Human Oncogenic Viruses Downloaded from by on 11/19/17. For personal use only.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Human Oncogenic Viruses Downloaded from by on 11/19/17. For personal use only."

Transcription

1

2 This page intentionally left blank

3 6959tpCast.indd 2 12/4/09 10:48:47 AM

4 Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite , Hackensack, NJ UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. HUMAN ONCOGENIC VIRUSES Copyright 2010 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN ISBN Typeset by Stallion Press enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore.

5 Foreword Viruses cause more than a fourth of all human cancers. Virus-induced cancers, like all viral diseases, present special challenges and raise specific hopes. The challenges are in understanding the molecular mechanism of the disease, knowing the mode of virus transmission, and obtaining global epidemiological data. The hope is for the development of effective vaccines, antiviral therapies and, ultimately, for the control and eradication of the pathogenic virus. This book presents a comprehensive survey of human cancer viruses. They include five viral families, the papillomaviruses, herpesviruses, hepadnaviruses, flaviviruses and retroviruses. For most of these cancer viruses, there is a good understanding of transmission, and epidemiological data are extensive. Indeed, epidemiological data have traditionally been essential for establishing the oncogenicity of a virus in humans. The viruses considered here have widely differing impacts on public health. The hepatitis viruses cause acute and chronic infections with significant morbidity and affect millions of people. Infection with oncogenic papillomaviruses is similarly widespread. Papilloma and hepatitis viruses have therefore been the focus of vaccine efforts. These efforts have succeeded for hepatitis B virus and for papillomaviruses; they are still in progress for hepatitis C virus. Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus and human T cell leukemia virus affect much smaller groups of people that are well defined by risk factors and geography. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis in humans shows notable gaps. For some viruses, like the oncogenic papilloma and herpesviruses and for human T cell leukemia v

6 vi Foreword virus, specific proteins have been identified that interact with the growth-regulatory machinery of the cell and that play key roles in the oncogenic transformation process. For other viruses, like hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses, such relationships between viral gene products and cellular regulation are less definitive. The molecular as well as epidemiological insights into human cancer viruses can be summarized in a single conclusion: These viruses are essential, causative components of the oncogenic process, yet they do not act alone. They are necessary, but not sufficient. Other factors play important roles, and many remain to be defined. Human cancer virology is now a mature field of science, and most of the groundbreaking discoveries have been made. This state of cancer virology invites historical reflection. The initial events that linked viruses to cancer were the discoveries of Ellermann and Bang and of Rous. It took several decades before this basic link was extended to human medicine. The association of the Epstein Barr herpes virus with Burkitt lymphoma and with nasopharyngeal carcinoma was an early signal. Shortly thereafter, hepatitis B virus, human T cell leukemia virus and carcinogenic human papillomaviruses all appeared on the scene. Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus and hepatitis C virus joined the ranks of human tumor viruses later. True discoveries are always unexpected and surprising; each of the critical events that shaped human tumor virology has these attributes. Ingenuity, hard work, instinct, perseverance and serendipity all played a role. The list of groundbreaking discoveries, all under the intellectual ancestry of Ellermann and Bang and of Rous, is short: Epstein and Barr and the Epstein-Barr herpes virus; Beasley and the connection between hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus; zur Hausen and the causation of cervical cancer by papillomaviruses; Yoshida and Gallo and human T cell leukemia virus; and Chang and Moore and Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus. The connection between hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma emerged more gradually from clinical and epidemiological observations, and credit for this insight is more widely distributed. Most of these openings were achieved by young scientists. Chang and Moore discovered Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus when they were in their middle thirties. Zur Hausen, Beasley,

7 Foreword vii Epstein and Barr, Yoshida and Gallo were still in their forties when they achieved their breakthroughs. And not all of these discoveries came from established virology labs. Chang and Moore worked outside the virology mainstream and did not even have grant support when they made their spectacular discovery. Beasley s perspective appropriately focused on public health and epidemiology; a molecular approach toward hepatitis B virus and cancer would not have been successful at the time. The igniting spark for the discovery of human T cell leukemia virus came from epidemiological studies that had revealed a unique, geographically confined T cell leukemia in southern Japan. Government support for medical research has sharply tightened over the past few years. In the US, the structure of funding and the allocation of resources have changed significantly. There has been a shift away from investigator-initiated projects that have been the source of most innovations and breakthroughs. The emphasis is now on larger conglomerate structures. With this collectivization of research funds has come extreme risk avoidance and support of the predictable and the mundane. Few of the research projects that have led to paradigm shifts in cancer virology would be fundable today. The consequences of these developments have been especially severe for young investigators. There is deep concern in the scientific community that much young talent is turned away and lost to science. However, there are now also some encouraging signs that the mechanism for public support of research has become flexible again. Scientists have a great stake in the restoration of individual initiative, prudent risk taking and the spirit of discovery in science funding, and there is hope that this will be possible. Reading this book and reflecting on the history and the challenges of the cancer virus field will inspire the insight, wisdom and excitement that are needed to advance science. Peter V. Vogt, PhD The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California March 24, 2009

