FINAL REPORT (Relevant publications may replace the final report)

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1 Final report 4 FINL REPORT (Relevant publications may replace the final report) 1. Problem identification and objectives State the problem being addressed and the ultimate aim of the project. ie beheer van wingerdsiektes word in die praktyk net voor oes gestaak, aangesien daar 'n sekere onthoudingsperiode op die meeste chemiese produkte geplaas is. Indien siekte gunstige toestande voorkom, floreer die patogene dus in die onthoudingsperiode sowel as in die na oes periode, aangesien min produsente na-oes siektes beheer. ie inokulumdruk styg gevolglik skerp gedurende die na-oes periode en kan groot probleme vir die volgende seisoen inhou. ie groen weefsel van die plant word aangetas deur hierdie patogene en die plant kan nie sy koolhidraatreserwes optimaal vervaardig en vaslê vir die volgende seisoen nie. Na-oes bespuitings is toegedien om die voorkoms van na-oes donsskimmel en witroes te beheer, sodat die inokulumdruk in die volgende seisoen verminder kon word. ie invloed van na-oes bespuitings op die vervaardiging en vaslegging van koolhidraatreserwes vir die volgende jaar se oes, is ook bepaal. oelwitte van die verslagjaar Neem monsters vir koolhidraat analise. Neem lootmassas van proefpersele. Monitor en evalueer proefpersele weekliks. ien behandelings toe soos nodig gedurende die seisoen. Neem oesmassa van proefpersele. ien na-oes bespuitings toe. oen weeklikse visuele siekte-evaluasie na na-oes bespuitings. 2. Workplan (materials & methods) List trial sites, treatments, experimental layout and statistical detail, sampling detail, cold storage and examination stages and parameters. lok E2 (S.. Riesling) op Nietvoorbij is die afgelope vier seisoene vir hierdie studie gebruik. ie proef is as 'n ewekansige blokontwerp uitgele, met vier behandelings ewekansig in elk van die vyf blokherhalings. Elke eksperimentele eenheid het uit vyf rye van 24 stokke elk, waarvan die middelste ses stokke gebruik is om data in te samel, bestaan. ie ander rye en vakkies het as 'n bufferstrook tussen die verskillende behandelings, gedien. Koolhidraatanalises gt lote per perseel is oor die vier seisoene in Julie versamel. Koolhidraatanalises volgens standaard metodes is van die basale dele van die winterlote deur die Wyndruiwe fdeling

2 Final report 5 uitgevoer. Koolhidraatanalises van die basale, middelste en apikale deel van die loot is ook die afgeiope seisoen uitgevoer. 'n Wortelstudie is in September 2002 gedoen. Een plant in elke dataperseei is gekies. 'n Gat (30cm wyd; 30cm diep; 60cm lank) is by elke plant 30cm vanaf die stam gemaak. ie grond is gewas en alle wingerdwortels is uitgesoek. ie wortels se nat-gewig is geneem en die totale lengte van die wortels is bepaal deur die wortels te meet. aarna is die wortels gedroog en die droe-massa bepaal. Koolhidraatanalises is daarna op die wortels gedoen. Lootmassas Lootmassas is gedurende ugustus, oor die vier seisoene tydens die snoei van die wingerd, geneem. l die lote van 'n stok is gepoel en geweeg. ie totale lootmassa van elke vakkie is vervolgens bereken. hemiese bespuitings gedurende die seisoen ie fungisiedtoedieningsprogram wat gedurende die afgeiope seisoen toegepas is, word in Tabel 1 aangetoon. ehandelings wat gedurende die seisoen fungisiedbespuitings ontvang het, verskyn in Tabel 3. Vorige seisoene se inligting is in die vorige vorderingsverslae opgeneem. Siekte-monitering gedurende die seisoen ie wingerd is elke seisoen weekliks, vanaf 10 cm lootlengte, gemonitor vir enige donsskimmel en witroes simptome. Vandat die eerste simptome waargeneem is, is siekte evaluasies weekliks tot en met oes uitgevoer. Oesmassa ie oesmassa van die data-stokke is elke seisoen net voor oes in Maart geneem. stokke per data-vakkie is afsonderlik geoes en die totale oesmassa is later bereken. Ses Na-oes bespuitings en evaluasie Ongeveer veertien dae na oes is die eerste na-oes bespuiting toegedien in die persele wat na-oes behandelings ontvang het. ie tweede bespuiting is 10 tot 14 dae daarna toegedien. enatbare swawel (300g/100l) en mancozeb (200g/100l) is gebruik om onderskeidelik witroes en donsskimmel in die na-oes periode te beheer. ie behandelings wat die na-oes fungisiedtoedieningsprogram ontvang het, word in Tabel 2 aangedui. Siekte evaluasies is weekliks na oes en na die na-oes bespuitings uitgevoer.

