Index. SHH expression, 90 syndromes, 90 treatment, Lymphatic malformation (LM), 32 33

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1 A ABC. See Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) Achondroplasia, 186, 189, 190 Acrosyndactyly constriction ring syndrome digital tips, cluster of, 170 of middle and ring fingers, 169 treatment, 173 delta phalynx, 184 Adams Oliver syndrome, 167 AER. See Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), 180 Anatomic Physiologic (APH) implant, 242 Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), Apert syndrome, 99, 100, 114, 120 Apical ectodermal ridge (AER), 72, 87, 99, 178, 179 Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), Arthroplasty DRUJ (see Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) replacement arthroplasty) MCP (see Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthroplasty) partial wrist arthroplasty, PIPJ (see Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPJ) replacement arthroplasty) total wrist arthroplasty ( see Total wrist arthroplasty) Ascension First Choice DRUJ system, Ascension pyrocarbon implants, ATPIS total DRUJ replacement arthroplasty, Avanta SRA implants, Avanta uhead prosthesis, AVMs. See Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) B Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), Benign bone tumours ABC, bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation, 51 enchondromas, enchondromatosis, GCT, osteoblastoma, 52 osteoid osteomas, Benign soft tissue tumours benign fatty tumours, 59 epidermoid cysts, 58 fibroma of tendon sheath, 59 IDF, 58 nodular fasciitis, 59 Biax implants, 242, 243 C Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease, 199 Camptodactyly evaluation, 117 incidence/etiology, 117 nonsurgical treatment, 117 reconstruction, salvage procedure, 119 surgical complications, 119 surgical techniques, 118 thumb camptodactyly, treatment outcome, 119 Cleft hand additional procedures, 89 classification, 88 clinical presentation, hypoplastic 3rd metacarpal, 87 indications, management, 88 SFSF deformities, 87 syndromes, 88 Clinodactyly, 186, 188 complications, 122 evaluation, 120, 121 incidence/etiology, 120 nonsurgical treatment, 122 surgical techniques, 121, 122 treatment outcome, 122 Congenital constriction band syndrome, , 190 Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), 166, 167 I.A. Trail, A.N.M. Fleming (eds.), Disorders of the Hand: Volume 4: Swelling, Tumours, Congenital Hand Defects and Surgical Techniques, DOI / , Springer-Verlag London

2 274 Congenital upper limb anomalies brachymetacarpalia/hypoplastic metacarpals, 188, 190 central deficiency/ectrodactyly, , 190 classification of, embryology, IFSSH, 72 OMT, 72, 73 congenital constriction band syndrome, , 190 constriction ring syndrome ( see Constriction ring syndrome) delta phalanx, 186, 189 failure of differentiation ( see Failure of differentiation) hand embryology apical ectodermal ridge, 178, 179 axis formation/differentiation, disruption of, 178, 179 critical period for development, 178 digital rays, 180 distal limb bud, 178, 179 gestational/menstrual age, 178 mesenchymal skeleton forms, 180 muscle and neurovascular differentiation, 180 ossification, 180 intercarpal fusion achondroplasia, 186, 189 associated syndromes, 186 triquetro-lunate fusion, 186, 189 longitudinal failure of formation ( see Longitudinal failure of formation) Madelung s deformity, ossification centres, appearance timing of, 184, 186 overgrowth (see Upper limb overgrowth) polydactyly (see Polydactyly) prenatal diagnosis ability of ultrasound, 182 aneuploidy and non-chromosomal syndromes, 182 auditable conditions and detection rates, clinodactyly, 184 distal forearm and hand bones, 182, 183 3DUS/iuMRI, 182 first trimester scans, 182 NSC screening programme, skeletal abnormality, syndactyly, 184 prevalence of, 177 reverse Madelung s deformity, transverse deficiency, , 190 transverse failure of formation distal deficiency, free phalangeal transfer, free toe transfer, phocomelia, proximal transverse arrest, transverse arrest, undergrowth (see Upper limb undergrowth) Congenital Volkmanns ischaemic contracture, 168 Constriction ring syndrome acrosyndactyly digital tips, cluster of, 170 of middle and ring fingers, 169 associated anomalies amniotic band disruption sequence, 167 incidence of, 167 upper and lower limb musculoskeletal anomalies, distal index and middle digital extremities, amputations of, 169, 170 distal swelling of thumb, 169, 170 encircling fetal membranes, 165 extrinsic theory, 166 Hall classification of, incidence, 165 intra-uterine threads, theory of, 165 intra-uterine trauma theory, 166 intrinsic theory, 166 nomenclature, 165 Patterson classification of, 166, 167 symbracyhydactyly, 168 transverse growth arrest, 168 treatment of acrosyndactyly, 173 complications, surgical correction, 174 of digital aplasia/short fingers, single vs. staged surgery, 171 timing, Z-plasty corrections, vasculocutaneous catastrophe of new born, 168 Weinzweig classification of, 167 CPPD disease. See Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease CTEV. See Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) D Delta phalanx, 74, 120, , 189 Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) replacement arthroplasty anatomical ligament reconstruction, 253 anatomy and biomechanics, arthrosis, Ascension First Choice DRUJ system, ATPIS prosthesis, Avanta uhead prosthesis, complications, convergent instability, 253 distal radioulnar joint pathology, 254 E-centrix ulna head prosthesis, 260 Eclypse partial ulna head prosthesis, excisional arthroplasty, 253 fully constrained prosthesis, 257 Herbert-Martin ulnar head prosthesis, implant mechanics, 256 indications and contraindications, part DRUJ prosthesis, 268

3 275 resection arthrodesis, 254 results for, 269 revision arthroplasty, 270 Sauvé-Kapandji operation, 254 semi-constrained prosthesis, 257 treatment options, unconstrained prosthesis, 257 Dorsal trans-ungual approach, 44, 45 Dorsal wrist ganglion arthroscopic excision, 8 aspiration, 6 7, 9 complications, 10 excision, 7 9 occult wrist ganglion, 10 patient presentation, 5 6 patient satisfaction, 9 10 reassurance, 8 9 symptom, 9 treatment, 6 DRUJ replacement arthroplasty. See Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) replacement arthroplasty E E-centrix ulna head prosthesis, 260 Eclypse partial ulna head prosthesis, Ectrodactyly, 88, 92, , 190 Ewing s sarcoma, 54, F Failure of differentiation camptodactyly, central deficiency/ectrodactyly, , 190 clinodactyly, , 186, 188 embryologic classification, metacarpal synostosis, syndactyly (see Syndactyly) synostosis (see Synostosis) G Ganglion aetiology, 4 clinical presentation, 4 5 distribution, 3 dorsal wrist ganglion arthroscopic excision, 8 aspiration, 6 7, 9 complications, 10 excision, 7 9 occult wrist ganglion, 10 patient presentation, 5 6 reassurance, 8 9 satisfaction, 9 10 symptom, 9 treatment, 6 incidence, 3 intraosseous ganglion cysts, 13 mucus cysts, 13 nerve compression, palmar wrist ganglion, pathology, 4 sheath ganglia, Geissler classification scheme, 208 Giant cell tumour (GCT), Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath (GCTTS), 17, 20 Glomus tumour clinical classification, 40 clinical presentation and investigation, glomus body, 39 malignant transformation, 41 multiple/familial tumours, nail plate irregularities, 47 pathological classification, 40 peri-vascular tumour, 39 recurrence, 45, 47 small distal glomus tumour, 41 solitary sub-ungual lesion, Sucquet-Hoyer canal, 40 treatment outcomes, 45 H Hand malformations. See Congenital upper limb anomalies Hand tumours benign bone tumours ABC, bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation, 51 enchondromas, enchondromatosis, GCT, osteoblastoma, 52 osteoid osteomas, benign soft tissue tumours benign fatty tumours, 59 epidermoid cysts, 58 fibroma of tendon sheath, 59 IDF, 58 nodular fasciitis, 59 hand metastasis, 57 malignant skin tumours BCC, keratoacanthoma, 63 melanoma, 64 SCC, 63 primary malignant chondrosarcoma, Ewing s sarcoma, osteosarcoma, 55 56