8 This page intentionally left blank

9 Preface A relationship between viruses and neoplasia has been suspected ever since the turn of the 20th century, when Ellerman and Bang, followed by Rous, showed that cell-free extracts of a chicken leukemia and sarcoma, respectively, induced the same disease upon inoculation into healthy chickens (Chapter 1). These observations eventually led to the unequivocal demonstration that several viruses of different families can cause malignancies in animals. The hunt was thus on, to search for similar viruses that may cause human cancers. Initially, the biomedical community was disappointed by the lack of positive results, until Epstein, Achong, and Barr demonstrated that Burkitt s lymphoma cells cultured in vitro contained a herpesvirus, subsequently named the Epstein-Barr virus. However, the ubiquity of this virus meant that the possibility of its merely being a passenger in the lymphoma cells could not be ruled out. The situation changed dramatically with the seminal epidemiological work of Beasley and colleagues, showing that hepatitis B virus infection in men was associated with a dramatic increase in risk of primary liver cancer in Taiwan; this association has since been proven to be causal (Chapter 2). More recently, hepatitis C virus, an entirely unrelated virus, has also been shown to cause liver cancer (Chapter 3). Similarly, the Nobel Prize-winning work of zur Hausen and colleagues revealed that certain types of human papillomaviruses cause cancers of the uterine cervix and other epithelial tissues, such as the oropharynx (Chapter 4). Indeed, the National Institute of Environmental Health and Safety ( lists these viruses as known human carcinogens. Human oncogenic viruses ix

10 x Preface are not limited to these three, however. Two γ-herpesviruses, the above-mentioned Epstein-Barr virus and the Kaposi s sarcoma herpes virus (also known as human herpesviruses 4 and 8, respectively), cause lymphoid as well as non-lymphoid neoplasms (epithelial cancers for the former, endothelial tumors for the latter) (Chapters 5 and 6, respectively). Finally, the human retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus I, a distant relative of the Rous sarcoma virus, gives rise to leukemia (Chapter 7). Undoubtedly, additional viruses that cause human malignancies will be discovered or confirmed in the future, with members of the polyomaviruses being the most likely candidates (Chapter 1). It has been estimated that each year approximately 1.3 million people develop malignancies caused by these viruses (D. M. Parkin, Int J Cancer 118: ). The majority of them (up to 1 million people) will die from their cancers. This number does not include death from other diseases caused by these viruses (e.g. cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B or C), nor does it account for the lost productivity from chronic illness and the cost of medical treatment. These viruses clearly represent an extraordinary burden on global human health as well as an enormous drag on economic resources. This book aims to give a concise yet comprehensive and up-to-date view of these viruses. The reader will see that in addition to the expected differences among these disparate viruses, there are commonalities as well. One is that, unlike the case for Rous sarcoma virus and similar oncoretroviruses, a long latency period of chronic infection prior to neoplastic transformation is the rule. Thus, secondary genetic and/or epigenetic changes in the host genome, in addition to mutations in the viral genome, are likely critical for oncogenesis. Another similarity is that only a minority of people infected by each of the viruses develop neoplasia, implying the importance of co-factors, both environmental and genetic. Perhaps the most striking similarity is that each virus appears to have multiple independent mechanisms that can contribute to oncogenesis, ranging from dysregulation of cell growth and loss of genomic integrity to induction of inflammation, cell injury, and regeneration. Thus, it is unlikely that a single magic bullet can block malignant transformation of an infected cell, and

11 Preface xi the best therapy for virus-associated cancers is to prevent infection in the first place. This goal has been achieved for hepatitis B virus and the most common oncogenic human papillomaviruses, with the development of effective vaccines. Unfortunately, many of the populations most at risk of being infected by these viruses cannot obtain the vaccines, mostly for economic reasons. In any case, large numbers of people in the world are already infected. Therefore, the neoplasms caused by these viruses, as well as the other viruses presented in this book, will unfortunately afflict humankind for many more decades to come. Thus, the importance of understanding these viruses and their pathogenesis cannot be overstated. It is hoped that readers of this book will be inspired to continue the ground-breaking research described herein and develop new, more effective treatments for these viruses and the cancers that they cause. T.S. Benedict Yen and J.-H. James Ou

12 This page intentionally left blank

13 Contents Foreword Preface Chapter 1 Oncogenic Viruses, Cellular Transformation 1 and Human Cancers Yanyan Zheng and Jing-hsiung James Ou Chapter 2 Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatocellular 41 Carcinogenesis T. S. Benedict Yen Chapter 3 Molecular Mechanism of Hepatitis C Virus 93 Carcinogenesis Keigo Machida, Jing-hsiung James Ou and Michael M. C. Lai v ix Chapter 4 Human Papillomaviruses and Associated 137 Malignancies Christine L. Nguyen, Margaret E. McLaughlin-Drubin and Karl Münger Chapter 5 Epstein-Barr Virus and Its Oncogenesis 209 Hsin-Pai Li, Mei Chao, Shu-Jen Chen and Yu-Sun Chang xiii

14 xiv Contents Chapter 6 Human Kaposi s Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus: 269 Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis Patrick J. Dillon and Blossom Damania Chapter 7 Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus 1 and Cellular 317 Transformation Ya-Hui Chi and Kuan-Teh Jeang Index 335

NEUROLOGY FOR MRCP. Neurology for MRCP Downloaded from The Essential Guide to Neurology for MRCP Part 1, Part 2 and PACES

NEUROLOGY FOR MRCP. Neurology for MRCP Downloaded from  The Essential Guide to Neurology for MRCP Part 1, Part 2 and PACES NEUROLOGY FOR MRCP The Essential Guide to Neurology for MRCP Part 1, Part 2 and PACES This page intentionally left blank MRCP NEUROLOGY FOR MRCP The Essential Guide to Neurology for MRCP Part 1, Part 2

More information

Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy

Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy in Trauma An Evidence-based Approach This page intentionally left blank Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy in Trauma An Evidence-based Approach Editors Heleen van Aswegen Department

More information

Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine World Century Compendium to TCM Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine by Hong-zhou Wu,

More information

Negative Strand RNA Virus Downloaded from by on 05/03/18. For personal use only. Negative Strand.

