Respiratory System. BSC 2086 A&P 2 Professor Tcherina Duncombe Palm Beach State College

Transcription

1 Respiratory System BSC 2086 A&P 2 Professor Tcherina Duncombe Palm Beach State College

2 Respiration Ventilation of lungs Gas exchange between air/bld and bld/tissue Use of oxygen in cellular respiration

3 Respiratory System: Function O 2 /CO 2 exchange Speech/vocalizations Smell Controls ph of body fluids Regulates blood pressure Promote flow of lymph and venous blood Breath-holding helps to expel abdominal contents (Valsalva maneuver)

4 Lower Respiratory System

5 Organs of Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea bronchi Lungs Conducting Division: Nostrils bronchioles Respiratory Division: Alveoli/gas exchange regions Upper: head/neck Lower: thorax 22-5

6 Anatomy of Nasal Region warms Cleanses humidifies Detects odors resonating chamber: amplifies voice external nares to internal nares 22-6

7 Anatomy of Nasal Region Shaped by bone and hyaline cartilage 22-7

8 Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal cavity: begins at vestibule 22-8

9 22-9 Upper Respiratory Tract

10 Mucosa: extends into lungs Ciliated pseudostratified Sensory/Nonsensory Goblet cells; ciliated cells Lysozyme destroys bacteria Lamina propria: lymphocytes, plasma cells

11 Mucosa Olfactory mucosa: sensory Respiratory mucosa: nonsensory Erectile tissue: large blood vessels: warm air Air flow alternates between right and left nostrils every 30 to 60 minutes Nosebleeds: from lower septum

12 22-12 Regions of Pharynx

13 Larynx: voicebox 9 cartilages 22-13

14 Action of Vocal Cords

15 Lower Respiratory Tract

16 Lower end of trachea Forks into primary bronchii Bronchoscope C-shaped rings: hyaline cartilage: posterior open part: trachealis Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: goblet cells, ciliated cells, short, basal stem cells Mucociliary escalator Endoscopic View

17 Lungs - Surface Anatomy

18 22-18 Lung Tissue: spongy texture

19 Alveolar Blood Supply

20 Alveolus Squamous alveolar cell: gas exchange Great alveolar cell: 1)repair 2) pulmonary surfactant: enhances inflation of alveoli/prevents collapse when exhale alveolar macrophages: much lymph drainage Respiratory membrane: low bld pressure in capillaries prevent rupture

21 Pleurae Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Pleural fluid Reduce friction Create pressure gradient Forms compartments: prevent spread of infection

22 22-22 Thorax - Cross Section

23 Respiratory Muscles

24 Respiratory Control Centers

25 Neural Control of Breathing Dependent on brain: Skeletal muscles need nervous stimulation to contract pneumotaxic Breathing requires many muscles; need coordination mechanism Cerebral: conscious Unconscious: Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Pneumotaxic center

26 Peripheral Chemoreceptor Paths central: brainstem Peripheral: carotid/aortic bodies Stretch: smooth muscle: lungs irritant: epithelial cells in airway

27 Respiratory Cycle Pressure Resistance to Airflow diameter of bronchioles pulmonary compliance: ease of lung expansion surface tension of alveoli/distal bronchioles: infant respiratory distress syndrome anatomical dead space 150 ml : in conducting tubes: pathological dead space physiological dead space: anatomical + pathological Relaxation = minimized: parasympathetic Arousal = increased: parasympathetic

28 Hydrogen Bonds: form network Cohesion: surface tension: skin

29 Spirometry Spirometer Respiratory Volumes tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume Capacities Vital = ERV + TV = IRV Inspiratory= TV + IRV Func residual = RV + ERV Total lung = RV + VC = max ability to ventilate lungs in one breath Restrictive disorders Obstructive disorders FEV/peak flow/mrv/mvv(max breathing capacity)

30 Air Flow Atmospheric pressure Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure Transpulmonary pressure Temperature

31 Pneumothorax Atelectasis: puncture; obstruction tumor; aneurysm; swollen lymph node; inhaled object

32 Gas Laws Boyles Law: pressure/volume Charles Law: volume/temperature Dalton s Law: partial pressure Henry s Law: air-water interface

33 Boyles Law: Pressure and Volume: inversely proportional Atmospheric pressure drives respiration

34 Alveolar Gas Exchange

35 22-35 Concentration Gradients of Gases

36 22-36 Ambient Pressure and Concentration Gradients

37 22-37 Lung Disease Affects Gas Exchange

38 Perfusion Adjustments

39 Ventilation Adjustments

40 Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve 22-40

41 Systemic Gas Exchange

42 Alveolar Gas Exchange

43 Oxygen Dissociation and Temperature 22-43

44 Oxygen Dissociation and ph Bohr effect: release of O 2 in response to low ph

45 Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases COPD Bronchitis Emphysema Corpulmonale Carcinoma

46 Healthy Lung/Smokers Lung- Carcinoma