Current Research in Acupuncture

Transcription

1 Current Research in Acupuncture

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3 Ying Xia Guanghong Ding Gen-Cheng Wu Editors Current Research in Acupuncture

4 Editors Ying Xia Department of Neurosurgery The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston, TX, USA Gen-Cheng Wu Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University Shanghai, China Guanghong Ding Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Fudan University Shanghai, China ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface Acupuncture has been practiced in China for thousands of years as part of the traditional Chinese medicine and has gradually spread across different regions of the world today. More and more patients worldwide are seeking therapeutic bene fi ts from this ancient modality. An exogenous stimulation, as with acupuncture, can trigger a signal that is transmitted through the body and elicits a biological effect. This forms the very basis of the effects of acupuncture in various disease states that it is employed in. A relevant analogy comes from a common clinical setting of deep brain stimulation (DBS), wherein brain stimulation by exogenous electrical currents has shown riveting therapeutic effects on Parkinson s disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. This modality is broadly used in present clinical settings although the precise mechanisms underlying the therapy remain elusive. On the other hand, there is evidence showing that spinal cord stimulation instead of brain stimulation also induces similar bene fi ts in the model of Parkinson s disease (refer to Science 323: 1578, 2009). Therefore, it is not entirely inconceivable to see a biological/medical effect being elicited by a mechanical and/or an electrical stimulation at various (acu)points over our body. However, mechanisms of action of acupuncture, as of DBS, are not well understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms can help us improve this modality further and enable us to harness its full potential. Prior to 1997 when a Consensus Development Conference of acupuncture was held by NIH, acupuncture-related research was mainly performed in China and certain Asian countries (refer to our previous book entitled Acupuncture Therapy for Neurological Diseases: A Neurobiological View ). But the past decade has witnessed a paradigm shift with many studies being published not only in the oriental world but also in the western medical community. To better understand the nature of acupuncture and improve its clinical application, a periodic review of the progress in research is essential to gain an integral perspective on the updated understanding and de fi ciencies of acupuncture. From this vantage point, I, together with Professors Ding and Wu, have contributed our combined effort to this book. v

6 vi Preface This book reviews recent advances in research in the fi eld of acupuncture. It presents the modern scienti fi c perspective through the contributions of over 60 scientists and clinicians from the USA, mainland China, Germany, Austria, Japan, Sweden, Portugal, and Hong Kong. The fi rst fi ve chapters discuss the basic mechanisms of acupuncture. Later chapters explore topics including acupuncture treatment and potential mechanisms for epilepsy, Parkinson s diseases, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer s disease, vascular cognitive impairment, aging, anxiety, polycystic ovary syndrome, pain, nerve root cervical spondylosis, stroke, in fl ammation, myocardial ischemia, and other cardiovascular diseases. Following the translational and clinical discussions, the next four chapters present prospective acupuncture speculations, theories, and applications. The fi nal chapter discusses the pitfalls and problems of the previous studies with suggestions for revamping the design and analysis for improving the future of research on in-depth understanding of acupuncture, along with better application of acupuncture in modern medicine. This unique book provides a broad reference frame on the principles of acupuncture for neuroscientists and researchers. The laboratory and clinical investigations searching for ideal acupoints and optimal conditions provide an important resource for clinical acupuncturists to improve the ef fi cacy of acupuncture. For a medical student, this book is a modern course in ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine, especially acupuncture. I would like to apologize in advance to all those acupuncture research colleagues whose relevant work could not be included. This is partially because the subjects and contents presented in this book were chosen based on the authors research interest and background. On the other hand, it is a pity that some excellent clinicians/scientists were unable to submit their chapters in time owing to a heavily loaded schedule con fl icting with the submission deadlines. With their contributions, this book could have been all the more valuable a resource. Although we are far from gathering the whole picture, this book however provides a useful guide to the scienti fi c and medical community for promoting acupuncture research and directing it toward the ultimate goal. As I always say, and also state in the last chapter of this book, (1) acupuncture is effective in certain diseases but is not universal for all; (2) acupuncture is amazing but not mysterious; and (3) acupuncture mechanism is dif fi cult to learn but can be explored by using modern scientific approaches. I am particularly grateful to Professors Ding and Wu for their help in editing this book. I am indebted to all the authors for their signi fi cant contributions, considerable efforts, and invaluable knowledge that made this book happen. In addition, I highly appreciate the exhaustive efforts of our anonymous reviewers who closely reviewed our proposal over several rounds and gave helpful inputs and comments. Finally, I would like to thank Ms. Ann H Avouris, Ms. Simina Calin, and Ms. Samantha Lewis of Springer whose efforts helped in conjuring up this book to a reality from a mere proposal following a tireless series of /phone communications. Production of this book would not have been possible without the help of all the above-mentioned people. Houston, TX, USA Ying Xia