Negative Strand RNA Virus Downloaded from  by on 05/03/18. For personal use only. Negative Strand. Negative Strand RNA Virus This page intentionally left blank Negative Strand RNA Virus Editor Ming Luo The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING

More information

Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography A Color Atlas This page intentionally left blank Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography A Color Atlas Kelvin Y.C. Teo Wong Chee Wai Andrew S.H. Tsai Daniel

More information

UC Berkeley Berkeley Scientific Journal

UC Berkeley Berkeley Scientific Journal UC Berkeley Berkeley Scientific Journal Title Can A Virus Cause Cancer: A Look Into The History And Significance Of Oncoviruses Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6c57612p Journal Berkeley Scientific

More information

Towards Individualized Therapy for Multiple Myeloma

Towards Individualized Therapy for Multiple Myeloma Towards Individualized Therapy for Multiple Myeloma A Guide for Choosing Treatment that Best Fits Patients This page intentionally left blank Towards Individualized Therapy for Multiple Myeloma A Guide

More information

VIRUSES AND CANCER Michael Lea

VIRUSES AND CANCER Michael Lea VIRUSES AND CANCER 2010 Michael Lea VIRAL ONCOLOGY - LECTURE OUTLINE 1. Historical Review 2. Viruses Associated with Cancer 3. RNA Tumor Viruses 4. DNA Tumor Viruses HISTORICAL REVIEW Historical Review

More information

Viruses. Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus

Viruses. Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus Viruses Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus What is a virus? A virus is a microscopic, infectious agent that may infect any type of living cell. Viruses must infect living cells in order to make more

More information

Human Cancer Viruses

Human Cancer Viruses Human Cancer Viruses Translational Research in Biomedicine Vol. 1 Series Editor Samuel H.H. Chan Kaohsiung Associate Editor Julie Y.H. Chan Kaohsiung Human Cancer Viruses Principles of Transformation and

More information

CONTENTS NOTE TO THE READER... 1

CONTENTS NOTE TO THE READER... 1 CONTENTS NOTE TO THE READER.... 1 List of Participants... 3 PREAMBLE... 11 A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES...11 1. Background...11 2. Objective and scope.....................................................................................

More information

DNA Tumour Viruses. Virology, Pathogenesis and Vaccines. caister.com/dnatv2. Sally Roberts. Edited by:

DNA Tumour Viruses. Virology, Pathogenesis and Vaccines. caister.com/dnatv2. Sally Roberts. Edited by: DNA Tumour Viruses Virology, Pathogenesis and Vaccines Edited by: Sally Roberts Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive,

More information

Viruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid?

Viruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid? Viruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid? Viruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid? During the past 30 years it has become exceedingly clear that several viruses play significant roles in the development

More information

Can Mechanism plus Statistical Relevance add up to Good Enough Causation?

Can Mechanism plus Statistical Relevance add up to Good Enough Causation? Can Mechanism plus Statistical Relevance add up to Good Enough Causation? BSPS Conference 2009 14 th July 2009 University of East Anglia Brendan Clarke Department of Science and Technology Studies UCL

More information

Vaccine Intervention Against Virus-induced Tumours

Vaccine Intervention Against Virus-induced Tumours Vaccine Intervention Against Virus-induced Tumours LEUKAEMIA AND LYMPHOMA RESEARCH Vaccine Intervention against Virus-induced Tumours Edited by J. M. Goldman Consultant Physician Royal Postgraduate Medical

More information

Unit 13.2: Viruses. Vocabulary capsid latency vaccine virion

Unit 13.2: Viruses. Vocabulary capsid latency vaccine virion Unit 13.2: Viruses Lesson Objectives Describe the structure of viruses. Outline the discovery and origins of viruses. Explain how viruses replicate. Explain how viruses cause human disease. Describe how

More information

Viruses Tomasz Kordula, Ph.D.

Viruses Tomasz Kordula, Ph.D. Viruses Tomasz Kordula, Ph.D. Resources: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, pp. 295, 1330, 1431 1433; Lehninger CD Movie A0002201. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand parasitic life cycle of

More information

ULTRASONIC MICRO/NANO MANIPULATIONS

ULTRASONIC MICRO/NANO MANIPULATIONS ULTRASONIC MICRO/NANO MANIPULATIONS Principles and Examples This page intentionally left blank ULTRASONIC MICRO/NANO MANIPULATIONS Principles and Examples Junhui Hu Nanjing University of Aeronautics and

More information

Progress in Experimental Tumor Research

Progress in Experimental Tumor Research Plant Tumor Research Progress in Experimental Tumor Research voι, ιs Editor: F. HOMBTJRGER, Cambridge, Mass. S. Karger Basel München Paris London New York Sydney Plant Tumor Research Guest Editor: Α. C.

More information

- A cancer is an uncontrolled, independent proliferation of robust, healthy cells.

- A cancer is an uncontrolled, independent proliferation of robust, healthy cells. 1 Cancer A. What is it? - A cancer is an uncontrolled, independent proliferation of robust, healthy cells. * In some the rate is fast; in others, slow; but in all cancers the cells never stop dividing.

More information

CELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH CANCER.

CELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH CANCER. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: OVERVIEW OF CANCER Cancer is a disease which is primarily caused from misregulated cell division, which form There are two types of tumors - Benign tumors remain confined

More information

Do Viruses Play a Role in Childhood Leukaemia?

Do Viruses Play a Role in Childhood Leukaemia? CHILDREN with LEUKAEMIA, 6 September 2004 Do Viruses Play a Role in Childhood Leukaemia? Robin A. Weiss Natural Bioweapons of Mass Destruction A Richter Scale of Viruses and Global Mortality HIV HBV +

More information

UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY BEHIND HIV/AIDS

UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY BEHIND HIV/AIDS PRESS RELEASE 3 MAR 2010 UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY BEHIND HIV/AIDS New findings by Nobel Laureate shed light on the elusive AIDS virus and may lead to effective HIV vaccine development 1. Professor Francoise

More information

Prelims-ESMO-Cancer Prevention-8039.qxd 12/12/2007 7:04 PM Page i. ESMO handbook of cancer prevention

Prelims-ESMO-Cancer Prevention-8039.qxd 12/12/2007 7:04 PM Page i. ESMO handbook of cancer prevention Prelims-ESMO-Cancer Prevention-8039.qxd 12/12/2007 7:04 PM Page i ESMO handbook of cancer prevention Prelims-ESMO-Cancer Prevention-8039.qxd 12/12/2007 7:04 PM Page ii Prelims-ESMO-Cancer Prevention-8039.qxd

More information

Progress in Experimental Tumor Research

Progress in Experimental Tumor Research COX-2 Progress in Experimental Tumor Research Vol. 37 Series Editor Joseph R. Bertino, New Brunswick, N.J. Basel Freiburg Paris London New York Bangalore Bangkok Singapore Tokyo Sydney COX-2 A New Target

More information

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HUMAN CANCERS

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HUMAN CANCERS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HUMAN CANCERS Joint Graduate Seminar Depar tment of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong PhD Candidate: Zhang Chuqing Super visor: Professor Paul Chan

More information

Virus. Landmarks in Virology. Introduction to Virology. Landmarks in Virology. Definitions. Definitions. Latin for slimy liquid or poison

Virus. Landmarks in Virology. Introduction to Virology. Landmarks in Virology. Definitions. Definitions. Latin for slimy liquid or poison Landmarks in Virology Introduction to Virology Scott M. Hammer, M.D. Introduction of concept of filterable agents for plant pathogens (Mayer, Ivanofsky, Beijerinck in late 1880 s) First filterable agent

More information

Christophe Mérieux Conference: New Trends in Tumor Virology

Christophe Mérieux Conference: New Trends in Tumor Virology Sunday 17 January 2010 17.30-18.00 Registration 18.00 Welcome Address Guy VERNET - Fondation Mérieux Fabien ZOULIM - INSERM Opening Session 18.00-19.30 Chaired by Christian Bréchot & Massimo Tommasino

More information

19/06/2013. Viruses are not organisms (do not belong to any kingdom). Viruses are not made of cells, have no cytoplasm, and no membranes.

19/06/2013. Viruses are not organisms (do not belong to any kingdom). Viruses are not made of cells, have no cytoplasm, and no membranes. VIRUSES Many diseases of plants and animals are caused by bacteria or viruses that invade the body. Bacteria and viruses are NOT similar kinds of micro-organisms. Bacteria are classified as living organisms,

More information

Research in Education. Tenth Edition

Research in Education. Tenth Edition Research in Education John W. Best James V. Kahn Tenth Edition Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World

More information

Current Topics in Osteoporosis Downloaded from by on 01/17/18. For personal use only.

Current Topics in Osteoporosis Downloaded from  by on 01/17/18. For personal use only. Current Topics in Osteoporosis ^ Osteoporosis "&^$% jfeditors " j t Hong-wen Deng fv ' ^ jp': Creighton University, USA Xi'an Jiaotong University, P R China & ^/' 'it Hunan Normal University, PR China

More information

Chronic Hepatitis. Basic Science to Clinical Applications. and. Chronic Hepatitis B and C Downloaded from

Chronic Hepatitis. Basic Science to Clinical Applications. and. Chronic Hepatitis B and C Downloaded from Chronic Hepatitis B C and Basic Science to Clinical Applications This page intentionally left blank Chronic Hepatitis B and C Basic Science to Clinical Applications Editor Chiaho Shih Academia Sinica,

More information

Living. Bipolar Disorder. Who s Living with. with Someone. CHELSEA LOWE BRUCE M. COHEN, MD, PhD. A Practical Guide for Family, Friends, and Coworkers

Living. Bipolar Disorder. Who s Living with. with Someone. CHELSEA LOWE BRUCE M. COHEN, MD, PhD. A Practical Guide for Family, Friends, and Coworkers Living with Someone Who s Living with Bipolar Disorder A Practical Guide for Family, Friends, and Coworkers CHELSEA LOWE BRUCE M. COHEN, MD, PhD Living with Someone Who s Living with Bipolar Disorder

More information

Cancer Chemotherapy in Clinical Practice

Cancer Chemotherapy in Clinical Practice Cancer Chemotherapy in Clinical Practice Cancer Chemotherapy in Clinical Practice Terry Priestman Terry Priestman, MD, FRCP, FRCR New Cross Hospital Wolverhampton UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication

More information

Transformation and Oncogenesis

Transformation and Oncogenesis Transformation and Oncogenesis Lecture 18 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Spring 2018 Cause and effect, means and ends, seed and fruit, cannot be severed; for the effect already blooms in the cause, the end

More information

Lecture 10 VIROLOGY Assistant prof.dr. Baheeja A. alkhalidi

Lecture 10 VIROLOGY Assistant prof.dr. Baheeja A. alkhalidi Lecture 10 VIROLOGY Assistant prof.dr. Baheeja A. alkhalidi Viruses are microbes that REQUIRE a host cell to replicate. By themselves they cannot replicate. They border on the edge of living and non-living.

