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1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 9 MITOSIS

2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3 9.1 The Cell Cycle **Orderly set of steps between eukaryotic cell divisions Why do Cells Divide? Growth Reproduction (in single celled organisms) Repair

4 Cell Cycle: G 1 -growth, normal cell functions S -synthesis, DNA replication G 2 -cell prepares for mitosis (growth 2) M -mitosis C -Cytokinesis

5 Cell Cycle: Control of the Cell Cycle G1 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is damaged G2 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is replicated properly M Checkpoint - spindle assembly checkpoint, check for alignment of chromosomes

6 Control of the Cell Cycle G1 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is damaged G2 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is replicated properly M Checkpoint - spindle assembly checkpoint, check for alignment of chromosomes Apoptosis - programmed cell death, if any of the checks fail

7 Growth factors: signaling proteins - received at cell membrane, signal cell growth and division Cyclin: a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating enzymes a certain times

8

9 What happens if there is an error in DNA replication?

10 G 0 non dividing state (permanent or temporary) ex: nerve cells, heart cells, seeds, spores

11 Control of Cell Cycle Growth Factors: signal cell growth Cyclin: family of internal signaling proteins that increase or decrease the cell cycle (feedback/ homeostasis) P53: stop cell at G1 if there is damage to DNA RB: protein responsible for interpreting growth signals and available nutrients Somatic Cells: body cells Apoptosis: programed cell death What if these are damaged, mutated, don t work?

12 Check for understanding Describe what each checkpoint is for: 1. G1checkpoint 2. G2 checkpoint 3. M checkpoint

13 Read pg 154 science focus on the G1 checkpoint Answer in notebook: 1. What is the G 0 stage? Is it permanent? 2. What is RB and explain it s function? 3. What conditions could prevent a cell form dividing? 4. What is the function of the p53 protein?

14 9.2 Mitosis & Cytokinesis Mitosis - The division of the nucleus that results in identical complete copies of chromosmes packaged into two new nuclei Cytokinesis - The division of the cytoplasm that results in two daughter cells

15 Vocab Chromatin Chromosome Chromatid Spindle fiber Centriole Centromere Aster

16 Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase IPMAT

17

18 Interphase: Resting Prophase: Chromosomes visible, spindle forms as centrioles move Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along equator Anaphase: Chromatids separate Telophase: Nuclear membrane re-forms on each side, cytokinesis begins

19

20 **In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when a new cell wall forms between the two new cells. **In animal cells, the two new cells pinch and pull apart at the cleavage furrow

21

22 Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells The two daughter cells contain the exact same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell Daughter cells are DIPLOID= 2n= complete set of chromosomes

23 9.3 The Cell Cycle and Cancer neoplasm: abnormal growth of cells benign: non-cancerous malignant: cancerous Cancer: cellular growth disorder that results from the mutation of genes that regulate the cell cycle Cancer cells lack differentiation have abnormal nuclei Mutation cause oncogenes: cancer genes that keep the cell replicating Inactivate tumor suppressors (p53 and RB) form tumors undergo metastasis & angiogenesis

24 Origin of Cancer

25 HeLa Cells A HeLa cell (also Hela or hela cell) is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. Article on Henrietta Lacks The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who eventually died of her cancer on October 4, 1951.

26 Telomeres Shorten as the chromosome replicates At a certain length, tigers apoptosis Some cancer cause them to remain at a constant length

27 Binary Fission: asexual reproduction by prokaryotes

28 Stem Cell unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division - stem cells may replicate many times, or proliferate. They have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth.

29 Major types of stem cells Embryonic Stem Cells n Pluripotent : cell can develop into all cell types n Immortal : can selfrenew indefinitely n Plentiful (easy to find) Adult Stem Cells n Multipotent: cell can develop into a few cell types but not all n Located in few organs or may be unidentified n Hard to find

30 1. Name the phases starting at the top.

31 1. Name the phase 2. Identify X 3. Identify Y

32 5. Name the phase

33 6. Name the phase

34 10. In humans, each cell (except sex cells) has how many chromosomes? 11. After mitosis, how many daughter cells are produced? 12. After mitosis (in a human cell), each daughter cell has how many chromosomes? 13. How many phases are in MITOSIS?

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