VNS Therapy in a patient receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 1 Cost effectiveness

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1 VNS Therapy in a patient receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 1 Cost effectiveness A case study published in the June Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy suggests that VNS Therapy may provide cost savings as well as relief from depression in some patients receiving ECT. Ronald L. Warnell, MD, and Nazanin Elahi, MD, of Loma Linda University, California, describe a man in a continuous 6- month episode of severe treatment-resistant depression (TRD) with a history of bipolar I disorder. During initial consultation for ECT while hospitalized for severe suicidal ideation, the 47-year-old was receiving lamotrigine 100 mg/day, venlafaxine extended-release 450 mg/day, ziprasidone 80 mg bid, olanzapine 10 mg hs, lorazepam 1 mg tid prn, lisinopril 20 mg/day, fexofenadine 180 mg/day, atorvastatin 40 mg/day, and levothyroxine mg/day. The patient s initial onset of depression occurred 13 years before this consultation. Since then, he had had at least 2 episodes of manic behavior and repeated episodes of depression, during which he received adequate trials of several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; several heterocyclic antidepressants; lithium and other mood stabilizers; antipsychotic agents; and psychotherapy. Over time, medications became less effective, and he was not responding to them at the time of the evaluation. The patient responded well to the initial series of ECT, as shown by a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 2. The patient then agreed to continuation, and ultimately, maintenance ECT. Although the patient tolerated ECT, he had short-term memory disturbance. Alterations in electrode placement did not resolve these side effects. The antidepressant effect of ECT was short-lived, with increasing symptoms recurring between 2 3 weeks after treatment. The patient was very interested in the possibility that VNS Therapy in combination with ECT might permit less frequent ECT, thus reducing memory disturbance and perhaps maintaining a more even mood. In September 2005, the patient had the VNS Therapy procedure. Maintenance ECT continued, with the VNS Therapy magnet placed over the pulse generator before current was applied. This patient s marked response and the cost analysis illustrated in this case study present a sensible rationale for clinicians and payers to consider VNS [Therapy] as a long-term maintenance treatment for patients with TRD. The patient reported improving mood around 2 weeks after activation of the pulse generator. Over the next 3 months, VNS Therapy parameters were adjusted to 30 seconds of stimulation at 30 Hz every 5 minutes, with pulse width at 500 microseconds and output current at 1.50 ma. They have remained at this level. Maintenance ECT sessions were gradually decreased to 1 every 2 months. Within 6 months he showed signs of remission. ECT was then discontinued. The authors estimated the cost of VNS Therapy at $3,250 over 10 months, prorated from $3,900 annually over the life of the device battery. During the 10 months prior to VNS Therapy, the patient underwent 14 maintenance ECT sessions at a cost of $11,000 $14,000. For 10 months after the initiation of VNS Therapy, the patient had 7 maintenance ECT sessions at a cost of $5,600 $7,000. So the total treatment costs after the addition of VNS Therapy represented a cost savings $2,350 $3,750 during the first 10 months. The authors report that although the benefit in overall functioning was substantial, indirect costs and benefits were not calculated. Although this study has limited applicability, the authors conclude, This patient s marked response and the cost analysis illustrated in this case study present a sensible rationale for clinicians and payers to consider VNS [Therapy] as a long-term maintenance treatment for patients with TRD. Reference: 1. Warnell RL, Elahi N. Introduction of vagus nerve stimulation into a maintenance electroconvulsive therapy regimen: a case study and cost analysis. J ECT. 2007;23: INSIDE! Sustained response to VNS Therapy in TRD Susan: A VNS Therapy case history Reimbursement tips Bibliography 1

