Exposed cases/deaths. or level. Lung All coffee (cups/day) Sex, smoking history, β-carotene intake Coffee intake Never 133 1

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1 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) Mettlin (989) Baffalo, US ; histologically confirmed lung cancer cases at Roswell Park Memorial Institute (355 men and 24 women), years, with completed questionnaire 569; : matched within strata of age, sex, and residence. questionnaire Lung All coffee (cups/day) Sex, smoking history, βcarotene intake Coffee intake 569 index, education level Never 33 < /day 99.0 (0.67.5) 2 3/day ( ) 4+ /day ( ) Lung All coffee (cups/day) Sex, smoking history, βcarotene intake Decaffeinated coffee intake 569 index, education level Strengths: the matching and use of control variables relatively accurate. Limitations: hospitalbased, onecentre, residual confounding Never 348 < /day ( ) 2 3/day ( ) 4+ /day (0.47.3) Restrepo et al. (989) Colombia ; newly diagnosed lung cancer cases, identified through social security cancer registry, two general hospitals and several private physicians. 8; matched to each case by Lung Coffee (cups/day) Age, sex, socioeconomic level, 0 3 NR NR.45 number of cigarettes smoked per day, alcohol consumption 4 6 NR NR. Strengths: use of compulsory governmentsponsored health insurance programme that provides a favourable setting to access to patient materials, availability of interviewers, coverage of

2 2 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) Chen et al. (990) Taipei metropolitan area, Taiwan, China Year of enrolment not provided. sex, age within 2 3 years, and socioeconomic status. other; personal interview 323; 33 epidermoid (squamous cell) carcinomas, 47 small cell carcinomas, 34 adenocarcinomas, 9 other minor pathological types. 67; hospital controls groupmatched with case on hospital, age and sex were recruited from ophthalmic patients of study hospitals with a control to case ratio of 3:. questionnaire; interview using a structured questionnaire Lung (Squamous cell carcinoma) Lung (Small cell/oat cell) Lung (Adenocarcinoma) Trendtest pvalue: 0.67 welldefined population, and provision of information of occupational factors. Limitations: hospitalbased, casecontrol design All types of coffee Age and sex Coffee drinking was not significantly associated No NR with any pathological Yes NR 2. type of lung cancer after cigarette smoking was All types of coffee Age and sex adjusted. No Yes NR NR.44 Strengths: Analysis by pathological subtype. Limitations: hospitalbased, All types of coffee Age and sex 95%CI not provided No NR Yes NR.25 Mendilaharsu et al. (998) Uruguay ; primary lung cancer cases 428; hospitalized controls having conditions unrelated to tobacco smoking and diet, Lung All coffee (cups) Age, residence, urban/rural status, Nondrinkers Ever drinkers cup/ ( ).32 ( ) tobacco smoking (packyears), total energy intake, dairy foods, desert, all vegetables and fruits, Strengths: men only Limitations: hospitalbased casecontrol Residual confounding due to incomplete control of tobacco smoking Possibility of differential

3 3 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) frequency matched to age and residence. Questionnaire; facetoface interview using questionnaire 2 3 cups/ ( ) cup/day 80.2 ( ) 2 or more cups/day ( ) mate intake, caffeine index misclassification of exposure, due to preclinical disease Trendtest pvalue: 0.46 Lung: Kreyberg I tumours (Squamous cell and small cell carcinoma) All coffee (cups) Nondrinkers 90 Ever drinkers 6. ( ) cup/ ( ) 2 3 cups/ ( ) Age, residence, urban/rural status, tobacco smoking (packyears), total energy intake, dairy foods, desert, all vegetables and fruits, mate intake, caffeine index cup/day 50. ( ) 2 or more cups/day 7.06 ( ) Trendtest pvalue: 0.72 Kubík et al. (200) Czech Case control 282; microscopically confirmed female primary lung cancer cases 20; spouses, relatives, or friends of other patients of the hospital, with conditions unrelated to smoking Lung Coffee intake frequency Age, residence, education, packyears Never NR of smoking Daily or several time per NR 0.66 ( ) Strengths: stratified analysis by histology provided. Limitations: hospitalbased

