Contents Part I What Is Mental Illness? An Epigenetic Model Genes and Mental Illness How Does Stress Work? The Role of Memes in Epigenesis

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1 Contents Part I What Is Mental Illness? An Epigenetic Model 1 Genes and Mental Illness The Evolution of the Concept of Mental Illness Gene-Environment Interaction and Brain Morphology and Function Gene Environment Interaction: Serotonin Transporter GeneasanExemplar Emerging Model of Mental Illness: Gene Meme Interaction 7 References How Does Stress Work? The Role of Memes in Epigenesis Stress,Aging,andDisease Stress,Memes,andtheBrain Role of Stress and Nurturing in Development: Epigenesis Environment Changes Epigenome Memes and Epigenesis Stress Awakens Dormant Memes Resulting in Mental Illness. 21 References Culture and Mental Illness CultureandPresentingSymptoms Culture-Specific Psychiatric Syndromes EnculturationandMemes MemesforBeingIll References Genetic Memetic Model of Mental Illness Migration and Natural Disasters as Illustrations Migration NaturalDisasters References xi

2 xii Contents Part II Evolution and Mental Health: Genes, Memes, Culture, and the Individual 5 What Do We Inherit from Our Parents and Ancestors? LikeParent,LikeChild HowDoesCultureAffectBehavior? Memes and Cultural Change Memeplexes References Genes Human Genes Mendelian Genetics Genes and Mutation Sex-Linked Genes Polygenic Inheritance How Do Genes Work? References Evolution In the Beginning In a Changing, Hostile World TheSelfishGene Wonderful Random Errors Wonderful Invention of Sex DarwinandNaturalSelection SomaticEvolution UniversalDarwinism References Learning, Imitation, and Memes EvolutionofComplexOrganisms TrialandError LearnorPerish Imitation, Shortcut to Learning CoevolutionoftheBrainandMemes EmpathyandMirrorNeuronSystem Meme Generation and Meme Infection WhatIsaMeme? References Storage and Evolution of Memes in the Brain StorageofMemesasMemory ImplicitMemory ExplicitMemory Learned Fear LearningSafety

3 Contents xiii WorkingMemory EvolutionofMemesintheBrainandtheBrainCode References External Storage of Memes: Culture, Media, Cyberspace NicheCulture HowMemesJumpBrains CommunicationandMemes Memes as a Paradigm Shift in Evolution andextraterrestrialdiffusionofmemes Cyberspace and Extracerebral Memes ImplicationofLiberationofMemesfromBrains References Culture and the Individual Culture as Memetic Niches Individual Brain in a Petri Dish of Culture Memes, Culture, and Anthropology Dominant and Nondominant Memes in Cultures, Zeitgeist,DeviousMemes PathologicMemes Memes That Inhibit or Attenuate the Brain s Executive (Ego) Function: Tradition and Prejudice Memes That Are Devious, Entering Under False Pretenses, Then Causing Disease or Destruction Memes that Replicate Virulently, Often Bypassing the Executive Function Memes that Are Virulent Because They Arouse Passion, Bypassing Executive Function Memes that Cause an Indolent Infection, to Become Virulent Later Protective Memes and the Placebo Effect How Memes Come in Under the Radar SpreadofMemes Internal Processing of Memes and Consciousness: ThinkingasMemeManipulation FreeWill The Unconscious, Collective Unconscious, Freudian Unconscious Selfplex and the Shadow: We Are All Multiple Personalities Transcendence The Individual as a Pawn in the War of Memes References

4 xiv Contents 12 What Is Mental Health? Normality and Health Gene MemeInteractionandMentalHealth Neurobiology of Pleasure, Punishment, and Inhibition MentalHealth:ADemocracyofMemes References What Is Mental Illness? Unhappiness MemesandMentalIllness CultureandMentalIllness Mental Illness and Psychiatric Syndromes References Part III Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Illness 14 Psychiatric Diagnosis: Toward a Memetic Epigenetic Multiaxial Model Psychiatric Diagnosis and Problems with DSM What Is Diagnosis? Psychiatric Diagnosis: Dysregulation and Final Common Pathway Syndromes, Resurrection of Neurosis Proposal for a New DSM Scheme Axis I: Memetic/Phenomenological (Neurophysiomemetic) Diagnosis: Psychiatric Syndromes, Symptoms, and Traits, Based on Deviations of Normal Brain Function Axis II: Geno-Neuroscience Diagnosis: Genes (Including Family History of Psychiatric Illness), Brain Morphology, Biochemistry and Pathology, Functional Changes and Conditions Potentially Influencing Axis I AxisIII:MedicalDiseasesandConditions Axis IV: Stresses: Childhood, Recent, and Current Axis V: Psychosocial Assets and Recent/Current Functioning Axis VI: Biopsychosocial and Epigenetic Formulation AnIllustrativeCase References Memetic Diagnosis, Memetic Assessment and Biopsychosocial Epigenetic Formulation Memetic Diagnosis MemeticAssessment

