COMPARATIVE EffiCACY OF TRICHODERMA SPP. FOR THE CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW OF CLUSTER BEAN

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1 Indian J. Agric. Res., 38 (3) : , 2004 COMPARATIVE EffiCACY OF TRICHODERMA SPP. FOR THE CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW OF CLUSTER BEAN P.B. Deore, D.M. Sawant and 8.M. Ilhe Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri India ABSTRACT Aninvestigation wascarried outtofind out thepossibleuseofculturefiltratesoffive Trichoderma spp. namely T. viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. Iongiforum and T. lconlngll for the management of powdery mildew ofcluster bean (Cyamopsls tetragonoloba (1...) Taub.) caused by LevelIlula taurlca (Lev.) Am. The culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. either alone or in combination were found effective. against powdery mildew. They had recorded beneficial effectongrowth parameters and disease control. The treatment with combination of T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum has recorded maximum height, number' ofleavesand flowers at90thdayalong withhighestpercentincreaseinyield (75.92%). In all the treatments, combination of T. viride + T. harzlanum + T. hamatum was most effective In control of powdery mildew of Cluster bean, it has recorded 78.71% per cent disease control at 9Q1h day over control followed by the combination treatment of T. harzlanum + T. hamatum (76.34%). INTRODUCTION Cluster bean {Cyamopsis tetragonojoba (L.) Taub.1 commonly known as "Guar", is an important leguminous crop of arid and semiarid regions. It is an important vegetable crop in Rajasthan and Gujrat. The green pod contains 82.5% water, 9.9% carbohydrate, 3.7% protein, 0.2% fat, 2.3% fiber and 1.4% other minerals. Cluster bean suffers from many diseases, but powdery mildew caused by L. taurica (Lev.) Am. is serious one. Under favourable conditions it reduces the yield considerably. Fungicide treatment has been recommended for the control of disease but it is not effective during the climatic conditionsfavourable for infection. Under such conditions biological control is a promising measure to manage the disease upto certain limit (Blackman and Fakkema, 1982). Taking into consideration the severity of the disease and losses caused by it, it is imperative to find out an effective and economic control measure against powdery mildew of Cluster bean. Therefore, the investigation was undertaken tostudy the effect of fungicide and biocontrol agents through culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. MATERIAL AND METHODS A field trial was conducted at Post Graduate Institutional Farm, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri using randomized block design with fourteen treatments and three replications. Five species of Trichoderma viz. T. viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. Jongiforum and T. koningii alone and seven in combination were used. Carbendazim (0.1%) was sprayed as most effective recommended control measure for the disease. The unsprayed plots served as control. The mass multiplication of Trichoderma spp. was carried out on Sand: Maize media (80:20) in saline bottles of 500 ml capacity. Each bottle was filled with 400 gm of Sand: Maize media and 80 ml of distilled water. After sterilization the cultures of five Trichoderma specieswere added aseptically in each bottle separatelyand incubated at 28±2 C for 7-9 days and the culture filtrates were extracted asperdeore et ai. (2000). Theculture filtrates were further diluted tofive timesbefore spraying so as to make the concentration at 2.5%. The first spraying wasgiven immediately after the appearance of powdery mildew and subsequent two sprays were given at 10.days interval.

