CELL DIVISION! Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 12/17/14. G. Podgorski, Biol Mitosis!

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1 Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 12/17/14 CELL DIVISION! Mitosis! ü Mitotic division results in genetically identical eukaryotic cells or a clone ü Mitosis is the basis of asexual! reproduction G. Podgorski, Biol

2 Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 12/17/14 LIFESPAN OF SOME CELLS IN THE HUMAN BODY! Prokaryotes! ü Granulocytes: eosinophils basophils, neutrophils ü Stomach lining cells ü Colon cells ü Epithelia of small intestine less ü Platelets ü Skin epidermal cells ü Lymphocytes ü Red blood cells (120 days) ü Pancreas cells more ü Brain cells 10 hours to 3 days 2-3 days 3-4 days 1 week or 10 days 2-4 weeks 2 months - a year 4 months ü Prokaryotes simply divide their cells in two by binary fission 1 year or years Eukaryotes! ü Eukaryotes must divide their nucleus ü When nucleus divides, the DNA duplicates. This is called replication. Organelles must also replicate ü Why do cells divide? ü Reason #1: ü If a cell kept getting bigger, there wouldn t be enough DNA to provide sufficient information Why do cells divide? Why do cells divide? ü Reason #2: ü Reason #3 ü If a cell kept getting bigger, couldn t move nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane G. Podgorski, Biol ü To replace old and worn out cells. 2

3 Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis The three main components of the cell cycle. 12/17/14 After DNA is replicated it must be packaged into chromosomes. Why? Interphase duplicated chromosome What s so important about cell division? chromatin DUPLICATING CHROMSOMES If there are 6 sister chromatids, how many chromosomes are in the cell? DNA is Condensed into Visible Chromosomes Only For Brief Periods in the Life of a Cell centromere 95% of the time, chromosomes are like this. Easily visible chromosomes are apparent perhaps 5% of the time in an actively growing cell and less in a non-growing cell. A Karyotype is an Arranged Picture of Chromosomes At Their Most Condensed State Note that almost all chromosomes come in homologous pairs. Boy or girl? A normal human karyotype G. Podgorski, Biol

4 Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 12/17/14 The Cell Cycle-notes ü Series of 3 main events that cells go through as they grow and divide. 1. INTERPHASE a. G1- growth phase; organelles replicated. b. S- chromosomes are replicated c. G2- growth; double check before division. 2, MITOSIS (PMAT) 3. CYTOKINESIS I Punched Melanie And The Cat ü 1.Prophase ü 2.Metaphase ü 3.Anaphase MITOSIS highlights - Mitosis Divides the Duplicated Chromosomes: THE DANCE OF THE CHROMOSOMES! 1. Prophase: chromatin condenses centrioles separate spindle begins to form nuclear envelope breaks down 2.Metaphase: Lasts only a few minutes Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate (middle) Spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each chromosome 3.Anaphase: Centromeres separate Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. 4.Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil Nuclear envelope reappears Spindle begins to break apart Nucleolus becomes visible Mitosis Precisely and Evenly Divides Duplicated Chromosomes anaphase centromere interphase prophase metaphase What is a centromere? G. Podgorski, Biol ü 4.Telophase telophase Two New Identical Daughter Cells! Cytokinesis is NOT included in mitosis. 4

5 Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 12/17/14 Mitosis in Action Cytokinesis Blue shows DNA, green shows spindle fibers. ü Division of cytoplasm ü Occurs differently in plants than in animals Cytokinesis in animal cells: Cytokinesis in plant cells: In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and separates daughter cells. Cleave furrow in a dividing frog cell. In plant cells, a cell plate forms and separates the daughter cells. Onion Root Tip CANCER Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. Brain cancer cell G. Podgorski, Biol

6 Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 12/17/14 Cancer Is One Outcome of A Runaway Cell Cycle What s in a name? Carcinoma any tissue communicating with the outside Sarcoma supporting tissue Lymphoma immune system Leukemia blood The good and the bad Benign locally grown; tumor remains in the original site of growth Malignant a.k.a. The bad ability to spread ü STOP! Metastasize when a tumor has spread from its original growth site Cell division is a fundamental process! ü All cells come from pre-existing cells ü It is necessary to replace worn out cells in multicellular organisms ü It is required for growth in multicellular organisms ü It is necessary for reproduction in unicellular or multicellular organisms G. Podgorski, Biol Cell Cycle ü Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide ü Cell grows ü Prepares for division ü Divides to form daughter cells ü Daughter cells restart the cycle 6

7 Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 12/17/14 DNA and Its Faithful Replication Proteins and Their Production The Primary Reason for DNA Because DNA stores genetic information and is faithfully replicated, information is passed largely unaltered from cell-to-cell, generation-to- generation. Cell division requires coordinated division of chromosomes (mitosis).. DNA Replication Simple in Principle, Complicated in Practice and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis). The Link Between DNA Replication and Chromosome Duplication G. Podgorski, Biol

8 Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 12/17/14 G. Podgorski, Biol

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