4 4 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) other; inperson interview Lung: Squamous, Small and Large cell carcinoma Coffee intake frequency Never NR Age, residence, education, packyears of smoking Daily or several time per NR 0.62 ( ) Lung: adenocarcinoma and Bronchioalveolar Coffee intake frequency Never NR Daily or several time per NR 0.58 ( ) Age, residence, education, packyears of smoking Takezaki et al. (200) Nagoya, Japan (748 male, 297 female); lung cancer cases, histologically confirmed, years old 453 (2964 male, 89 female); cancerfree outpatients :4 matched for sex and age (within 5 years) questionnaire Lung (Adenocarcinoma) Coffee (cups/day) Men 367 < cup/day NR NR 0.85 (0.6.9) 2 NR 0.87 (0.6.25) 3 NR.8 (0.8.74) Trendtest pvalue: Age, year and season of hospital visit, occupation, lung diseases, smoking, consumption of green vegetables and meat Strengths: large scale Limitations: selection bias since controls were recruited from noncancer hospital outpatients Lung (Squamous cell carcinoma) Coffee (cups/day) Men 38 < cup/day NR NR 0.98 (0.7.37) Age, year and season of hospital visit, occupation, lung diseases, smoking, consumption of green vegetables and meat 2 NR.5 (0.8.64)

5 5 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) Lung (Adenocarcinoma) Lung (Squamous cell carcinoma) 3 NR.6 ( ) Trendtest pvalue: Coffee (cups/day) Women 240 < cup/day NR NR 0.76 (0.5.3) 2 NR 0.82 ( ) 3 NR.28 ( ) Trendtest pvalue: Coffee (cups/day) Women 57 < cup/day NR NR 0.96 ( ) 2 NR 0.6 (0.2.78) 3 NR 0.28 ( ) Trendtest pvalue: 0.42 Age, year and season of hospital visit, occupation, lung diseases, smoking, passive smoking from husband, consumption of green vegetables and meat Age, year and season of hospital visit, occupation, lung diseases, smoking, passive smoking from husband, consumption of green vegetables and meat

6 6 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) Kubík et al. (2004b) Czech ; microscopically confirmed female primary lung cancer cases 70; spouses, relatives, or friends of other patients of the hospital, with conditions unrelated to smoking other; inperson interview Lung All subjects 435 Age, residence, education, packyears Never 50 of smoking Monthly or ly ( ) Daily (0.55.7) Trendtest pvalue: 0.20 Lung Nonsmokers 24 Age, residence, Never 20 education Strengths: stratified analysis by smoking provided. Limitations: hospitalbased Monthly or ly 8.05 ( ) Daily ( ) Trendtest pvalue: 0.63 Lung Smokers 280 Age, residence, Never 27 education, packyears of smoking Monthly or ly ( ) Daily ( ) Kubík et al. (2004a) Czech ; microscopically confirmed female primary lung cancer cases 593; spouses, relatives, or friends of other patients of the hospital, with conditions unrelated to smoking Lung Coffee intake frequency Age, residence, education Nonsmokers 9 Never NR Daily or several time per NR 0.9 ( ) Strengths: stratified analysis by smoking provided. Limitations: hospitalbased

7 7 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) Exposure : other; inperson interview Smokers 246 Never NR Daily or several time per NR 0.56 ( ) Baker et al. (2005) US (624 male and 369 female); current and former smokers with primary incident lung cancer 986 (69 male and 367 female); hospital controls with nonneoplastic conditions, frequency matched (:) by age, sex, and smoking status. Questionnaire; Patient Epidemiology Data System (PEDS) questionnaire as part of the admission process Lung Regular coffee None Decaffeinated coffee None (0.67.5) 0.94 ( ).26 ( ) 0.67 ( ) Sex, age, smoking status, known occupational exposure to other kinds of dust, known occupational exposure to smoke, number of cigarettes smoked per day, interaction between smoke exposure and cigarettes. (regular coffee), sex, age, smoking status (decaffeinated coffee) Lung (Adenocarcinoma) ( ) Regular coffee None Sex, age, smoking status, known occupational exposure (0.45.8) to other kinds of dust, known occupational (0.3.2) exposure to smoke, number of cigarettes ( ) smoked per day, interaction between Strengths: smoking status matched. Analysis by histology. Separate analysis between regular and decaffeinated coffee. Limitations: single centre, hospitalbased

8 8 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) Decaffeinated coffee 20 None (0.4.08) smoke exposure and cigarettes. (regular coffee), sex, age, smoking status (decaffeinated coffee) (0.44.7) Lung: Large Cell Carcinoma Lung (Small cell/oat cell) Regular coffee 70 Sex, age, smoking None 27 status, known occupational exposure 23.2 ( ) to other kinds of dust, ( ) known occupational exposure to smoke, ( 3.29) number of cigarettes smoked per day, Decaffeinated coffee 70 interaction between None 97 smoke exposure and cigarettes. (regular ( ) coffee), sex, age, ( ) smoking status (decaffeinated coffee) Regular coffee None Sex, age, smoking status, known occupational exposure ( ) to other kinds of dust, known occupational ( ) exposure to smoke, number of cigarettes smoked per day, ( ) interaction between smoke exposure and Decaffeinated coffee 86 cigarettes. (regular