More information

Julianne Edwards. Retroviruses. Spring 2010

Julianne Edwards. Retroviruses. Spring 2010 Retroviruses Spring 2010 A retrovirus can simply be referred to as an infectious particle which replicates backwards even though there are many different types of retroviruses. More specifically, a retrovirus

More information

Understanding Incontinence

Understanding Incontinence Understanding Incontinence Understanding Incontinence A GUIDE TO THE NATURE AND MANAGEMENT OF A VERY COMMON COMPLAINT Dorothy Mandelstam MCSP DipSocSc With illustrations by Brenda Naylor SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS

More information

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. Gerhard Bauer Joseph S. Anderson. Gene Therapy for HIV From Inception to a Possible Cure

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. Gerhard Bauer Joseph S. Anderson. Gene Therapy for HIV From Inception to a Possible Cure SPRINGER BRIEFS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Gerhard Bauer Joseph S. Anderson Gene Therapy for HIV From Inception to a Possible Cure 123 SpringerBriefs in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology For

More information

What causes cancer? Physical factors (radiation, ionization) Chemical factors (carcinogens) Biological factors (virus, bacteria, parasite)

What causes cancer? Physical factors (radiation, ionization) Chemical factors (carcinogens) Biological factors (virus, bacteria, parasite) Oncogenes What causes cancer? Chemical factors (carcinogens) Physical factors (radiation, ionization) Biological factors (virus, bacteria, parasite) DNA Mutation or damage Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes

More information

ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE

ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE An Evidence-based Approach EDITED BY DAVID M. GREER WILEY-LISS A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright ß 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights

More information

Louise Grech Alan Lau Editors. Pharmaceutical Care Issues of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. From Hospital to Community

Louise Grech Alan Lau Editors. Pharmaceutical Care Issues of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. From Hospital to Community Louise Grech Alan Lau Editors Pharmaceutical Care Issues of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis From Hospital to Community Pharmaceutical Care Issues of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Louise Grech

More information

HANDBOOK OF CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY

HANDBOOK OF CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY HANDBOOK OF CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY This page intentionally left blank HANDBOOK OF CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY Edited by James E. Zins, MD, FACS Professor and Chairman Cleveland Clinic Lerner College

More information

Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders

Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Abnormalities Editor Barbara J. Bain, London 15 figures, 4 in color, and 18 tables, 2003 ABC

More information

Vasilis Vasiliou. Q. Max Guo. Alcohol and Cancer

Vasilis Vasiliou. Q. Max Guo. Alcohol and Cancer Alcohol and Cancer Samir Zakhari Editors Vasilis Vasiliou Q. Max Guo Alcohol and Cancer Editors Samir Zakhari, Ph.D. Director Division of Metabolism and Health Effects National Institute on Alcohol Abuse

More information

Introduction to Virology

Introduction to Virology Introduction to Virology Introduction to Virology K. M. SMITH C.B.E., D.Se., Ph.D., F.R.S. Formerly Director, Virus Research Unit, Agricultural Council, Cambridge Chapter 9, The replication of viruses

More information

Bariatric Surgery P727.tp.indd 1 12/14/10 3:35 PM

Bariatric Surgery P727.tp.indd 1 12/14/10 3:35 PM Bariatric Surgery This page intentionally left blank Bariatric Surgery Editors Nadey S Hakim Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London, UK Franco Favretti Vicenza Regional Hospital, Italy Gianni Segato

More information

The Viruses CATALOGUE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CLASSIFICATION

The Viruses CATALOGUE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CLASSIFICATION The Viruses CATALOGUE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CLASSIFICATION THE VIRUSES Series Editors HEINZ FRAENKEL-CONRAT, University of California Berkeley, California ROBERT R. WAGNER, University of Vizginia School

More information

Viruses. Poxviridae. DNA viruses: 6 families. Herpesviridae Adenoviridae. Hepadnaviridae Papovaviridae Parvoviridae

Viruses. Poxviridae. DNA viruses: 6 families. Herpesviridae Adenoviridae. Hepadnaviridae Papovaviridae Parvoviridae Viruses DNA viruses: 6 families Poxviridae Herpesviridae Adenoviridae Hepadnaviridae Papovaviridae Parvoviridae Human herpesviruses Three subfamilies (genome structure, tissue tropism, cytopathologic effect,

More information

Humisol. This Medical discovery is largely unknown for very good reasons:

Humisol. This Medical discovery is largely unknown for very good reasons: Humisol Called the missing link to optimum health and nutrition by leading scientists throughout the world, Humisol is a health miracle. Medical studies now show that it has the ability to significantly

More information

Multicultural Health

Multicultural Health Multicultural Health Fundamentals of Epidemiology and Biostatistics: Combining the Basics Lois Ray A. M. Ritter, Merrill, EdD, PhD, MS, MPH, MA MS Assistant Professor, Nursing Brigham and Young Health

More information

AIDS Testing Methodology and Management Issues

AIDS Testing Methodology and Management Issues AIDS Testing Gerald Schochetman J. Richard George Editors AIDS Testing Methodology and Management Issues Foreword by Walter R. Dowdle With 38 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London