5 Contents xv 15.3 ConsciousMemes Unconscious Memes Priming Factors and Role Models The Need for New Memetic Diagnostic Tools References Principles of Memetic Therapy Blocking the Entrance and Induction of Pathogenic Memes TreatingMemesintheBrain Identifying Pathogenic Memes and Memeplex Components IdentifyingCapsulesandVehicles NeutralizingCapsulesandVehicles Deconstructing and Suppressing Memes AugmentingProtectiveMemes Conventional Meme Directed Therapies NeedforNovelTherapies References Broad-Spectrum Memetic Therapies What is Broad-Spectrum Meme-Oriented Therapy? Sleep, Sedation, and Electroconvulsive Therapy RelaxationandMeditation Hypnosis Music and Dance Therapy MassageTherapy Exercise Bibliotherapy References Specific Memetic Therapies Psychotherapies as Memetic Therapies Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Toward a United, Integrated Memetic Concept of Psychotherapy Need for New Meme-Literate Psychotherapies References Genetic Memetic Prevention Epigenesis in Prevention Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Vulnerable Children Early Protection from Pathogenic Memes Vaccination

6 xvi Contents 19.5 Education Gene Meme Cooperation vs. Gene Meme Conflict: Mind and Body References Part IV Specific Psychiatric Syndromes 20 Overview of Specific Syndromes Introduction Gene Meme Symbiosis and Mental Illness Toward a Dimensional Approach in Identifying andtreatingmentalillness Attention-Cognition Spectrum Syndromes: Delirium, Dementia, Impulse Control Syndromes, ADHD, Antisocial Personality, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits, Obsessive-Compulsive Syndrome Gene Meme Interaction, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Syndromes Global Dysregulation of Meme Processing: DeliriumandDementia Dysregulation of Infrastructure for Meme Processing: Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADHD), Impulse and Aggression Dyscontrol, Antisocial Personality Dysregulation of Meme-Processing Loop: Preoccupations, Obsessions, Compulsions Treatment References Anxiety-Mood Spectrum Syndromes: Anxiety, Panic, Phobias, ASD, PTSD, Borderline Syndrome, Dependent and Avoidant Personalities, Social Phobia, Bipolarity and Mania, Depression Neurotic and Syndromic, Adjustment Disorders Gene Meme Interaction, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Syndromes Anxiety Panic Syndrome and Agoraphobia Specific Phobias Acute Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Syndromes Borderline Syndrome and Traits Dependent Personality Traits and Syndrome Avoidant Personality Traits and Syndrome, Social Phobia

7 Contents xvii BipolarityandMania Depression Neurotic and Major Depressive Syndrome AdjustmentDisorders Treatment Prevention Mild Symptoms (Problems of Living andadjustmentreactions) Neurosis Major Syndromes References Reality Perception Spectrum Syndromes (Imagination, Dissociation, Conversion, Somatoform, Misattribution Somatization, Psychosis) Gene Meme Interaction and Evolutionary Adaptation ImaginationandDreaming Dissociation Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID, Multiple Personality) Misattribution Syndromes: Conversion, Somatization, Hypochondriasis, Chronic Pain(SomatoformDisorders) Psychosis Schizophrenia Treatment Mild Dissociative Symptoms, Dissociation in Borderline Syndrome, PTSD Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID, Multiple Personality Syndrome) Misattribution Syndromes: Conversion, Somatization, Hypochondriasis, Chronic Pain,Fibromyalgia,etc Psychosis and Schizophrenia References Pleasure Spectrum Syndromes (Substance Use/Abuse, Addictions to Substances and Beliefs, Fanaticism) Gene Meme Interaction, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Syndromes Substance Use/Abuse Addictions to Substances and Beliefs, Fanaticism Treatment References

8 xviii Contents 25 Primary Memetic Syndromes: Eating Disorders, Factitious Disorders, Malingering, Meme-Directed Destructive Behaviors Gene Meme Interaction, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Syndromes EatingDisorders Destructive Meme Infections and Epidemics: Mass Hysteria, Factitious Illness, Suicide, SuicideBombing,Aggression Irrational Beliefs and Delusions Treatment References Challenges for the Future Genes and Memes How to Achieve a Peaceful Coexistence Need for New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches andtools Testable Hypotheses of Gene Meme Environment Interaction Memes, Social Sciences, and Neuroscience EthicalConsiderations Post-humanEvolutionofMemes Index

Contents Part I What Is Mental Illness? An Epigenetic Model Genes and Mental Illness How Does Stress Work? The Role of Memes in Epigenesis

Contents Part I What Is Mental Illness? An Epigenetic Model 1 Genes and Mental Illness....................... 3 1.1 The Evolution of the Concept of Mental Illness........ 3 1.2 Gene-Environment Interaction