3 Final report 6 3. Results and discussion State results obtained and list any benefits to the industry. Include a short discussion if applicable to your results. This final discussion must cover LL accumulated resutts from the start of the project, but please limit it to essential information. Koolhidraat analises Geen statistiese verskille is gedurende die eerste drie jaar tussen enige van die behandelings waargeneem nie (Tabel 4a). Slegs behandeling het statistiese verskille gedurende die laaste seisoen opgelewer. ie behandeling het statisties beter gevaar as die kontrole behandeling, behandeling, maar het nie statisties verskil van behandeling en nie. 'n fname in koolhidraat status is in al die behandelings, behalwe behandeling waargeneem, waar die data met die eerste seisoen se data vergelyk word. Geen statistiese verskille in koolhidraat status het die laaste seisoen in die apikale en middelste deel van die loot voorgekom nie (Tabel 4b). Koolhidraatanalises van die worteis dikker as 2 mm en dunner as 2 mm het geen statistiese verskille getoon nie (Tabel 5). ehandeling het egter die beste resultate gelewer op die worteis dunner as 2 mm. Geen statistiese verskille is by die nat of droe gewig van worteis dikker as 2 mm waargeneem nie (Tabel 6). ehandeling het by die nat gewig van worteis dunner as 2 mm egter statisties die beste gevaar. ehandeling en het by die droe gewig van die worteis dunner as 2 mm statisties beter gevaar as die ander behandelings. Geen statistiese verskille is by die worteis dikker as 2 mm se lengte waargeneem nie (Tabel 7). ehandeling en het egter statisties beter gevaar in vergelyking met behandeling en. Lootmassa ehandelings en het statisties die beste gevaar met die swaarste lootmassas gedurende die 2001/2002 seisoen, maar het nie statisties verskil van behandeling nie, maar wel van behandeling. ehandeling het die ligste lootmassa gelewer. 'n fname in lootmassa is in al die behandelings, in vergelyking met die eerste seisoen se data, waargeneem (Tabel 8). hemiese bespuitings gedurende die seisoen Persele wat fungisiedbespuitings ontvang het, het goed daarop gereageer. 'n Heelwat laer siektedruk het die laaste seisoen, in vergelyking met die vorige seisoen voorgekom. ie onbehandelde persele het aanvanklik min simptome van donsskimmel of witroes getoon. ie

4 Final report 7 infeksies het egter teen middel tot einde Januarie 2003 skerp toegeneem in die kontrole persele. Siekte-monitering gedurende die seisoen ie data wat versamel is ten opsigte van siekte ontwikkeling, word grafies in Fig. 1 en 2 voorgestel. onsskimmel-infeksie op blare in die onbehandelde kontrole (behandeling ) was aanvanklik laag en teen einde Januarie 2003 het infeksies skerp gestyg. onsskimmel simptome het egter geweldig vinnig toegeneem na einde Januarie ehandeling, en het 'n lae donsskimmel-infeksie gehad (onder 5%). Gedurende die onthoudingsperiode het die infeksie egter toegeneem {tussen 10% en 20%) (Fig. 1). Witroes-infeksies op die blare in behandeling het middel esember 2002 verskyn, terwyl infeksies skerp toeneem het vanaf middel Januarie 2003 tot einde Februarie Infeksies in behandeling, en het gedurende die onthoudingsperiode stadig toegeneem tot rondom 10% (Fig. 2). Oesmassa Oesmassas is geneem nadat die optimum rypheidsgraad bereik is. ehandeling het statisties 'n baie laer opbrengs per vakkie opgelewer in vergelyking met behandelings, en (Tabel 9). ehandeling het elke seisoen 'n oesverlies getoon as gevolg van die hoe donsskimmel- en witroes-infeksies. ehandeling het statisties die beste oes opbrengs gelewer, maar het egter nie statisties verskil van behandeling nie, maar wel van behandeling gedurende die laaste seisoen. lle behandelings, insluitende die kontrole, het 'n toename in oes opbrengs getoon indien dit vergelyk word met die eerste seisoen se oes opbrengste. Na-oes bespuitings en evaluasie Nadat die twee na-oes bespuitings toegedien is rondom middel Maart was daar verbeterde beheer teen donsskimmel- en witroes-infeksie by beide behandelings wat na-oes bespuitings ontvang het (ehandeling en, Fig. 1 en 2). Vervroegde blaarval van behandeling is, soos die vorige seisoene, waargeneem ongeveer ses weke na na-oes behandelings toegedien is. ie siektedruk van beide donsskimmel en witroes gedurende die afgelope seisoen was aanvanklik laag. Met verloop van die seisoen het dit tot rondom 80% gestyg. ie effek van