4 276 Hand tumours ( cont.) soft tissue sarcomas (STS) clear cell sarcoma, 61 DFSP, epithelioid sarcoma, 60 local recurrence, 59 marginal excision, 59 MFH, 62 rhabdomyosarcoma, 61, 62 synovial sarcoma, soft tissue tumours, Hemiarthroplasty, 244, Herbert-Martin ulnar head prosthesis, I Infantile digital fibromatosis (IDF), 58 Intercarpal fusion achondroplasia, 186, 189 associated syndromes, 186 triquetro-lunate fusion, 186, 189 The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA), International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), 180 Intra-uterine trauma theory, 166 Intrinsic theory, 166 In utero magnetic resonance imaging (iumri), 182 ISUOG. See International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) K Kienbock s disease, 196, 212, 213 Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS), 30, 36 37, 141, 149 L Longitudinal failure of formation cleft hand additional procedures, 89 classification, 88 clinical presentation, hypoplastic 3rd metacarpal, 87 indications, management, 88 SFSF deformities, 87 syndromes, 88 radial club hand AER promote proliferation, 79 centralisation/radialisation, pre-operative distraction, syndromes, 80 treatment, type I, II, III and IV deficiency, thumb hypoplasia, ulnar club hand classifications, 90 clinical presentation, 90 SHH expression, 90 syndromes, 90 treatment, Lymphatic malformation (LM), M Madelung s deformity ATPIS prosthesis, congenital form, Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), 62 Malignant skin tumours BCC, keratoacanthoma, 63 melanoma, 64 SCC, 63 MCP arthroplasty. See Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthroplasty Metacarpal hypoplasia, 188, 190 Metacarpal synostosis complications, 115, 116 evaluation, incidence/etiology, 114 nonsurgical treatment, 115 surgical techniques, 115, 116 treatment outcome, 115, 116 Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthroplasty complications, contraindication, indications, 232 long-term follow-up, 236 Neuflex implant, 232 vs. non-operative management, 235 primary osteoarthritis, 231 pyrolytic carbon implant, 232 revision surgery, 237, 238 SBI and Integra implants, 232 surgical technique broaching, canal preparation, 233, 235 extensor tendon, closure of, 233, 234 joint exposure, 233 longitudinal incisions, 233 metacarpal head resection, NeuFlex implant placement, 233, 234, 236 proximal phalanx resection, 233 rehabilitation, 234 sagittal extensor hood imbrication, 234 trial implant insertion, 233 Swanson implant, 231, 232 Metachondromatosis, 51 MFH. See Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) N National Screening Committee (NSC), 180 NeuFlex silicone implant, 232 Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma (NICH), NSC. See National Screening Committee (NSC)

5 O Ollier s disease, 50, 143, 145, Osteoarthritis, 220 P Palmar wrist ganglion aspiration, 11 complications, 11 presentation, 10 reassurance, surgical excision, 11 Parkes-Weber syndrome, 30, 36, 141, 146, 149 Partial wrist arthroplasty, Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) clinical presentation diffuse form, discreet subcutaneous nodule, 18 intra articular form, 19 CT scan, 19 GCTTS, 17 incidence, 17 macroscopic pathology, microscopic pathology, MRI, pathophysiology, treatment and prognosis, 22 ultrasound, 19 x-ray, 19 PIPJ replacement arthroplasty. See Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPJ) replacement arthroplasty PNET. See Primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) Poland s syndrome, 74, 85, , 168, 184 Polydactyly associated syndromes, post-axial polydactyly, 184, 187 radial polydactyly (See Radial polydactyly) triphalangeal thumb, 185, 188 ulnar polydactyly, 139 PRC. See Proximal row carpectomy (PRC) Preisser s disease, 212 Primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET), 57 Proteus syndrome (PS), 30, 37, 141, , Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPJ) replacement arthroplasty aims of, 219 anatomic joint replacement, 220 arthrodesis, 221 Ascension pyrocarbon implants, Avanta SRA implants, clinical assessment, 220 complications, dorsal approach, Finsbury PIPJ replacement, inflammatory and degenerative