2 Sustained response to VNS Therapy in TRD 1 The August 2007 online issue of Primary Psychiatry contained a case report of a woman whose response to VNS Therapy has lasted almost 7 years. Thomas L. Schwartz, MD, and Anne Costello, RN, of the State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center and University Hospital in Syracuse, NY, describe Mrs R, a 52-year-old woman whose unipolar major depressive disorder had lasted 11 years without remission. Upon referral in 2000, Mrs R had many life stressors. Her depression had not remitted despite numerous trials of medications, including fluoxetine, desipramine, and buspirone. Her regimen at referral included sertraline 100 mg/day, buproprion extended-release 300 mg/day, nefazodone 500 mg/day, and mirtazapine 15 mg/day, plus ongoing psychotherapy. She had never attempted suicide or required hospitalization for depression and had refused ECT. Mrs R had the VNS Therapy procedure in December Aside from initial voice alteration and cough, which subsided to a manageable level over several months, she experienced no other side effects from the procedure or ongoing treatment with VNS Therapy. After 16 weeks of VNS Therapy, Mrs R s score on the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D 24 ) decreased from 33 to 15. She maintained this response for 5 months, had an adjustment disorder lasting 2 3 months, and then returned to a sustained response lasting more than 6 years. She has continued the medications and psychotherapy. Although she experienced fluctuations in the level of her symptoms, most often related to stressful life events, she had no recurrences of depression. The authors note that this long-term benefit is remarkable for a patient with TRD. Mrs R and her psychiatrist noted her increased capacity for dealing with stress. She described an evenness of mood that she had not felt since before her initial diagnosis. The patient stated that her depressive symptoms, social functioning, and quality of life were on average 60% to 70% better with VNS Therapy. This article is CME-accredited by joint sponsorship of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and MBL Communications, Inc. Reference: 1. Schwartz TL, Costello A. Charting a sustained response to vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Prim Psychiatry. 2007;14(8): Reimbursement tips October 2007 How do Cyberonics case managers assess the Insurance Verification forms they receive from psychiatrists like you, and what do you need to submit for prior authorization? Until payers develop coverage policies for VNS Therapy in TRD, coverage is likely to be based on each individual s unique clinical circumstances. Cyberonics Regional Case Managers compare your patient s history with the accumulated experience of many plans to help you determine the best strategy for pursuing access to coverage for your patient. Some of the criteria considered during this process include: 1. Is there a coverage policy in place? Some local and regional plans have coverage policies in place for VNS Therapy in TRD. 2. Is the patient covered by a self-funded employer plan? Self-funded employer plans may provide a direct appeal to the employer for access to treatment. 3. Is the patient s plan located in a state where external review is allowed? If so, have appeals for this plan or state been successful? Regional Case Managers can discuss these criteria and plan experiences with you so that you and your patient can then determine the best way to proceed. The Regional Case Manager will then work with you to submit the required documents, including the letter of medical necessity, clinical data, and supporting evidence. Insurance Verification form, available from your Cyberonics representative or by calling NOW-4VNS or visiting 2

3 Consultant Corner After VNS Therapy, I felt like my students were finally getting their money s worth. Steven Buser, MD Family Life Learning Center Asheville, NC Susan: a VNS Therapy case history Patient history 59-year-old English professor Diagnosis: major depressive episode (1983) Duration of illness: 24 years Family history of depression Worsening depression precipitated by deaths of mother and only child in 1990 Medication and treatment history Prozac, lithium provided good results, which faded after 4 5 months Other medications: bupropion, methylphenidate, atypical antipsychotics, anxiolytics Psychotherapy begun in 1983 Initially 4 hours/week for 4.5 years Currently every 2 weeks Implanted with VNS Therapy May 2001 Device activated August 2001 Outcomes December 2001: notes gradual uptick in mood Current remission sustained 6 years Patient returned to work part-time in January 2007 Current medications: Bupropion sustained-release 200 mg bid, methylphenidate 20 mg tid, aripiprazole 5 mg qd, clonazepam 0.25 mg tid; a considerable reduction from previous regimens What approaches have you found to be particularly effective in obtaining coverage for your patients? There is no question that the biggest obstacle we currently face in offering VNS Therapy to our patients is obtaining adequate insurance coverage. This became substantially more difficult with the noncoverage determination issued by Medicare this May. While we are still hopeful that this decision will be reevaluated and VNS Therapy will be available to our Medicare patients in the future, it complicates our ability to provide this treatment today. My colleagues at the Family Life and Learning Center and I have been fortunate with approvals for our patients. I currently treat over 40 patients