More information

ESTIMATING DISEASE BURDEN ASSOCIATED WITH ONCOGENIC VIRUSES ABSTRACT

ESTIMATING DISEASE BURDEN ASSOCIATED WITH ONCOGENIC VIRUSES ABSTRACT ORIGINAL ARTICLE ESTIMATING DISEASE BURDEN ASSOCIATED WITH ONCOGENIC VIRUSES Kanwal Baloch 1, Ameer Afzal Memon 2, Ikram Din Ujjan 3, Furqan Ahmed Bhatti 4 1-4 Department of Pathology, Liaquat University

More information

COURSE: Medical Microbiology, PAMB 650/720 - Fall 2008 Lecture 16

COURSE: Medical Microbiology, PAMB 650/720 - Fall 2008 Lecture 16 COURSE: Medical Microbiology, PAMB 650/720 - Fall 2008 Lecture 16 Tumor Immunology M. Nagarkatti Teaching Objectives: Introduction to Cancer Immunology Know the antigens expressed by cancer cells Understand

More information

Call for Nominations. Opens: May 1, 2017 Deadline: September 30, 2017

Call for Nominations. Opens: May 1, 2017 Deadline: September 30, 2017 2018 Call for Nominations Opens: May 1, 2017 Deadline: September 30, 2017 About the Szent-Györgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research The Szent-Györgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research was established

More information

Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary Tract Infection Urinary Tract Infection Abhay Rané Ranan Dasgupta Editors Urinary Tract Infection Clinical Perspectives on Urinary Tract Infection Editors Abhay Rané, MS, FRCS, FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology Surrey

More information

Introduction to Virology. Landmarks in Virology

Introduction to Virology. Landmarks in Virology Introduction to Virology Scott M. Hammer, M.D. Landmarks in Virology Introduction of concept of filterable agents for plant pathogens (Mayer, Ivanofsky, Beijerinck in late 1880 s) First filterable agent

More information

Latency Strategies of Herpesviruses

Latency Strategies of Herpesviruses Latency Strategies of Herpesviruses Latency Strategies of Herpesviruses Edited by Janos Minarovits National Center for Epidemiology Budapest, Hungary Eva Gonczol National Center for Epidemiology Budapest,

More information

Causation and Disease. A Chronological Journey

Causation and Disease. A Chronological Journey Causation and Disease A Chronological Journey Causation and Disease A Chronological Journey Alfred S. Evans Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC Llbrary of Congress

More information

Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme

Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme WBV21 6/27/03 11:34 PM Page 377 Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme 21 CHAPTER The virion and the viral genome The viral replication cycle The pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus A plant hepadnavirus

More information

Chapter 18. Viral Genetics. AP Biology

Chapter 18. Viral Genetics. AP Biology Chapter 18. Viral Genetics 2003-2004 1 A sense of size Comparing eukaryote bacterium virus 2 What is a virus? Is it alive? DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat Viruses are not cells Extremely tiny electron

More information

This is a free sample of content from Basic Stereology. Click here for more information or to buy the book.

This is a free sample of content from Basic Stereology. Click here for more information or to buy the book. BASIC STEREOLOGY FOR BIOLOGISTS AND NEUROSCIENTISTS ALSO FROM COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY PRESS RELATED LABORATORY MANUALS Basic Methods in Microscopy Imaging: A Laboratory Manual Imaging in Developmental

More information

Chapters 21-26: Selected Viral Pathogens

Chapters 21-26: Selected Viral Pathogens Chapters 21-26: Selected Viral Pathogens 1. DNA Viral Pathogens 2. RNA Viral Pathogens 1. DNA Viral Pathogens Smallpox (pp. 623-4) Caused by variola virus (dsdna, enveloped): portal of entry is the respiratory

More information

Basic Laparoscopic Techniques and Advanced Endoscopic Suturing. A Practical Guidebook

Basic Laparoscopic Techniques and Advanced Endoscopic Suturing. A Practical Guidebook Basic Laparoscopic Techniques and Advanced Endoscopic Suturing Basic Laparoscopic Techniques and Advanced Endoscopic Suturing A Practical Guidebook A Practical Guidebook This page is intentionally left

More information

AP Biology. Viral diseases Polio. Chapter 18. Smallpox. Influenza: 1918 epidemic. Emerging viruses. A sense of size

AP Biology. Viral diseases Polio. Chapter 18. Smallpox. Influenza: 1918 epidemic. Emerging viruses. A sense of size Hepatitis Viral diseases Polio Chapter 18. Measles Viral Genetics Influenza: 1918 epidemic 30-40 million deaths world-wide Chicken pox Smallpox Eradicated in 1976 vaccinations ceased in 1980 at risk population?