5 Final report 8 na-oes bespuitings het nogsteeds nie na vore gekom nie, alhoewel sekere statistiese verskille tussen die verskillende behandelings voorgekom het. Tendense is egter oor tyd waargeneem. ie enigste tendens wat sterk na vore gekom het, is die toename in wortelmassa van die plante wat na-oes bespuitings ontvang teenoor die wat geen na-oes bespuitings ontvang het nie. ie lengte van wortels van plante wat na-oes bespuitings ontvang het, het ook langer wortels gelewer, alhoewel statisitese verskille nie voorgekom het nie. Koolhidraatanalises van wortels was ook hoer, alhoewel hier ook geen statistiese verskille verkry is nie. Lootmassa metings het die laaste seisoen getoon dat na-oes bespuitings wel 'n positiewe invloed op die massa van lote het, maar in vergelyking met die eerste seisoen kan geen duidelike tendense waargeneem word nie. Oesmassa het ook geen duidelike tendens getoon nie. Geen duidelike afname in siektevoorkoms of druk het oor die vier seisoene voorgekom nie. Siekte ontwikkeling het ook nie later in die seisoen voorgekom nie. In teorie behoort die druk en siektevoorkoms stadig af te neem oor tyd. In 'n relatiewe klein eksperimentele eenheid soos die is daar egter baie eksterne faktore wat daartoe kan bydra dat die effek nie waargeneem kon word nie. aar is byvoorbeeld baie wingerde rondom die eenheid wat siektes soos donsskimmel en witroes kan betnvloed deur spore wat in waai met wind. Uit die data kan afgelei word dat dit dus nie ekonomies is om na-oes bespuitings toe te pas nie, aangesien geen duidelike positiewe bydrae tot die wingerdplant gelewer word nie. Plantpatologies gesproke is daar egter 'n ander voordeel. Witroes oorwinter in ogies en as harde weerstandbiedende strukture. onsskimmel oorwinter hoofsaaklik as harde weerstandbiedende strukture, maar kan ook in ogies oorwinter. Witroes en donsskimmel produseer laat in die seisoen (gedurende herfs) oorwinteringsstrukture. Indien die siektes in daardie stadium onder beheer is, is die kans dat 'n menigte van hierdie strukture gevorm word, aansienlik laer. ie opbou van 'n potensiele inokulum word dus so beperk. Ongelukkig is daar geen tegniek beskikbaar om die hoeveelheid swamspore in die grond gedurende die winter te bepaal nie. Produsente word aangeraai om hul besluit om bespuitings te spuit al dan nie, te neem met bg. feite in gedagte. ie plant gaan baie min betnvloed word, terwyl die eintlike effek op die potensiele swampopulasie in die omgewing sal wees. Na-oes bespuitings sal dus slegs die vorming van oorlewingsstrukture vertraag of moontlik voorkom.

6 Final report 9 4. ccumulated outputs List LL the outputs from the start of the project. The year of each output must also be indicated. Technology developed None Human resources developed/trained H. llies - opleiding in die toediening van na-oes bespuitings en siekte evaluasie opleiding.. Vermeulen en L. Nel - siekte evaluasie opleiding. Patents None Publications (popular, press releases, semi-scientific, scientific) VERMEULEN,.K Preliminary results on post-harvest control of powdery and downy mildew. Poster. nnual SSEV ongress, Somerset West. Presentations/papers delivered EFVERMEULEN,.K Vordering met die Winetech projek oor na-oes swambeheer, Winetech/VinPro Wingerdvirus & Na-oes inligtingsdag, 8 Mei 2001, Worcester.