7 Acknowledgments This book would not have been possible without the support from National Institutes of Health, USA (AT ; HD ) National Basic Research Program, China (09CB522901; 12CB518502) Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, China (09DZ ; 10DZ ; 10DZ ; 11DZ ) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China vii

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9 Contents 1 Acupuncture Modulation of Neural Transmitters/Modulators... 1 Jianfeng Liang and Ying Xia 2 Cellular Mechanisms in Acupuncture Points and Affected Sites Wolfgang Schwarz and Quanbao Gu 3 Function of Collagen and Mast Cells in Acupuncture Points Guanghong Ding, Di Zhang, Meng Huang, Lina Wang, and Wei Yao 4 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Basic Acupuncture Research Florian Beissner 5 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Moxibustion Ling Zhao and Xueyong Shen 6 Acupuncture Treatment of Epilepsy Dongman Chao and Ying Xia 7 Acupuncture Treatment for Parkinson s Disease Tetsuya Asakawa and Ying Xia 8 Can Acupuncture Treat Alzheimer s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders? Tetsuya Asakawa and Ying Xia 9 Acupuncture Therapy for Vascular Cognitive Impairment Guoqiang Wen, Tao Liu, Shixiong Huang, Qiao Fu, Tao Chen, Chanji Wu, and Zhiyan Sui 10 Acupuncture and Moxibustion for Antiaging Huangan Wu ix

10 x Contents 11 Development and Progression of Auricular Acupuncture as a Treatment for Anxiety and Pain Shu-Ming Wang 12 Abdominal Acupuncture for Nerve Root Cervical Spondylosis Xiangrui Wang and Yongjun Zheng 13 Electro-acupuncture Regulation of Central Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Ischaemia-Reperfusion Mingshu Xu, Linbao Ge, and Dan Zhao 14 Protective Effect of Acupuncture on Myocardium Xianrui Wang and Yongjun Zheng 15 Acupuncture s Role in Cardiovascular Homeostasis Peng Li, Stephanie C. Tjen-A-Looi, and John C. Longhurst 16 Acupuncture in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Potential and Challenge Yi Feng, Elisabet Stener-Victorin, and Boying Chen 17 Auricular Acupuncture for Pain and Inflammation Shi Ping Zhang, Wai Yeung Chung, and Yi Jie Zhan 18 Glial Neuronal Interactions in Electroacupuncture Analgesia Hong Cao, Zhi-Qi Zhao, Gen-Cheng Wu, and Yu-Qiu Zhang 19 Meridian Viscera Correlationship Yiping Zhou, Keming Wang, Ling Hu, Meiqi Zhou, Zijian Wu, Ronglin Cai, Zibing Liu, and Lu He 20 Theory and Methodology of Evidence-Based Medicine in Acupuncture Research Fanrong Liang, Tingting Ma, Wenjing Huang, Xi Wu, Ying Li, Yulan Ren, Hui Zheng, Li Fang, Jie Yang, Mailan Liu, and Lei Lan 21 Chinese Medicine as a Model of System Biology: Diagnosis as the Foundation of Acupoint Selection Henry Johannes Greten 22 Modernization of Acupuncture Using High-Tech Methods: Teleacupuncture Bridges Science and Practice Gerhard Litscher 23 Future Research in Acupuncture: Better Design and Analysis for Novel and Valid Findings Tetsuya Asakawa and Ying Xia About the Editors Index