9 9 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) None ( ) coffee), sex, age, smoking status (decaffeinated coffee) ( ) Lung (Squamous cell carcinoma) Regular coffee None Sex, age, smoking status, known occupational exposure 70.2 (0.7.8) to other kinds of dust, known occupational ( ) exposure to smoke, number of cigarettes ( ) smoked per day, interaction between Decaffeinated coffee 366 smoke exposure and cigarettes. (regular None 2 coffee), sex, age, ( ) smoking status (decaffeinated coffee) ( ) Kubík et al. (2008) Czech (587 women, 509 men); microscopically confirmed primary lung cancer cases 2966 (278 women, 788 men); spouses, relatives, or friends of other patients of the hospital, with conditions unrelated to smoking Lung Women Nonsmokers 587 NR Age, residence, education (nonsmokers), age, residence, education, Less NR packyears of smoking (smokers) Daily or several times per NR 0.86 (0.48.2) Smokers NR Strengths: large number of samples Stratified analysis by histology and smoking status Limitations: hospitalbased casecontrol selfreport

10 0 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) other; inperson interview Less NR Daily or several times per NR 0.76 (0.48.2) Lung Men 509 Age, residence, Nonsmokers NR Less NR Daily or several times per NR 0.9 ( ) Smokers NR education (nonsmokers), age, residence, education, packyears of smoking (smokers) Less NR Daily or several times per NR.07 (0.6.86) Lung: by Histology Daily or several times per versus Less Women NR Age, residence, education, packyears of smoking (smokers) Adenocarcinoma NR 0.93 ( ) Squamous cell NR 0.8 (0.49.3) Small cell NR 0.9 ( ) Men NR Adenocarcinoma NR.58 ( )

11 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Case control studies (hospitalbased) on cancer of the lung and coffee drinking (web only) Squamous cell NR 0.98 ( ) Small cell NR 0.93 ( ) Ganesh et al. (20) Mumbai, India ; male microscopically confirmed primary lung cancer cases, average 56.2 years old. 383; male patients free from cancer and not having any respiratory tract ailments and no evidence of disease, average 46.5 years old. questionnaire; collected by social investigators Lung No Yes (.3 2.7) Age, literacy status, cigarette smoking, bidi smoking, tobacco chewer, alcohol drinker, consumption of milk, chicken, red meat, fish, chilli, and exposure to pesticide Rough analysis Strengths: no Limitations: hospitalbased CI, confidence interval; NR, not reported

12 2 Vol 6 Monograph 0 Drinking coffee Section 2 Table 2.4 References Baker JA, McCann SE, Reid ME, Nowell S, Beehler GP, Moysich KB (2005). Associations between black tea and coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer among current and former smokers. Nutr Cancer. 52():5 2. PMID: Chen CJ, Wu HY, Chuang YC, Chang AS, Luh KT, Chao HH, et al. (990). Epidemiologic characteristics and multiple risk factors of lung cancer in Taiwan. Anticancer Res. 0(4):97 6. PMID: Ganesh B, Sushama S, Monika S, Suvarna P (20). A casecontrol study of risk factors for lung cancer in Mumbai, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2(2): PMID: Kubík A, Zatloukal P, Tomasek L, Dolezal J, Syllabova L, Kara J, et al. (2008). A casecontrol study of lifestyle and lung cancer associations by histological types. Neoplasma. 55(3):92 9. PMID: Kubík A, Zatloukal P, Tomásek L, Kríz J, Petruzelka L, Plesko I (200). Diet and the risk of lung cancer among women. A hospitalbased casecontrol study. Neoplasma. 48(4): PMID:72676 Kubík A, Zatloukal P, Tomásek L, Pauk N, Petruzelka L, Plesko I (2004a). Lung cancer risk among nonsmoking women in relation to diet and physical activity. Neoplasma. 5(2): PMID: Kubík AK, Zatloukal P, Tomásek L, Pauk N, Havel L, Krepela E, et al. (2004b). Dietary habits and lung cancer risk among nonsmoking women. Eur J Cancer Prev. 3(6): PMID: Mendilaharsu M, De Stefani E, DeneoPellegrini H, Carzoglio JC, Ronco A (998). Consumption of tea and coffee and the risk of lung cancer in cigarettesmoking men: a casecontrol study in Uruguay. Lung Cancer. 9(2):0 7. PMID: Mettlin C (989). Milk drinking, other beverage habits, and lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 43(4): PMID: Restrepo HE, Correa P, Haenszel W, Brinton LA, Franco A (989). A casecontrol study of tobaccorelated cancers in Colombia. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 23(4): PMID:26462 Takezaki T, Hirose K, Inoue M, Hamajima N, Yatabe Y, Mitsudomi T, et al. (200). Dietary factors and lung cancer risk in Japanese: with special reference to fish consumption and adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer. 84(9): PMID:33647