7 Final report 10 Tabel 1. espuiting Spuitprogram gevolg gedurende die 2002/2003-seisoen in S.. te Nietvoorbij osis atum per Produk crobat Kumulus crobat Kumulus crobat Kumulus abrio abrio Rootmaster orado Rootmaster orado 300 g 300 g 300 g 300 ml 300 m? 300 ml 30 m* 300 ml 30 ml Riesling wingerd Volume (6 per hektaar) Tabel 2. espuiting Spuitprogram volgens siektewaarskuwings S.. Riesling wingerd te Nietvoorbij atum Produk crobat Kumulus crobat Kumulus abrio abrio gedurende die osis per g 300 g 300 ml 300 ml 2002/2003-seisoen in Volume l(. per hektaar)

8 Final report 11 label 3. ehandelings toegedien gedurende 2002/2003-seisoen en na-oes ehandelings Gedurende seisoen Geen voorkomende bespuitingsprogram Voorkomende bespuitingsprogram op siektewaarskuwings Voile voorkomende bespuitingsprogram Voile voorkomende bespuitingsprogram Na-oes Na-oes bespuitingsprogram Na-oes bespuitingsprogram Na-oes bespuitingsprogram Geen na-oes bespuitingsprogram Tabel 4a. Koolhidraatanalise van basale deel van lote ehandeling Stysel (mg/g dm) 1998/ / / ,625 a 36,388 a 43,54 a 44,568 a 39,660 a 41,50 a 40,298 a 34,640 a 42,00 a 45,520 a 41,433 a 42,46 a KV (p < 0,05) 11,654 8,846 7, / ,72 b 44,43 ab 51,75 a 40,31 ab 14,547 Tabel 4b. Koolhidraatanalise van basale, middelste en apikale deel van stingels gedurende die 2001/2002 seisoen ehandeling Stysel (mg/g dm) asaal Middel pikaal 34,72 b 37,37 a 42,24 a 44,43 ab 45,01 a 48,19 a 40,31 ab 52,92 a 44,99 a 51,75 a 47,82 a 51,96 a KV (p < 0,05) 14,547 21,942 24,448 Tabel 5. Koolhidraatanalise van wortels gedurende die 2001/2002 seisoen ehandeling Stysel (mg/g dm) Wortels <2mm Wortels >2mm 82,42 a 53,46 a 118,84 a 102,77 a 128,70 a 86,36 a 118,91 a 102,50 a KV (p < 0,05) 52, ,2080

9 Final report 12 Tabel 6. roë en nat massa van wortels gedurende die 2002 seisoen Massa (g) ehandeling roe massa Wortels Wortels Wortels <2mm 3,18 c >2mm 11,00 a <2mm 8,03 c 7,23 be 1,80 a 20,97 bc 13,28 a 5,40 a 44,07 a 10,73 a 2,67 a 26,53 b KV (p < 0,05) 5, , ,025 Nat massa Wortels >2mm 23,03 a 4,10 a 12,33 a 5,73 a 25,637 Tabel 7. Lengte van wortels gedurende die 2002 seisoen ehandeling Wortel lengte (mm) Wortels <2mm Wortels >2mm 9793 c 1109,00 a bc 731,30 a a 1104,30 a a 624,70 a KV (p< 0,05) ,3040 Tabel 8. Totale lootmassa van behandelings ehandeling KV (p< 0,05) ,550 a 6,513 a 6,975 a 7,800 a 3, ,6923 Massa a a a a (kg) ,525 b 7,075 a 6,125 ab 6,567 ab 1, ,800 b 5,775 ab 6,825 a 6,600 a 1,7689 Tabel 9. Totale oesmassa van behandelings ehandeling KV (p< 0,05) 1999/ ,850 a 39,650 a 37,275 a 34,933 a 10, / ,873 b 40,725 a 41,275 a 35,867 a 3,692 Massa (kg) 2001/ ,025 b 38,150 a 36,625 a 38,633 a 3, / ,025 c 57,375 a 46,675 b 49,700 ab 8,1631

10 Final report 13 Fig. 1 onsskimmel voorkoms op S.. Riesling blare van die verskillende behandelings. Sien Tabel 2 vir behandeling besonderhede. Fig. 2 Witroes voorkoms op S.. Riesling blare van verskillende behandelings. Sien Tabel 2 vir behandeling besonderhede.

11 Final report Total cost summary of project Total cost in real terms for year 1 Total cost in real terms for year 2 Total cost in real terms for year 3 Total cost in real terms for year 4 Total cost in real terms for year 5 TOTL Year FP FPT No V FTS Winetech THRIP Other TOTL Z3Q9 budget submitted - project will be completed in March 2004

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