dispose of ingested pathogens 14. B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the. a. thymus b. spleen c. bone marrow d. lymph nodes 15. Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? a. keratin b. cilia c. gastric juice d. phagocytes 16. Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity? a. B cell b. helper T cell c. cytotoxic T cell d. APC 17. During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the a. epiglottis. b. thyroid cartilage. c. cricoid cartilage. d. arytenoid cartilage. e. the "Adam's apple". 18. Arrange the following in order from highest to lowest PO2. (1) PO2 of pulmonary veins (2) PO2 of pulmonary artery (3) PO2 of alveolar air a. 1, 2, 3 b. 2, 1, 3 c. 2, 3, 1 d. 3, 1, 2 e. 3, 2, What is the approximate volume of lymph returned each day? (Average adult human male) a. 300 ml b ml c ml d. 10,000 ml 20. What is the source of most lipids carried in lymph? a. plasma b. fats absorbed from food in intestine c. loose fibrous connective tissues underlying mucus membranes d. hormones placed into the interstitial fluids by cells 21. The structure of lymph vessels is most like which of the following blood vessels? a. elastic arteries b. muscular arteries c. metarterioles d. capillaries e. small and medium veins 22. Reticular cells of the lymphatic organs and nodes a. engulf antigens to destroy them. b. engulf antigens to present them to cells of adaptive immune system. c. build the matrix of stroma, the sponge-like support for immune cells. d. moderate inflammation and histamine production.

3 23. One characteristic of lymphoid tissue that distinguishes it from many other tissues is a. it tends to be made of densely-pack cells with little space between cells. b. it is centrally-located along the vertebral column when it can be protected from infection. c. it is often associated with the body s barrier tissues where it creates open pathways for fluids containing antigens to encounter immune system cells. d. it s thin walls support efficient gas exchange. 24. The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ and a. a blood storing and filtering organ. b. the route lymph takes on its way to the intestine. c. protects the pharynx from bacteria that live in the mouth. 25. The pleural membranes a. stick to one another, attracted by the water molecules in the pleural fluid. b. line the pleural cavities of the thorax. c. form a wet, protective outer covering of the lung tissue. d. form the fibrous capsule of the lymph nodes. e. answers a. b. and c. are correct f. none of the choices is correct 26. Which of the following respiratory passageways does not normally include food or drink? a. nasopharynx b. oropharynx c. laryngopharynx d. pharyngotypanic 27. The walls of respiratory passageways incorporate less cartilage and more as the passageways get smaller. a. mucus-producing cells b. ciliated cells c. bone d. smooth muscle 28. Internal respiration refers to a. atmospheric air coming into the lungs. b. gas exchange between the lungs and the blood. c. gas exchange in the atmosphere. d. gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. e. aerobic cellular respiration. 29. Antibody functions include all of the following except. a. binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms b. cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched c. linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution d. targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis 30. Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed. a. diapedesis b. agglutination c. opsonization d. chemotaxis 31. The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to. a. vasodilation b. vasoconstriction c. phagocyte mobilization d. complement production 32. Which of the following is not a type of T cell? a. cytotoxic b. antigenic c. helper d. regulatory

4 33. All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation. a. Increases capillary permeability. b. Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury. c. Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury. d. Release of prostaglandins resulting in pain. 34. The diaphragm provides much of the muscular contraction needed to ventilate the lungs at rest. The diaphragm initiates inspiration a. When it relaxes and opens a valve to the trachea. b. When it contracts and pushes downward expanding thoracic volume. c. When it relaxes initiating an elastic recoil of lung tissue. d. None of these choices 35. are the source of antibody-producing cells. a. dendritic cells b. Macrophages c. B cells d. T cells e. Monocytes 36. The surface of most vertebrate cells possesses self-markers called major. a. histocompatibility complex proteins b. T-cell receptors c. antigens d. immunoglobulins 37. T cells and B cells possess antigen that can recognize specific antigens. a. detectors b. receptors c. inducers d. precursors 38. Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? a. The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. b. After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. c. It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. d. T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens. 39. A sample of Ralph s blood shows a high concentration of pyrogens. This would indicate that Ralph a. Has hypotension. b. Is producing T lymphocytes. c. Has a sore throat. d. Is running a fever. e. Has swollen lymph nodes. 40. The following are steps in the cell mediated immune response. 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection 4. Differentiated T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen 5. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and granzymes The correct sequence for these steps is: a. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 b. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 c. 1, 2, 4, 5, 3 d. 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 e. 3, 4, 5, 1, Which of the following makes skin an excellent barrier to pathogens? a. Presence of sweat b. Presence of sebum c. Presence of keratin d. The fact that it is multi layered e. All of the choices

5 42. A cell that has been infected with a virus will: a. Release antibodies. b. Display viral protein fragments along with a MHC I protein c. Always release lysozyme and complement proteins d. None of the choices 43. Which of the following is/are true of dendritic cells? a. They are capable of phagocytosis b. They present antigens to T lymphocytes c. They contain MHC proteins d. All of the choices (2 points each) Matching. From the choices provided, choose the best match for the following: 44. Hilum 47. Glottis 49. Sinus 45. Minivalves 48. Adventitia 50. Eustachian tube 46. Lysozyme Matches (some will not be needed): A. Also called the pharyngotympanic tube, it allows air pressure in middle ear and outside to equalize. B. Produced by the cells of mucus membranes and mucus glands, this substance is offers antibacterial properties to secretions like saliva and mucus. C. The surfactant of the alveolar fluids. D. Opening between alveoli in an alveolar sac. E. Opening of the esophagus. F. Entry and exit location for all major vessels and conducting passages at the lung. G. Mucus-membrane lined cavity in facial and skull bones. H. Openings between some cells of the lymphatic capillary wall (endothelium); they allow easy movement of lymph from interstitial space to capillary lumen. I. Opening of the larynx. J. Fibrous connective tissue the anchors the trachea in place in the thorax. (5 points each) Written Answer. Prepare a written answer to the following questions. Write your answers on the answer sheet provided or separate sheets of paper as necessary. Place your name on all separate sheets. DO NOT WRITE YOUR ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE! 51. What is lymph? Describe its sources and constituents. Why is lymph the subject of surveillance by the immune system and the location of lymphocyte proliferation? 52. List and describe the chemical defenses of the innate immune system. 53. Give the life history of a macrophage. Start with its origin; continue with its function, migration, and interaction with cells of the adaptive immune system; end with its loss and replacement. 54. Give the life history of a T lymphocyte. Start with its origin; continue with its schooling, migration, activation, and differentiation; end with its various roles in cell-mediated adaptive immunity. 55. Explain the differences between external respiration, internal respiration, and pulmonary ventilation. To which does Boyle s law apply? To which does Henry s law apply?