11 Contributors Tetsuya Asakawa, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan Florian Beissner, Dr. Phil. Nat. Pain and Autonomics Integrative Research (PAIR), Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Jena, Jena, Germany Ronglin Cai, M.D. Research Center for Meridian-Viscera Correlationship, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Anhui Institute of Acupuncture and Meridians, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China School of Acupuncture and Osteology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Hong Cao, M.D., Ph.D. Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Boying Chen, M.D. Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Tao Chen, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurology, Hainan Provincial People s Hospital, Hainan, China Dongman Chao, Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA Wei Yeung Chung, B.C.M., B.Sc., M.Phil. School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong xi

12 xii Contributors Guanghong Ding Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Li Fang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Yi Feng, Ph.D. Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Qiao Fu, M.D. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hainan Provincial People s Hospital, Hainan, China Linbao Ge, M.D. Shanghai Research Institute of Qigong, Shanghai, China Shanghai Research Center of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China Henry Johannes Greten, M.D. Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Porto University, Porto, Portugal Quanbao Gu Laboratory of Cellular Electrophysiology, Shanghai Research Centre for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai, China Lu He, M.D. Research Center for Meridian-Viscera Correlationship, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Anhui Institute of Acupuncture and Meridians, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China School of Acupuncture and Osteology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Ling Hu, M.D. Anhui Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China School of Acupuncture and Osteology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Meng Huang, M.S. Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Shixiong Huang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurology, Hainan Provincial People s Hospital, Hainan, China Wenjing Huang, M.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

13 Contributors xiii Lei Lan, M.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Peng Li, M.D. Department of Medicine, Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Ying Li, Ph.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Fanrong Liang, Ph.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Jianfeng Liang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA Gerhard Litscher, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.D.Sc. TCM Research Center Graz and Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria Mailan Liu, M.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Tao Liu, M.D. Department of Neurology, Hainan Provincial People s Hospital, Hainan, China Zibing Liu, Ph.D. Research Center for Meridian-Viscera Correlationship, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Anhui Institute of Acupuncture and Meridians, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China School of Acupuncture and Osteology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China John C. Longhurst, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Medicine, Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Tingting Ma, Ph.D. Department of Treatment for Undiseased and Sub-health, Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Yulan Ren, Ph.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Wolfgang Schwarz, Dr. Rer. Nat. Laboratory of Cellular Electrophysiology, Shanghai Research Centre for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai, China Institute for Biophysics, Organization Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

14 xiv Contributors Xueyong Shen, M.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China Laboratory of Systemic Physiology for Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai, China Elisabet Stener-Victorin, Ph.D. Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Af fi liated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China Zhiyan Sui Department of Neurology, Hainan Provincial People s Hospital, Hainan, China Stephanie C. Tjen-A-Looi Department of Medicine, Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Keming Wang, M.D. Research Center for Meridian-Viscera Correlationship, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Lina Wang, Ph.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China Shu-Ming Wang, M.Sc., M.D. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA Xianrui Wang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Guoqiang Wen, M.D. Department of Neurology, Hainan Provincial People s Hospital, Hainan, China Chanji Wu, M.D. Department of Neurology, Hainan Provincial People s Hospital, Hainan, China Huangan Wu, M.D. Shanghai Institute of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China Gen-Cheng Wu, M.D. Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China Xi Wu, Ph.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Zijian Wu, M.D. Research Center for Meridian-Viscera Correlationship, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Anhui Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China School of Acupuncture and Osteolog, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

15 Contributors xv Ying Xia, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Mingshu Xu, Ph.D., M.D. State Laboratory of Cerebral Neurobiology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China Jie Yang, Ph.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Wei Yao, Ph.D. Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Yi Jie Zhan, M.Sc. School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Di Zhang, Ph.D. Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Shi Ping Zhang, M.B., Ph.D. School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Yu-Qiu Zhang, M.D., Ph.D. Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China Dan Zhao, M.D. Shanghai Research Institute of Qigong, Shanghai, China Ling Zhao, M.D., Ph.D. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai, China Zhi-Qi Zhao, Ph.D. Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China Hui Zheng, Ph.D. College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Yongjun Zheng, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

16 xvi Contributors Meiqi Zhou, Ph.D. Research Center for Meridian-Viscera Correlationship, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China School of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Yiping Zhou, M.D. Research Center for Meridian-Viscera Correlationship, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China Anhui Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China