with VNS Therapy. Many of these patients have commercial (or private) insurance. We are impressed by their response rates and have seen dramatic improvements. In our area I work very closely with the Regional Access Manager from Cyberonics. We have jointly presented clinical data to medical directors of regional insurance carriers and have succeeded in getting approvals once these medical directors are more aware and educated about TRD and VNS Therapy. I also document as much as possible of the clinical history of TRD at our initial request for coverage. It helps to include prior hospitalizations, ECT treatments, medication failures, and suicide attempts, and to quantify the cost of unsuccessful treatments. If the initial request is denied, however, the Cyberonics Regional Case Managers offer a helpful service: they assist us in filing the various stages in the appeal process. Persistence can certainly pay off. VNS Therapy is an invaluable treatment option for the more severe cases of depression that I treat. To offer this to your patients, it may help to partner with your Regional Access Manager and Regional Case Manager to coordinate your efforts to provide coverage. This works effectively for us and allows us to offer this treatment to many more patients. VNS Therapy is a trademark of Cyberonics, Inc. 23 PLEASE REFER TO THE ACCOMPANYING BRIEF SUMMARY FOR PRESCRIBING AND SAFETY INFORMATION.

4 Bibliography Ansari S, Chaudhri K, Al Moutaery KA. Vagus nerve stimulation: indications and limitations. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(Pt 2): A review of the use of VNS Therapy in resistant depressive disorder and discussion of other possible uses Berlim MT, Turecki G. What is the meaning of treatment resistant/refractory major depression (TRD)? A systematic review of current randomized trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17: A systematic review of 47 randomized studies of adults with treatment-resistant or refractory unipolar major depression showed a clear need for a consistent framework of concepts and methods for investigating TRD Marangell LB, Martinez M, Jurdi RA, Zboyan H. Neurostimulation therapies in depression: a review of new modalities. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;116: A review of VNS Therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation, with an emphasis on TRD Nahas Z, Teneback C, Chae JH, et al. Serial vagus nerve stimulation functional MRI in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32: VNS Therapy is associated with ventro-medial prefrontal cortex deactivation corresponding to the antidepressant response Nemeroff CB. Prevalence and management of treatmentresistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 (Suppl 8): A brief review of the definitions, prevalence, and various treatment options for TRD, including switching, augmentation, combination therapies and nonpharmacologic treatments Pardo JV, Sheikh SA, Kuskowski MA, et al. Weight loss during chronic, cervical vagus nerve stimulation in depressed patients with obesity: an observation. Int J Obes (Lond) Jun 12; [Epub ahead of print]. In 14 patients receiving VNS Therapy for >2 years, highly significant weight loss was observed proportional to initial BMI, not correlated with mood symptoms, and without reported dieting or exercise Park MC, Goldman MA, Carpenter LL, Price LH, Friehs GM. Vagus nerve stimulation for depression: rationale, anatomical and physiological basis of efficacy and future prospects. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97 (Pt 2): A review of mechanism of action and current and potential future uses of VNS Therapy Rado J, Janicak PG. Vagus nerve stimulation for severe depression. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv Jul;45(7): A review of VNS Therapy for psychiatric nurses Schwartz TL, Costello A. Charting a sustained response to vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Prim Psychiatry Aug;14(8): See page 2 Warnell RL, Elahi N. Introduction of vagus nerve stimulation into a maintenance electroconvulsive therapy regimen: a case study and cost analysis. J ECT. 2007;23: See page 1 VNS Therapy Phone Facts Sessions Informational teleconferences for people interested in VNS Therapy moderated by psychiatrists Includes interviews with patients receiving VNS Therapy October 2 and 16, November 6 and 27, December 4 and 18 7:00 PM Central Time Toll-free: Cyberonics, Inc. All rights reserved. Cyberonics is a registered trademark of Cyberonics, Inc. VNS Therapy and Insights are trademarks of Cyberonics, Inc. VNSI CYBERONICS, INC. 100 Cyberonics Boulevard, Houston, Texas USA Tel: NOW-4VNS/ Fax:

5 Brief Summary 1 of Safety Information for the VNS Therapy System [Epilepsy and Depression Indications] (March 2007) 1. INTENDED USE / INDICATIONS Epilepsy (US) The VNS Therapy System is indicated for use as an adjunctive therapy in reducing the frequency of seizures in adults and adolescents over 12 years of age with partial onset seizures that are refractory to antiepileptic medications. Depression (US) The VNS Therapy System is indicated for the adjunctive long-term treatment of chronic or recurrent depression for patients 18 years of age or older who are experiencing a major depressive episode and have not had an adequate response to four or more adequate antidepressant treatments. 2. CONTRAINDICATIONS Vagotomy The VNS Therapy System cannot be used in patients after a bilateral or left cervical vagotomy. Diathermy Do not use short-wave diathermy, microwave diathermy, or therapeutic ultrasound diathermy on patients implanted with a VNS Therapy System. Diagnostic ultrasound is not included in this contraindication. 3. WARNINGS GENERAL Physicians should inform patients about all potential risks and adverse events discussed in the physician's manuals. This document is not intended to serve as a substitute for the complete physician's manuals. The safety and efficacy of the VNS Therapy System have not been established for uses outside the "Intended Use/Indications" section of the physician's manuals. The safety and effectiveness of the VNS Therapy System in patients with predisposed dysfunction of cardiac conduction systems (re-entry pathway) have not been established. Post-implant electrocardiograms and Holter monitoring are recommended if clinically indicated. Postoperative bradycardia can occur among patients with certain underlying cardiac arrhythmias. It is important to follow recommended implantation procedures and intraoperative product testing described in the Implantation Procedure part of the physician's manuals. During the intraoperative System Diagnostics (Lead Test), infrequent incidents of bradycardia and/or asystole have occurred. If asystole, severe bradycardia (heart rate <40 bpm), or a clinically significant change in heart rate is encountered during a System Diagnostics (Lead Test) or during initiation of stimulation, physicians should be prepared to follow guidelines consistent with Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS). Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) may occur with active stimulation, and aspiration may result from the increased swallowing difficulties. Patients with pre-existing swallowing difficulties are at greater risk for aspiration. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) may occur with active VNS Therapy. Any patient with underlying pulmonary disease or insufficiency such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma may be at increased risk for dyspnea. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may have an increase in apneic events during stimulation. Lowering stimulus frequency or prolonging "OFF" time may prevent exacerbation of OSA. Vagus nerve stimulation may also cause new onset sleep apnea in patients who have not previously been diagnosed with this disorder. Device malfunction could cause painful stimulation or direct current stimulation. Either event could cause nerve damage. Patients should be instructed to use the Magnet to stop stimulation if they suspect a malfunction, and then to contact their physician immediately for further evaluation. Patients with the VNS Therapy System or any part of the VNS Therapy System implanted should not have full body MRI. Excessive stimulation at an excess duty cycle (that is, one that occurs when ON time is greater than OFF time) has resulted in degenerative nerve damage in laboratory animals. Patients who manipulate the Pulse Generator and Lead through the skin (Twiddler s Syndrome) may damage or disconnect the Lead from the Pulse Generator and/or possibly cause damage to the vagus nerve. 4. WARNINGS EPILEPSY The VNS Therapy System should only be prescribed and monitored by physicians who have specific training and expertise in the management of seizures and the use of this device. It should only be implanted by physicians who are trained in surgery of the carotid sheath and have received specific training in the implantation of this device. The VNS Therapy System is not curative. Physicians should warn patients that the VNS Therapy System is not a cure for epilepsy and that since seizures may occur unexpectedly, patients should consult with a physician before engaging in unsupervised activities, such as driving, swimming, and bathing, and in strenuous sports that could harm them or others. Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP): Through August 1996, 10 sudden and unexplained deaths (definite, probable, and possible) were recorded among the 1,000 patients implanted and treated with the VNS Therapy device. During this period, these patients had accumulated 2,017 patient-years of exposure. Some of these deaths could represent seizure-related deaths in which the seizure was not observed, at night, for example. This number represents an incidence of 5.0 definite, probable, and possible SUDEP deaths per 1,000 patient-years. Although this rate exceeds that expected in a healthy (nonepileptic) population matched for age and sex, it is within the range of estimates for epilepsy patients not receiving vagus nerve stimulation, ranging from 1.3 SUDEP deaths for the general population of patients with epilepsy, to 3.5 (for definite and probable) for a recently studied antiepileptic drug (AED) clinical trial population similar to the VNS Therapy System clinical cohort, to 9.3 for patients with medically intractable epilepsy who were epilepsy surgery candidates. 5. WARNINGS DEPRESSION This device is a permanent implant. It is only to be used in patients with severe depression who are unresponsive to standard psychiatric management. It should only be prescribed and monitored by physicians who have specific training and expertise in the management of treatment-resistant depression and the use of this device. It should only be implanted by physicians who are trained in surgery of the carotid sheath and have received specific training in the implantation of this device. Physicians should warn patients that VNS Therapy has not been determined to be a cure for depression. Patients being treated with adjunctive VNS Therapy should be observed closely for clinical worsening and suicidality, especially at the time of VNS Therapy stimulation parameter changes or drug or drug dose changes. Excessive stimulation: Note: Use of the Magnet to activate stimulation is not recommended for patients with depression. 6. PRECAUTIONS GENERAL Physicians should inform patients about all potential risks and adverse events discussed in the VNS Therapy physician's manuals. 1 The information contained in this Brief Summary for Physicians represents partial excerpts of important prescribing information taken from the physician s manuals. (Copies of VNS Therapy physician s and patient s manuals are posted at The information is not intended to serve as a substitute for a complete and thorough understanding of the material presented in all of the physician s manuals for the VNS Therapy System and its component parts nor does this information represent full disclosure of all pertinent information concerning the use of this product, potential safety complications, or efficacy outcomes. Prescribing physicians should be experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of depression or epilepsy and should be familiar with the programming and use of the VNS Therapy System. Physicians who implant the VNS Therapy System should be experienced performing surgery in the carotid sheath and should be trained in the surgical technique relating to implantation of the VNS Therapy System. The safety and effectiveness of the VNS Therapy System have not been established for use during pregnancy. VNS should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. The VNS Therapy System is indicated for use only in stimulating the left vagus nerve in the neck area inside the carotid sheath. The VNS Therapy System is indicated for use only in stimulating the left vagus nerve below where the superior and inferior cervical cardiac branches separate from the vagus nerve. It is important to follow infection control procedures. Infections related to any implanted device are difficult to treat and may require that the device be explanted. The patient should be given antibiotics preoperatively. The surgeon should ensure that all instruments are sterile prior to the procedure. The VNS Therapy System may affect the operation of other implanted devices, such as cardiac pacemakers and implanted defibrillators. Possible effects include sensing problems and inappropriate device responses. If the patient requires concurrent implantable pacemaker, defibrillatory therapy or other types of stimulators, careful programming of each system may be necessary to optimize the patient's benefit from each device. Reversal of Lead polarity has been associated with an increased chance of bradycardia in animal studies. It is important that the electrodes are attached to the left vagus nerve in the correct orientation. It is also important to make sure that Leads with dual connector pins are correctly inserted (white marker band to + connection) into the Pulse Generator s Lead receptacles. The patient can use a neck brace for the first week to help ensure proper Lead stabilization. Do not program the VNS Therapy System to an "ON" or periodic stimulation treatment for at least 14 days after the initial or replacement implantation. Do not use frequencies of 5 Hz or below for long-term stimulation. Resetting the Pulse Generator turns the device OFF (output current = 0.0 ma), and all device history information is lost. Patients who smoke may have an increased risk of laryngeal irritation. 