Chapter 12. Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes. Part 2

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1 Chapter 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes Part 2 Chapter 12 includes the fungal pathogens section from chapter 22 and Helminths from chapter 23

2 Fungi Chemoheterotrophic Have cell walls typically composed of chitin Do not perform photosynthesis Lack chlorophyll

3 Fungi 100,000 species divided into 2 groups: Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi) Microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts) Majority are unicellular or colonial; a few have cellular specialization Ascocarp of fungus Soredium Algal cell Fungal hyphae Phototrophic layer Fungal hyphae Substrate Figure 12.25

4 Microscopic Fungi Exist in two morphologies: Yeast round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction Hyphae long filamentous fungi or molds Some exist in either form dimorphic characteristic of some pathogenic molds Septum

5 The dimorphic nature of true fungal pathogens Spores Budding yeast cells In environment (<30ºC) In human (37ºC) Hypha Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasmosis Coccidioides immitis - Coccidioidomycosis Figure 22.2

6 Fungal nutrition All are heterotrophic Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead plants and animals Some are parasites, living on the tissues of other organisms, but none are obligate Mycoses fungal infections Extremely widespread distribution in many habitats

7 Fungal organization Yeast soft, uniform texture and appearance Reproduce through an asexual process called budding Figure 22.1

8 Fungal organization Filamentous fungi mass of hyphae called mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture Hyphae may be divided by cross walls septate Hyphae without cross wallsaseptate Vegetative hyphae digest and absorb nutrients Septate hypha Aseptate hypha Figure Reproductive hyphae produce spores for reproduction

9 Fungal reproduction Primarily through spores formed on reproductive hyphae Sporangiophore Sporangium Sporangiospore Chlamydospore Conidiophore Conidia Figure 12.18

10 Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction spores are formed by fusion of two different strains and formation of sexual structure Sexual spores and sporeforming structures are one basis for classification spores are formed through budding or mitosis Conidia or sporangiospores Zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores

11 Fungal identification Isolation on specific media Macroscopic and microscopic observation of: Asexual spore-forming structures and spores Hyphal type Colony texture and pigmentation Physiological characteristics Genetic makeup

12 Roles of fungi Adverse impact Mycoses, allergies, toxin production Destruction of crops and food storages Beneficial impact Decomposers of dead plants and animals Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins Used in making foods and in genetic studies

13 Clinical Manifestations of Fungal Diseases (Mycoses) Fungal infections Most common mycoses Caused by presence of true pathogens or opportunists The infections can be systemic or cutaneous Toxicoses Acquired through ingestion Occur when poisonous mushrooms are eaten Allergies Most often result from the inhalation of fungal spores

14 Systemic Mycoses Caused by Pathogenic Fungi Infections spread throughout the body Caused by four pathogenic fungi of the division Ascomycota Blastomyces dermatidis - Blastomycosis Coccidioides immitis - Coccidiomycosis Histoplasma capsulatum - Histoplasmosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Paracoccidiomycosis Acquired through inhalation Begins as generalized pulmonary infection Disseminates via the blood to the rest of the body

15 Systemic Mycoses Caused by Pathogenic Fungi All four fungi are dimorphic Grow as mycelia in the environment Grow as spherical yeasts in the body Invasive form Individuals working with these fungi must take precautions to avoid exposure to spores

16 Cutaneous blastomycosis in an American woman Figure 22.6

17 Coccidioidomycosis lesions in subcutaneous tissue. Figure 22.9

18 Systemic Mycoses Caused by Opportunistic Fungi Opportunistic mycoses don't typically affect healthy humans Infections limited to people with poor immunity More important as the number of AIDS patients rises Difficult to identify because their symptoms are often atypical

19 The Emergence of Fungal Opportunists in AIDS Patients AIDS patients vulnerable to opportunistic fungal infections Permanent immune dysfunction makes cure of infections unlikely Mycoses account for most deaths associated with AIDS Infection with various fungi partly define end-stage AIDS Emergence of new fungal opportunists Increase in immunocompromised individuals Use of antifungal drugs selects for fungi resistant to the drugs

20 Examples of Fungal Opportunists in AIDS Patients Three emerging pathogens are particularly problematic Fusarium species Cause respiratory distress, disseminated infections, and fungemia Toxin accumulation can occur when fungi ingested in food Penicillium marneffei Produces pulmonary disease if inhaled Trichosporon beigelii Can cause fatal systemic disease in AIDS patients Enters through the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or catheters

21 Candidiasis (Example of opportunistic systemic mycosis) Candida albicans is the most common causative agent Common microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes All cases of disease result from an opportunistic infection Candida can be transmitted between individuals Systemic disease seen mostly in immunocompromised individuals a) Oral thrush b) Diaper rash c) Nail infection Figure 22.12