arthritis, 219, 220 kinematics of, lateral approach, 224 LPM implants, osteoarthritis, 220 patient selection, 220 range of movement, revision arthroplasty, 228 Swanson silicon implant, 221 treatment options, 220 vitallium cap, use of, 220 volar approach, 224 Proximal row carpectomy (PRC), 196, 212, 245, 249, 250 PVNS. See Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) 277 R Radial club hand, 186, 188 AER promote proliferation, 79 centralisation/radialisation, pre-operative distraction, syndromes, 80 treatment, type I, II, III and IV deficiency, Radial polydactyly assesement, 137 classification, 126 complications, etiology, 125 explanation to parents, 127 incidence, 125 instability, 138 physical examination, 126 postoperative care, 137 radiological examination, 126 restricted motion, 138 surgical techniques bony mal-alignment, 131 distal phalangeal type, 131, 132 proximal phalangeal type, radially deviated polydactyly, 131, 134, 135 triphalangeal thumb, 134, 136 unclassified radial polydactyly, 134, 136 Wassel 3, 131, 133, 134 timing of surgery, 127 treatment outcomes, ulnar bending, 138 Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH), Reverse Madelung s deformity, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) hemiarthroplasty, MCP arthroplasty (see Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthroplasty) total wrist arthroplasty ( see Total wrist arthroplasty) wrist synovectomy, 202 RICH. See Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH) S SBI. See Small Bone Innovations (SBI) Scaphoid non-union advanced collapse (SNAC), 212, 241

6 278 Scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC), 199, 212, 241, 249, 250 SCC. See Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) SHSF. See Split-hand and split-foot (SHSF) Silastic arthroplasty, 221, 224, 228, 237 Silicone synovitis, 221, 237, 242, 257 Small Bone Innovations (SBI), 232, 244 SNAC. See Scaphoid non-union advanced collapse (SNAC) Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) clear cell sarcoma, 61 DFSP, epithelioid sarcoma, 60 local recurrence, 59 marginal excision, 59 MFH, 62 rhabdomyosarcoma, 61, 62 synovial sarcoma, Sonic hedgehog gene (SHH), 73, 79, 90, 179 Split-hand and split-foot (SHSF), 87 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 63 STS. See Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) Sturge-Weber syndrome, 30 Swanson silicone ulnar head replacement, 257 Symbrachydactyly, 73 76, 144, 155, 156, 158, 168 Syndactyly, 184 amniotic band disruption sequence, 101 Apert syndrome, 99, 100 bony mass, 101 closure, commissure, 103 complications, extent of surgery, 102 flap design, incidence/etiology, 99 neurovascular anatomy, 105 nonsurgical treatment, 101 physical examination, 101 skeletal deformities, 100, 101 skin grafting, surgical techniques, synpolydactyly, 99, 100 timing of surgery, 102 treatment outcome, 106 Synostosis complications, elbow synostosis, 107 evaluation, nonsurgical treatment, osteotomy, preoperative evaluation, radiohumeral synostosis, 108, 109 surgical techniques, 111, 112 syndrome, 107, 108 treatment outcome, 113 T TFCC. See Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) Thumb hypoplasia, Total wrist arthroplasty APH implant, 242 arthrodesis and resection arthroplasty, articulated non-hinged prosthesis, 242 ball and socket implant, 242 Biax implants, 242 cost-utility analysis, 241 distal component fixation, intra-operative complications, 250 outcomes of, patient selection criteria, post-operative complications, 250 post-operative management, 247 post-traumatic/degenerative osteoarthritis, 241 proximal component, 244 radial component, 244 RA patients, 241 rehabilitation, 247 Remotion total wrist, 243 revision arthroplasty, silicone implant, 242 surgical technique carpus preparation, 246 closure, 247 implantation, joint exposure, radius preparation, 246 setup and incision, 245 trial reduction, 246 Universal 2 prosthesis, , TPT. See Triphalangeal thumb (TPT) Transverse failure of formation distal deficiency, free phalangeal transfer, free toe transfer, phocomelia, proximal transverse arrest, transverse arrest, Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), 254 classification and management, functions, 202 inside out Tuohy needle technique, 203, 204 open diaphyseal shortening, 205 Opus Labrafix device, 205 pre-operative assessment, 203 tendon graft, tendon reconstruction, 203, 204 wafer procedure, 205 Triphalangeal thumb (TPT), 185, 188 U Ulnar club hand, 85, 89, 91, 186, 188 classifications, 90 clinical presentation, 90 SHH expression, 90 syndromes, 90 treatment, Ulnocarpal impaction syndrome, 212 Upper limb overgrowth