7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MEDICAL THERAPY HAZARDS Patients should exercise reasonable caution in avoiding devices that generate a strong electric or magnetic field. If a Pulse Generator ceases operation while in the presence of electromagnetic interference (EMI), moving away from the source may allow it to return to its normal mode of operation. VNS Therapy System operation should always be checked by performing device diagnostics after any of the procedures mentioned in the physician's manuals. For clear imaging, patients may need to be specially positioned for mammography procedures, because of the location of the Pulse Generator in the chest. Therapeutic radiation may damage the Pulse Generator's circuitry, although no testing has been done to date and no definite information on radiation effects is available. Sources of such radiation include therapeutic radiation, cobalt machines, and linear accelerators. The radiation effect is cumulative, with the total dosage determining the extent of damage. The effects of exposure to such radiation can range from a temporary disturbance to permanent damage, and may not be detectable immediately. External defibrillation may damage the Pulse Generator. Use of electrosurgery [electrocautery or radio frequency (RF) ablation devices] may damage the Pulse Generator. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should not be performed with a magnetic resonance body coil in the transmit mode. The heat induced in the Lead by an MRI body scan can cause injury. If an MRI should be done, use only a transmit-and-receive type of head coil. MRI compatibility was demonstrated using a 1.5T General Electric Signa Imager with a Model 100 only. Use caution when other MRI systems are used, since adverse events may occur because of different magnetic field distributions. Consider other imaging modalities when appropriate. Procedures in which the radio frequency (RF) is transmitted by the body coil should not be done on a patient who has the VNS Therapy System. Thus, protocols must not be used that utilize local coils that are RF receive-only, with RF-transmit performed by the body coil. Note that some RF head coils are receive-only, and that most other local coils, such as knee and spinal coils, are also RF-receive only. These coils must not be used in patients with the VNS Therapy System. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy may damage the Pulse Generator. If therapeutic ultrasound therapy is required, avoid positioning the area of the body where the Pulse Generator is implanted in the water bath or in any other position that would expose it to ultrasound therapy. If that positioning cannot be avoided, program the Pulse Generator output to 0 ma for the treatment, and then after therapy, reprogram the Pulse Generator to the original parameters. If the patient receives medical treatment for which electric current is passed through the body (such as from a TENS unit), either the Pulse Generator should be set to 0 ma or function of the Pulse Generator should be monitored during initial stages of treatment. Routine therapeutic ultrasound could damage the Pulse Generator and may be inadvertently concentrated by the device, causing harm to the patient. For information related to home occupational environments, cellular phones, other environmental hazards, other devices, and ECG monitors, please refer to the physician's manuals for complete information. 8. ADVERSE EVENTS EPILEPSY Adverse events reported during clinical studies as statistically significant are listed below in alphabetical order: ataxia (loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement); dyspepsia (indigestion); dyspnea (difficulty breathing, shortness of breath); hypesthesia (impaired sense of touch); increased coughing; infection; insomnia (inability to sleep); laryngismus (throat, larynx spasms); nausea; pain; paresthesia (prickling of the skin); pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx, throat); voice alteration (hoarseness); vomiting. 9. ADVERSE EVENTS DEPRESSION Implant-related adverse events reported during the pivotal study in 5% of patients are listed in order of decreasing occurrence: incision pain, voice alteration, incision site reaction, device site pain, device site reaction, pharyngitis, dysphagia, hypesthesia, dyspnea, nausea, headache, neck pain, pain, paresthesia, and cough increased. Stimulation-related adverse events reported during the acute sham-controlled study by 5% of VNS Therapy-treated patients are listed in order of decreasing occurrence: voice alteration, cough increased, dyspnea, neck pain, dysphagia, laryngismus, paresthesia, pharyngitis, nausea, and incision pain. Cyberonics, Inc. 100 Cyberonics Boulevard Houston, Texas USA Tel: / Fax: /5 2005, 2006, 2007 Cyberonics, Inc., Houston, TX. All rights reserved. Cyberonics and NCP are registered trademarks of Cyberonics, Inc. VNS, VNS Therapy, Demipulse, Demipulse Duo, and Perennia are trademarks of Cyberonics, Inc. Cyberonics /5 (U.S.) 1