22 Cutaneous Mycoses Are the most commonly reported fungal diseases All are opportunistic infections Localized at sites at or near the surface of the body Acquired by person-to-person contact or environmental exposure Diseases are usually not life threatening Can cause chronic or recurring infections

23

24 Algae Photosynthetic organisms Microscopic forms are unicellular, multi-cellular, filamentous Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments Cell wall May or may not have flagella

25 Algae Most are free-living in fresh and marine water plankton Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats Produce large proportion of atmospheric O 2 Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms

26 Parasitic Helminths Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection Parasitize host tissues Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body

27 Major groups of parasitic helminths 1. Flatworms flat, no definite body cavity; digestive tract a blind pouch; simple excretory and nervous systems Cestodes (tapeworms) Trematodes or flukes, are flattened, non-segmented worms with sucking mouthparts 2. Roundworms (nematodes) round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and nervous systems poorly developed

28 Helminth classification and identification Classify according to shape, size, organ development, presence of hooks, suckers, or other special structures, mode of reproduction, hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae Identify by microscopic detection of worm, larvae, or eggs

29 Major routes by which humans acquire parasitic infections Figure 23.1

30 Distribution and importance of parasitic worms Approximately 50 species parasitize humans Distributed worldwide; some restricted to certain geographic regions with higher incidence in tropics Acquired through ingestion of larvae or eggs in food; from soil or water; some are carried by insect vectors Afflict billions of humans

31

32 Nematode (Roundworm) infestations Most abundant animal groups; 50 species that affect humans Elongated, cylindrical worms with protective cuticles, circular muscles, a complete digestive tract, and separate sexes Divided into intestinal nematodes and tissue nematodes

33 Ascaris lumbricoides Fertilized egg of A. lumbricoides in unstained wet mounts of stool, with embryos in the early stage of development. Adult female A. lumbricoides. Image courtesy of the Orange County Public Health Laboratory, Santa Ana, CA. Figure Posterior end of a male A. lumbricoides, showing the curled tail.

34 Ascaris lumbricoides A large intestinal roundworm. Indigenous to humans Most cases in the U.S. occur in the southeastern states Ascaris spends its larval and adult stages in humans; release embryonic eggs in feces, and are spread to other humans; food, drink, or contaminated objects Ingested eggs hatch into larvae and burrow through the intestine into circulation and travel to the lungs and pharynx and are swallowed Adult worms complete cycle in intestines and reproduce 200,000 eggs/day

35 Hookworms CDC Characteristic curved ends and hooked mouths Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale Humans shed eggs in feces, which hatch into filariform larvae and burrow into the skin of bare feet

36 Hookworms Larvae travel from blood to lungs, proceed up bronchi and throat and are swallowed Worms mature and reproduce in small intestine and complete the cycle May cause pneumonia, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and bloody diarrhea Blood loss is significant anemia Figure 23.23

37 Tissue Nematodes Complete their life cycle in human blood, lymphatics, or skin A microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti in blood. Cause chronic, deforming disease Wuchereria bancrofti Figure Elephantiasis Figure 23.26

38 Trematodes or Flukes Flatworms with ovoid leaflike bodies Have digestive, excretory, neuromuscular, and reproductive systems Mouth Ventral Eggs in sucker coiled Intestines uterus Testes Lack circulatory and respiratory systems Animals such as snails or fish are usually the intermediate hosts and humans are the definitive hosts Three types: Blood flukes, liver flukes, Lung flukes Figure 23.19

39 Blood Flukes: Schistosomes Schistosomiasis prominent parasitic disease Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium Adult flukes live in humans who release eggs into water; early larva (miracidium) develops in freshwater snail into a 2nd larva (cercaria) Cercaria penetrates human skin and moves into the liver to mature; adults migrate to intestine or bladder and shed eggs, giving rise to chronic organ enlargement Figure An egg of Schistosoma mansoni, from a stool sample. Adults of S. mansoni. The thin female resides in the gynecophoral canal of the thicker male. Note the tuberculate exterior of the male.

40 Flatworms Cestode (Tapeworm) Infestations Long, very thin, ribbonlike bodies composed of sacs (proglottids) and a scolex that grips the intestine Each proglottid is an independent unit adapted to absorbing food and making and releasing eggs Taenia saginata Taenia solium Taenia solium tapeworm scolex displaying four suckers and two rows of hooks.

41 Vectors Arthropod vectors are animals that carry pathogens Disease vectors belong to two classes of arthropod Arachnida Insecta Ticks are the most important arachnid vectors Hard ticks are most prominent tick vectors A few mite species transmit Rickettsial diseases

42 Insect vectors Fleas Lice Flies Mosquitoes (Most important arthropod vectors of disease) Kissing bugs

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