7 aetiology, 142 classification associated conditions, growth pattern, 144 hand overgrowth, 144 segmental overgrowth, 144 tissue of origin, 145 whole limb overgrowth, 144 clinical examination, growth arrest, investigations haemangioma T2 weighted MR imaging, 144 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, 144 MRI, plain radiographs, 143 ultrasonograph, 143 KTS, 141, 149 length reduction, macrodystrophia lipomatosa, maffucci syndrome, 150 neurofibromatosis type 1, 147 Ollier s disease, Parkes-Weber syndrome, 141, 149 proteus syndrome, vascular malformations, volume reduction, 151 Upper limb undergrowth clinical presentations brachydactyly, brachymetacarpia, 157, 160 clinodactyly, 157, 160 Kirner s deformity, 157, 160 Poland s syndrome, 156 symbrachydactyly, 155, 156 complications, 164 investigation and treatment, surgical principles clinodactyly, 162 external lengthening device, 158, 162 isolated brachydactyly, osteogenesis techniques, 162 phalangeal bone grafts, 158, 161, 162 pre and post op phalangeal bone transfers, 158, 161 reverse wedge osteotomies, 162 side-to-side pinch, 158 vascularised toe transfers, 162 techniques external bone distraction, 163 osteotomies, 163 phalangeal bone grafts, 163 thumb web deepening, 162 vascularised toe transfers, 163 treatment outcomes, 163 V Vascular anomalies biological classification, hemangioma, 25 malformations (see Vascular malformations) tumors (see Vascular tumors) Vascular malformations AVMs clinical presentation, treatment, capillary malformations, 30 congenital malformations, 29 diagnosis, 30 diagnostic imaging, 31, KTS, 30, lymphatic malformation, Parkes-Weber syndrome, 30 Proteus syndrome, 30, 37 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 30 venous malformations, Vascular tumors congenital hemangioma, diagnostic imaging, 28 hemangiomas, 26 infantile hemangioma, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, 28 pyogenic granuloma, 28 treatment congenital hemangioma, 29 infantile hemangiomas, Venous malformations, 30 32, 36, 149 Volar/lateral sub-periosteal approach, 44, W World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB), 180 Wrist arthroplasty partial wrist arthroplasty, total wrist arthroplasty ( see Total wrist arthroplasty) Wrist arthroscopy accessory portals, 196 anatomy, 196 articular defects, benefits, 215 box concept, 196, 198 carpal instability, complications, 215 as diagnostic and therapeutic tool, 195 diagnostic arthroscopy, dorsal and volar ganglia, dorsal capsular release, dorsal radiocarpal portals, 196, 197 DRUJ ligament reconstruction, Ectomy procedures, indications for, 195, 196 infection, Instructional Course Lecture on, 195 intra-articular distal radial fractures, intraosseous ganglia, 201 Kienbock s disease, 213 limited wrist fusions, 213 lunotriquetral ligament injuries,

8 280 Wrist arthroscopy ( cont.) portals and structures at risk, 196, 197 post-operative management, radial and ulnar volar portals, 196, 197 scaphoid fracture fixation, 211 SLIO ligament tears debridement alone, 208 debridement and temporary stabilisation, 208 RASL procedure, 209 repair/reconstruction, 208 thermal shrinkage, 208 surgical technique, synovectomy, synovial biopsy, 199 TFCC lesions classification and management, functions, 202 inside out Tuohy needle technique, 203, 204 open diaphyseal shortening, 205 Opus Labrafix device, 205 pre-operative assessment, 203 tendon graft, tendon reconstruction, 203, 204 wafer procedure, 205 Z Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), 72, 79, 90, 179