More information

Detailed results from the START study

Detailed results from the START study From TreatmentUpdate 210 Detailed results from the START study Researchers in 35 countries across all continents collaborated to recruit 4,685 HIV-positive adults who were in good health for START. Upon

More information

Human papillomavirus and vaccination for cervical cancer

Human papillomavirus and vaccination for cervical cancer Human papillomavirus and vaccination for cervical cancer Dorothy Machalek Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Royal Women s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia VIRUSES AND CANCER Responsible

More information

3. สม ฏฐานว ทยาของมะเร ง (Cancer Etiology)

3. สม ฏฐานว ทยาของมะเร ง (Cancer Etiology) ว ตถ ประสงค 3. สม ฏฐานว ทยาของมะเร ง (Cancer Etiology) สม ฏฐานว ทยา : การศ กษาเก ยวก บสาเหต ของการเก ดโรค สามารถอธ บายว ธ การศ กษา ว ธ การศ กษาสาเหต ของการเก ดมะเร งได สามารถอธ บายสาเหต สาเหต ของการเก

More information

Applications. in Oncology

Applications. in Oncology Kewal K. Jain Applications of Biotechnology in Oncology Applications of Biotechnology in Oncology Applications of Biotechnology in Oncology Kewal K. Jain, MD, FRACS, FFPM Jain PharmaBiotech, Basel, Switzerland

More information

For any cancer and for infection-related cancer, immediate ART was associated with a lower cancer risk in the first three models but not in models D,

For any cancer and for infection-related cancer, immediate ART was associated with a lower cancer risk in the first three models but not in models D, Immediate ART in START Cuts Risk of Infection-Linked Cancer About 75% Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), February 22-25, 2016, Boston Mark Mascolini People who started antiretroviral

More information

Neurobiology of Exceptionality

Neurobiology of Exceptionality Neurobiology of Exceptionality Neurobiology of Exceptionality Edited by Con Stough Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York, Boston,

More information

Herpesviruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics

Herpesviruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics Herpesviruses Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Virion Enveloped icosahedral capsid (T=16), diameter 125 nm Diameter of enveloped virion 200 nm Capsid

More information

Carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1. Basic principles 2. 6 hallmark features 3. Abnormal cell proliferation: mechanisms 4. Carcinogens: examples

Carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1. Basic principles 2. 6 hallmark features 3. Abnormal cell proliferation: mechanisms 4. Carcinogens: examples Carcinogenesis 1. Basic principles 2. 6 hallmark features 3. Abnormal cell proliferation: mechanisms 4. Carcinogens: examples Major Principles (cont d) 4. Principle targets of genetic damage: 4 classes

More information

VIROLOGY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS WILEY. John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders

VIROLOGY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS WILEY. John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders VIROLOGY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders WILEY -urief Contents Preface to Second Edition xix Preface to First Edition xxi Abbreviations Used in This Book xxiii Greek

More information

CANCER 1.7 M 609,000 26% 15.5 M 73% JUST THE FACTS. More Than 1,100 Cancer Treatments in Clinical Testing Offer Hope to Patients

CANCER 1.7 M 609,000 26% 15.5 M 73% JUST THE FACTS. More Than 1,100 Cancer Treatments in Clinical Testing Offer Hope to Patients CANCER MEDICINES IN DEVELOPMENT 2018 REPORT JUST THE FACTS MORE THAN 1.7 M ESTIMATED NEW CASES OF CANCER IN 2018 IN THE UNITED STATES MORE THAN 609,000 U.S. CANCER DEATHS ARE EXPECTED IN 2018 SINCE PEAKING

More information

HODGKIN S AND NON-HODGKIN S LYMPHOMA

HODGKIN S AND NON-HODGKIN S LYMPHOMA HODGKIN S AND NON-HODGKIN S LYMPHOMA edited by JOHN P. LEONARD, MD Center for Lymphoma and Myeloma Weill Medical College of Cornell University New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY MORTON COLEMAN,

More information

HIV transmission. Pathogenesis.

HIV transmission. Pathogenesis. HIV transmission. Pathogenesis. September 27-28, 2012 TUBIDU International training (WP 7), Riga Dr.Inga Upmace, NGO,,Baltic HIV Association Discovery of HIV virus First reported in 1981 Discovered in

More information

IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEOPLASIA THE ROLE OF THE THYMUS

IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEOPLASIA THE ROLE OF THE THYMUS IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEOPLASIA THE ROLE OF THE THYMUS Cancer Growth and Progression Volume 17 Series Editor: Hans E. Kaiser, D.Sc. Professor, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University

More information

Gynecologic Oncology

Gynecologic Oncology Gynecologic Oncology Ramez N. Eskander Robert E. Bristow Editors Gynecologic Oncology A Pocketbook Editors Ramez N. Eskander, M.D. Assistant Professor Division of Gynecologic Oncology Department of Obstetrics

More information

Frozen Section Library Series Editor Philip T. Cagle, MD Houston, Texas, USA

Frozen Section Library Series Editor Philip T. Cagle, MD Houston, Texas, USA Frozen Section Library Series Editor Philip T. Cagle, MD Houston, Texas, USA For further volumes, go to http://www.springer.com/series/7869 Frozen Section Library: Central Nervous System Richard A. Prayson

More information

Dr Rodney Itaki Lecturer Anatomical Pathology Discipline. University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine & Health Sciences Division of Pathology

Dr Rodney Itaki Lecturer Anatomical Pathology Discipline. University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine & Health Sciences Division of Pathology Neoplasia Dr Rodney Itaki Lecturer Anatomical Pathology Discipline University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine & Health Sciences Division of Pathology General Considerations Overview: Neoplasia uncontrolled,

More information

BIT 120. Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture

BIT 120. Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture BIT 120 Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture Cancer DEFINITION Any abnormal growth of cells that has malignant potential i.e.. Leukemia Uncontrolled mitosis in WBC Genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations

More information

Pediatric Endodontics

Pediatric Endodontics Pediatric Endodontics Anna B. Fuks Benjamin Peretz Editors Pediatric Endodontics Current Concepts in Pulp Therapy for Primary and Young Permanent Teeth Editors Anna B. Fuks Department of Pediatric Dentistry