2 Vol. 38. No The effect of culture filtrates (2.5%) and carbendazim (0.1%) was assessed for it's efficacy on growth parameterssuch as number of leaves. plant height and number of flowers and fruits per plant. The crop was harvested in seven pickings and yield/plot ortreatmentwas recorded separately during each picking. The development of powdery mildew was recorded at 30 th, 60 th and 90 th day after sowing. Disease incidence was evaluated using a scale of 0-5. All the data were statistically analysed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A) Effect of culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. on growth parameters of Cluster bean. The studies on comparative efficacy of Trichoderma spp. for the control of powdery mildew of Cluster bean showed that all the biocontrol treatments with culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. were recorded beneficial effect on growthparametersthan chemical and control treatments (Table 1). Results of leaves were non-significant at 30 th and 60 th days. Results at 90 th day were statistically significant and showed that all the treatments except treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) had more number of leaves than control. Treatment with T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum had recorded maximum number of leaves in all the treatments. These results are in agreement with the findings of Carrion (1988). He recorded that monthly sprays with conidial suspension of VerticiJIium Jecanii on coffee trees infected with rust, (HemiJeia vastatrix) greatly reduced rust incidence anddefoliation were significantly decreased. Observations of height indicated that all the results at 30 th, 60 th and 90 th day were statistically non-significant. The observations of flowers pointed out that at 60 th day results were statistically nonsignificant, but at 90 th day results were statistically significant. All the treatmentsexcept carbendazim (0.1%) spray was effective than control. Treatment wit'h T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum indicated highest number of flowers followed by treatment with T. harzianum + T. hamatum. The data of fruits observed in Table 1 indicated that at 60 th day all the treatments were at par. Treatment with T. harzianum + T. hamatum showed highest number of fruits followed by the treatment with T. hamatum + T. Jongiforum. But results at 90 th day were non-significant. Results from Table 1 also showed that all the biocontrol treatments both alone' and in combination were found increase in yield than chemical and control treatment. The alone treatment with T. harzianum noticed highest yield followed by the treatmentwith T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum, but both the treatments were at par with all the treatments including control. Jarvis and Slingsby (1977) recorded similar results. They found that spraying of aqueous suspension of hyperparasite AmpeJomyces quisquajiis conidia for the control of Sphaerotheca fujiginea, the suppression of the disease occurred with increase in the yield of cucumber. All the biocontrol tratments both alone and in combination reported higher percentage increase in yield than the chemical and control treatment. Treatment with T. harzianum recorded highest percentage increase in yield in all treatments followed by the treatment with T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum. The overall appreciation of the data from Table 1 showed that all biocontrol treatments both alone and in combination were recorded beneficial effect on growth parameters and yield of Cluster bean. B) Effect of culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. on powdery mildew of Cluster bean i) Effect on disease incidence : Observations given in Table 2 indicated that results at 30 th day and 60 th day were nonsignificant, while results at 90 th day showed that all biocontrol and chemical treatments were effective in control of powdery mildew of Cluster bean. Treatment with T. viride + T.

3 1-'; (\j Table 1. Effect of culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. on growth parameters of Cluster bean Sr. Treatments Leaves (no.) Height (em) Flowers (no.) Fruits (no.) Yield % increase No. Av. Av. (gm)av. in yield 3O"'day 6O"'day 90 th day 30thday 60 th day 9O"'day 60'hday 90 th day 60'hday 90 t hday 1. T viride T harzianum T hamatum T IOngiforum T :2 koningii T viride > :z T harzianum c T hamatum :z T longiforum r- 9. T Longiforum " 10. Tviride T hamatum C 11. T viride r- T longiforum 12. Tviride rn S; T longiforum Carbendazim(O.I%) Control CV% ' SEt CD (5%) N.S. N.S N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S N.S N.S. : Non Significant Av. : Average.... oj::. C () ::r:

4 Table 2. Effect of spraying of culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. on powdery mildew of cluster bean Sr. No. Treatments Disease incidence at POI at PDCat 30 d 'day 60 d 'day 90'''day 3O"'day 60 t "day 90'''day 90'''day 1. T viride (31.21) (52.03) (30.52) (25.18) (53.56) 7.21 (15.56) (74.57) 2. T harzianum (33.65) (52.63) (30.00) (26.38) (51.71) (19.45) 8. ')1 (68.22) 3. T hamatum (31.15) (50.98) (29.53) (24.43) (52.36) 9.15 (17.59) (71.26) 4. T longiforum (31.49) (53.06) (26.36) (22.89) (50.66) 8.24 (16.69) (72.73) (32.74) (52.65) (25.70) (22.18) (51.45) (19.22) (68.60) 6. T viride (30.85) 5983 (50.66) (29.91) (21.76) (54.36) 6.85 (15.15) (75.24) T harzianum (31.94) 6052 (51.11) (27.17) (23.13) (53.74) 6.21 (14.48) (76.34) Thamatum (32.19) (51.39) (27.52) (22.18) (51.01) (21.83) (64.37) T Jongiforum 9. T Jongiforum (33.22) (51.64) (30.21) (22.34) (51.16) 6.96 (15.23) (75.12) 10. T viride (29.89) (51.71) (25.17) (24.62) (57.28) 5.12 (13.03) (78.71) w T hamatum Z T viride (32.05) (52.34) (28.78) (24.20) (53.64) (24.49} (57.98)!\:) 0 0 T Longiforum 4'> 12. T viride (32.96) (52.68) (28.05) (19.82) (48.51) (20.44) (66.60) T longiforum + T koningisi 13. Carbendazim (31.10) (52.09) (50.02) (19.14) (49.33) (32.64) (46.67) 14. Control (31.50) (51. 95) (58.70) (23.18) (51.44) (61.21) CV% SE± CD( 5%) N.S. N.S POI: Per cent disease intensity. POC : Per cent disease control. N.S. : Non Significant Figures in the parentheses are arcsin transformed values.!\:)... (JI

5 216 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH harzianum + T. hamatum recorded lowest disease incidence followed by treatment with T. koningii. Both the treatments were at par with each other. Control treatment was recorded highest disease incidence followed by the chemical treatment with carbendazim (0.1%). Application of culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. reduced the number of powdery patches and spots on the leaves and fruits, similar results were noticed by Govidasamy and Balasubramanian (1989). They reported the reduction in germination rate and germtube growth from Puccinia arachidis urediospores when mixed with T. harzianum conidial suspensions. It also decreased the number of rust pustules/cm 2 leaf area. Similar results were obtained in present studies by application of culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. both alone and in combination. ii) Effect on disease intensity: The data presented in Table 2 indicated that all the treatments were at par at 30 th day. Treatment with T. harzianum showed highest disease intensity followed by the treatment with T. viride and treatment with Carbendazim (0.1%) showed lowest disease intensity, while results at 60 th day reported that all treatments were at par with each other. Treatment with T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum showed highest disease intensity and treatment with Carbendazim (0.1%) recorded lowest disease intensity. Results at 90 th day pointed out that all the treatments were at par with each other except treatment with T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum + T. Jongiforum, chemical and control treatment. Treatment with T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum had lowest disease intensity followed by treatment with T. harzianum + T. hamatum control treatment showed highest disease intensity followed by the chemical treatment. Results of P.D.C. at 90 th day suggested that all the treatments were effective in controlling powdery mildew of Cluster beanas compared to control. All the biocontrol treatments were most effective in controlling the disease than the chemical treatment. Treatment with T. viride + T. harzianum + T. hamatum was superior in all the treatments to control the powdery mildew of cluster bean followed by treatment with T. harzianum + T. hamatum. These results in the present study may be due to antagonistic effect of biocontrol agents, which were found similar with the results of Blackman and Fokkema (1982) and Mukerji (1982). From the overall results of present studies, culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. both alone and in combination were found beneficial effect on growth parameters and in control of powdery mildew lleveiljuja taurica (Lev.) Am.} of cluster bean lcyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.} by application as sprays. REFERENCES Blackman. J.P. and Fokkema, N.J. (1982). Annu. Rev. Phytopath.. 20: Carrion, G. (1988). Micologia Neotropical Aplicada. 1: Deore, P.B. et al. (2000). J. Microb. World, 2(2): Govindasamy, V. and Balasubrarnanian. R. (1989). Zeitschriftfur-fJanzen-Krankheiten-und-PfJanzenschutz. 96: JaNis, WR. and Slingsby, K. (1977). Plant Dis. Reptr., 61: Mukerji. K.G. (1982). In: Recent Advances in Plant Pathology. (Akhtar Hussain et al., Eds.) CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. pp 1-19.