Signs and Symptoms of Parasitic Diseases

Transcription

1 Signs and Symptoms of Parasitic Diseases

2 Abdominal pain Entamoeba histolytica (amebic colitis, liver infection) Giardia lamblia Cryptosporidium Intestinal helminths (Ascaris, Strongyloides) Anisakis (symptoms suggestive of gustric or duodenal ulcer or appendicitis)

3 Abscess, Amebic (liver) Entamoeba histolytica Abscess, Filarial occur along the course of lymphatics or at lymph nodes (generally sterile)

4 Anemia Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) mil/mm3 average severity <1 mil/mm3 severe infections) Kala-azar Ancylostoma duodenale (microcytic hypochromic) Diphyllobothrium latum

5 Appendicitis Ascites Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis Schistosoma spp. (fibrosis of the liver) Kala-azara (chronic inf.)

6 Asthma, Bronchial Ascaris visceral migration VLM Swellings Loa loa circumscribed subcutaneous swellings (they are pruritic and may be quite painful)

7 Calcifications, Cerebral Congenital toxoplasmosis Cysticercosis Chagoma Trypanosoma cruzi

8 Chyluria Lymphatic filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia spp. Coma P. falciparum Sleeping sickness PAM Cysticercosis

9 Conjunctivitis Convulsions Ochocerca volvulus Miyasis Schistosoma, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Cysticercus Malaria Acute toxoplasmosis Ascaris infection in children

10 Dermatiti s Leishmania spp. Schistosomiasis Strongyloides stercoralis Onchocerca volvulus KLM (Ancylostoma spp.) Sarcoptes scabiei & other mites Miyasis Pediculosis

11 Dysentery Entamoeba histolytica Balantidium coli Giardia lamblia Intestinal coccidia (Isospora, Cryptospridium, Cyclospora) Microsporidia Blastocystis hominis Intestinal helminths Trichinella spiralis Entamoeba histolytica Balantidium coli Kala-azar Falciparum malaria Strongyloidiasis Schistosomiasis

12 Edema Localized Loa loa Trypanosoma cruzi (Romaña sign) Other types Sleeping sickness Malnutrition caused by intestinal helminths (Ancylostoma, Fasciolopsis)

13 Elephantiasis Filariae (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia timori, Brugia malayi) Epididymitis, funiculitis, orchitis Filariae

14 FEVER Malaria Kala-azar Amebic hepatitis, fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opistorchiasis Schistosomiasis African and american trypanosomiasis Trichinellosis Filariasis

15 Hematuria Hemoglobinuria Schistosoma haematobium Malaria (blackwater fever /P. falciparum)

16 Hepatomegaly Amebic hepatitis Falciparum malaria Kala-azar VLM (Toxocara) Infections caused by liver flukes, including schistosomiasis Splenomegaly Trypanosomiasis Kala-azar Malaria Schistosomiasis Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (in areas where malaria, schistosomiasis and kala-azar are common)

17 Hydrocephalus i microcephalus Hyperpigmentatio n Congenital T. gondii infection Cysticercosis Kala-azar Onchocerca volvulus Pediculosis (chronic infection with body louse)

18 Kerandel s sign Keratitis Sleeping sickness Onchocerca volvulus Acanthamoeba (may be elicted by pressure on the palm of the hand or over the ulnar nerve and consists of severe pain that occurs shortly after the pressure has been relieved)

19 Leukocytosis Amebic hepatitis VLM Trichinellosis Strongyloidosis Leukopenia Kala-azar Malaria

20 Lymphadenitis/lymph angitis Filariae T. gondii Sleeping sickness Chagas disease Lymphocytosis Chagas disease Sleeping sickness

21 Melena Meningoencephalit is Strongyloides Sleeping sickness Chagas disease Malaria PAM GAM Balamuthia mandrillaris Angiostrongylus cantonensis

22 Myocarditis Myositis Chagas disease Sleeping sickness (T. b. rhodesiense) Trichinellosis Acute T. gondii infection Trichinellosis Sarcocystis

23 Subcutaneous nodules Onchocerca volvulus ( lipoma like ) Cysticercosis Echinococcus granulosus Sparganosis Miyasis Dirofilaria spp. (D. repens in Europe)

24 Intestinal obstruction /Peritonitis Ascaris lumbricoides Angyostrongylus costaricensis Pneumonitis Ascaris lumbricoides Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale Schistosomiasis

25 Pruritus ani Retinochoroiditis Enterobius vermicularis Taenia saginata Toxoplasma gondii Onchocerca volvulus Toxocara Angiostrongylus cantonensis

26 Urethritis /Vaginitis Trichomonas vaginalis Proteinuria Malaria

27 Eosinophilia and Parasitic Infections Eosinophils (Eo) are type of polymorphonuclear leukocytes found in human blood and tissue. They have large intracytoplasmic granules that stain red with the dye eosin. Eo originate in the bone marrow and circulate in blood before entering the tissues skin, GI tract, and lungs are major sites of eosinophil migration. The surface of the Eo has receptors for IgG, IgE, and complement. Elevation of the Eo count above the normal range is called eosinophilia. Clinicians frequently conclude that

28 Within the Eo granule toxic proteins (major basic protein, neurotoxin) are found. They are toxic for larval helminth parasites. Eo bind to certain parasites and following adherence, the Eo degranulates, and the cytotoxic effects are observed. The highest levels of eosinophilia occur in helminth infections in which larvae migrate in the tissues. Moderate to high levels of eosinophilia occur in the early stages of intestinal nematode infections that have an extraintestinal migration phase, filarial infections, and infections with blood stream or tissue dwelling trematodes. Higher levels of eosinophilia are seen in the early stages of infection. The only occurence of significant eosinophilia with