More information

1. Basic principles 2. 6 hallmark features 3. Abnormal cell proliferation: mechanisms 4. Carcinogens: examples. Major Principles:

1. Basic principles 2. 6 hallmark features 3. Abnormal cell proliferation: mechanisms 4. Carcinogens: examples. Major Principles: Carcinogenesis 1. Basic principles 2. 6 hallmark features 3. Abnormal cell proliferation: mechanisms 4. Carcinogens: examples Carcinogenesis Major Principles: 1. Nonlethal genetic damage is central to

More information

CRACK: THE BROKEN PROMISE

CRACK: THE BROKEN PROMISE CRACK: THE BROKEN PROMISE Crack: The Broken Promise DAVID F. ALLEN, M.D., M.P.H. Lecturer in Public Health Yale University School of Medicine and JAMES F. JEKEL, M.D., M.P.H. Professor of Epidemiology

More information

Cancer Treatment and Research

Cancer Treatment and Research Cancer Treatment and Research Volume 155 Series Editor Steven T. Rosen For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5808 Boris Pasche Editor Cancer Genetics 123 Editor Boris Pasche, MD, PhD, FACP

More information

The Biological Bases of Economic Behaviour

The Biological Bases of Economic Behaviour The Biological Bases of Economic Behaviour This page intentionally left blank The Biological Bases of Economic Behaviour A Concise Introduction David McFarland Emeritus Fellow, Balliol College, University

More information

108 INDEX. Oesophageal cancer 7 4 Oralleukoplakias 64, 67

108 INDEX. Oesophageal cancer 7 4 Oralleukoplakias 64, 67 Subject Index A antigen, Marek's disease virus 15,16,22 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 2, 34, 81-91 role of cytomegalovirus in 93-104 Acute hepatitis 6 Acute hepatitis B 54 Acute liver disease 1 Adenomas

More information

NORMAL AND ABNORMAL FEAR AND ANXIETY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

NORMAL AND ABNORMAL FEAR AND ANXIETY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS NORMAL AND ABNORMAL FEAR AND ANXIETY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS NORMAL AND ABNORMAL FEAR AND ANXIETY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS PETER MURIS AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN

More information

A Manual for Sporting Excellence

A Manual for Sporting Excellence THINK AND ACT LIKE A CHAMPION A Manual for Sporting Excellence Brent S. Rushall, Ph.D., R.Psy An e-book Sports Science Associates 2/16/2009 RESTRICTED COPYRIGHT Brent S. Rushall 4225 Orchard Drive Spring

More information

DEPARTMENT OF VIROLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF VIROLOGY DEPARTMENT OF VIROLOGY NELSON R MANDELA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, and INKOSI ALBERT LUTHULI CENTRAL HOSPITAL, KZN BRANCH, NATIONAL HEALTH LABORATORY SERVICE Biomedscience III Virology

More information

Viral Hepatitis. Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention EDITED BY. Steven Specter. College of Medicine University of South Florida, Tampa

Viral Hepatitis. Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention EDITED BY. Steven Specter. College of Medicine University of South Florida, Tampa Viral Hepatitis Viral Hepatitis Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention EDITED BY College of Medicine University of South Florida, Tampa * Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 01999 Springer Science+Business

More information

Virology. Brochure. 4 th World Congress on. San Antonio, USA October 06-08, 2014

Virology. Brochure. 4 th World Congress on. San Antonio, USA October 06-08, 2014 Brochure 4 th World Congress on Virology San Antonio, USA October 06-08, 2014 Conference Secretariat 5716 Corsa Ave., Suite 110, West Lake, Los Angeles, CA 91362-7354, USA Ph: +1-650-268-9744, Fax: +1-650-618-1414,

More information

Chronic Viral Infections vs. Our Immune System: Revisiting our view of viruses as pathogens

Chronic Viral Infections vs. Our Immune System: Revisiting our view of viruses as pathogens Chronic Viral Infections vs. Our Immune System: Revisiting our view of viruses as pathogens Tiffany A. Reese Assistant Professor Departments of Immunology and Microbiology Challenge your idea of classic

More information

Genetic Influences on Response to Drug Treatment for Major Psychiatric Disorders

Genetic Influences on Response to Drug Treatment for Major Psychiatric Disorders Genetic Influences on Response to Drug Treatment for Major Psychiatric Disorders Janusz K. Rybakowski Alessandro Serretti Editors Genetic Influences on Response to Drug Treatment for Major Psychiatric

More information

A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. [2]

A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. [2] GUIDED READING - Ch. 19 - VIRUSES NAME: Please print out these pages and HANDWRITE the answers directly on the printouts. Typed work or answers on separate sheets of paper will not be accepted. Importantly,

More information

An Introduction to Biomedical Science in Professional and Clinical Practice

An Introduction to Biomedical Science in Professional and Clinical Practice An Introduction to Biomedical Science in Professional and Clinical Practice by Sarah J. Pitt University of Brighton and Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK and James M. Cunningham

More information

Hepatitis C Virus Disease

Hepatitis C Virus Disease Hepatitis C Virus Disease Emilio Jirillo Editor Hepatitis C Virus Disease Immunobiology and Clinical Applications Editor Emilio Jirillo University of Bari and National Institute for Digestive Disease Castellana

More information

Transcription and RNA processing

Transcription and RNA processing Transcription and RNA processing Lecture 7 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Spring 2018 It is possible that Nature invented DNA for the purpose of achieving regulation at the transcriptional rather than at the

More information