Taste vs. Smell Please open the baggie. What did you taste? Smell vs. Taste. Smell and Taste Confusion
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1 Neuroscience: Chemical Senses March, Sense and Sense-ability; the Key to Broadening the Wine Market? The Human Hardware and Software that Drives Sensation and Perception. Dr. Charles J. Wysocki NAPA Symposium June, Smell vs. Taste Smell many thousands of stimuli grouped into perhaps scores or more qualities both ortho- and retronasal altered with a head cold or sinus infection Taste a few hundred stimuli grouped into five basic qualities, viz., sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami Smell and Taste Confusion Almost everyone is affected Easy to demonstrate Difficult to fix Taste most common complaint to physician Smell most likely culprit Olfactory receptor cells BRAIN Olfactory Bulb Taste vs. Smell Please open the baggie. What did you taste?
2 Neuroscience: Chemical Senses March, The Computer Analogy I Hardware Sensory systems Filters to the outside world Allow us to experience and describe reality Software Genetic windows of opportunity Context Reprogramming Experience Learning The Computer Analogy II Hardware million sensory cells ~, receptor genes Only ~ intact ~ show variation across people Some intact Some intact but mutated = different type (don t know much) Some totally nonfunctional (know a little, as you will see on the next few slides) Specific Anosmia Inability to smell a compound at concentrations that are readily detected by others, with no other apparent deficit in olfaction. EVERYONE has at least one, likely more!
3 Neuroscience: Chemical Senses March, Odorants Amyl acetate (banana, pear) Bagdanol analog (sandalwood) Benzyl salycilate (balsamic, sweet, floral) Galaxolide (musky) Androstenone (urinous, woody, floral) What We Obtain Threshold How Sensitive Pleasantness Scale Banana/Pear Woody Amyl Acetate Thresholds Amyl Acetate Pleasantness Bagdanol Analog Thresholds Bagdanol Analog Pleasantness.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E Balsamic/Sweet/Floral Musky Benzyl Salicylate Thresholds Benzyl Salycilate Pleasantness Galaxolide Thresholds GalaxolidePleasantness.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E
4 Neuroscience: Chemical Senses March, Urinous/Woody/Floral Androstenone Thresholds Androstenone Pleasantness Did you smell the odor?.e-.e-.e-.e-.e-.e-.e-.e-.e-.e-.e-.e Adaptation Decreased sensitivity to an odorant following or during exposure to itself. Cross-adaptation Decreased sensitivity to an odorant following or during exposure to a different odorant. Cross-adaptation Is cross-adaptation based upon a mechanism that is peripheral, e.g., competition for receptor sites? Apparently, yes. What factors determine whether odorants will cross-adapt (are there rules)? Structural and functional analogs will cross-adapt. Can rules governing cross-adaptation be enumerated? Perhaps, but not yet available. Perceived Intensity Hypothetical Effects of Exposure to an Odorant No Effect Recovery Cross-adaptation Adaptation Odor Present Odor Removed Time (minutes) Possible outcomes of exposure to an odorant or mixture of odorants.
5 Neuroscience: Chemical Senses March, Summary Typically, odorants show adaptation. Structural analogs may or may not cross-adapt. Functional analogs may or may not cross-adapt. Cross-adaptation may or may not be symmetric. Governing rule: No theory of cross-adaptation. How can cross-adaptation be put to good use? Systematic exploration of candidates Empirical evaluations The Computer Analogy III Software Learning & experience Walk through the garden Context Expectation Odor in a Bag Proportion liking/disliking? MZ vs. DZ Twins: A Classic Design Identical (monozygotic, or MZ) twins) have virtually % of their genes in common Fraternal (dizygotic, or DZ) twins are no more closely related than any other pair of siblings (assumed to have about % of their genes in common)
6 Neuroscience: Chemical Senses March, DZ MZ Pleasantness of Cilantro: MZ and DZ twin pairs evaluate the pleasantness of the odor of cilantro. s were made on a scale ranging from - (Extremely Unpleasant) through (Neither Pleasant nor Unpleasant) to + (Extremely Pleasant). Intraclass Correlation Context Proportion liking/disliking? Conclusions Taste is more than it seems Perception is reality Olfactory reality varies across people Olfactory exposures affect subsequent perception Interpretation of perception is affected by personal experiences and expectations Thank you! Sweaty/Putrid Musky Isovaleric Acid Thresholds Isovaleric Acid Pleasantness Muscone Thresholds Muscone Pleasantness.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E
7 Neuroscience: Chemical Senses March, Woody/Amber Sweaty Jeger's Ketal Thresholds Jeger's Ketal Pleasantness MH Thresholds -Methyl--Hexenoic Acid Pleasantness.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E Musky Odors as.e- Pentadecalactone Thresholds.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E-.E+ Pentadecalactone Pleasantness Irritants Trigeminal Chemoreception (Chemesthesis) Adjectives That Generally Refer to Chemical Irritation Itchy Tingling Tickling Scratchy Prickling Furry Sneezy Stinging Another factor in nasal chemoreceptive perception. Pungent Painful Cool Cold Peppery Warm Hot Burning Not olfaction!
8 Neuroscience: Chemical Senses March,
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