Mitosis: Cell Division
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1 Do Now: What process do you think this cartoon is describing? Mitosis: Cell Division Key Points On Cell Division Species must reproduce in order to survive from generation to generation. All living things reproduce by cells dividing called cell division. Cell division allows for growth and reproduction. Also, helps to replace old and damaged cells. To maintain the surface area for the given volume of each cell s growth. Ex: a balloon Cell Division: A Basic Fact of Life Every living creature from bacterium to whales and to trees results from cell division! Mitosis Two types of cell division are mitosis & meiosis. In mitosis, body cells called somatic cells go through cell division. These cells are nonsex cells. The uncontrollable cell division of certain abnormal cell is referred to as cancer. Mitosis (mitotic cell division) Mitosis is a series of changes in the nuclei of all body cells. Therefore, reproduction occurs in the nucleus. Chromosomes replicate then parent cell divides. Parent divides into 2 daughter cells. Both daughter cells have the same # of chromosomes as the parent. The number of chromosomes is (2n). 1
2 2N Chromosomes 2N 2N 2 Daughter Cells DNA replication Mitosis 2 Diploid daughter cells Words To Know Nucleus Poles Chromatin Spindle fibers Chromosomes Equatorial plate Centrioles Centromeres Genetic Material In Mitosis Nucleus - Contains hereditary material called chromosomes. Chromatin - Thin twisted threads made of DNA. - Found during non-dividing cells. Chromosomes - Thickened & coiled chromosome made of DNA - Found during dividing cells (mitosis). Replicated Chromosome 2 Chromatids each with a double helix 2
3 Replicated Chromosome Structures seen during Mitosis Centrioles - Two tiny football shaped bodies that make spindle fibers to pull double chromosome apart. 2 Chromatids each with a double helix Centromere (button) - Connect the chromatids in the center. Draw & Label A. B. C. Poles - The opposite ends of the cell. Poles Spindles fibers - Fibers that help move chromosomes during cell division. Spindle 3
4 Equatorial plate Region where the chromatids reach the center of the cell. Equatorial Plate The Process of - Cytoplasm divides into two parts. - Each part has its own nuclei & a complete set of hereditary material (DNA). Microtubules Nucleus Cleavage- the tightening and pulling of protein What Does Cell Cycle Mean? The Cell Cycle The repetitive process that cells undergo for cellular growth and reproduction. Cell cycle has 2 phases. Interphase Mitosis 4
5 Nerve Cells Different cells vary in the time they spend in interphase and mitosis. Ex: Nerve cells can spend up to 60 years in interphase and so rarely reproduce. This is why spinal cord injuries and stroke patients have permanent damage. Cancer Cells Cancer cells are never at rest and remain a short time in interphase and so cells keep dividing. Cell Cycle: Interphase + Mitosis Or each chromosome is copied to be 92. Prepares for mitosis Cell is synthesizing its structural proteins and enzymes A human cell can divide (go through mitosis) in 1 hour. Cells in the interphase period can remain for hours. The Phases of Mitosis 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase PMAT Cell Cycle: Interphase + Mitosis Interphase is not considered part of mitosis (division stage). Interphase is the period before mitosis begins. Mitosis and Cell Reproduction Looking At The Cellular Level 5
6 The Phases of Mitosis 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase PMATc Let s Draw The Phases of Mitosis Use Board Chromosomes Chromosomes Doubled to 92 Middle Apart Interphase & Mitosis In Animal Cells Interphase Chromosomes long, thin, thread-like & not visible in the nucleus. Uncoiled DNA is called chromatin. Each makes a copy of itself (replication). Centrioles form. Prophase Spindle fibers Centrioles Chromatids Centromere Chromosomes thicken & can see under microscope. Nuclear membrane disappears. Spindle fibers form. Centrioles move to opposite sides. Centromeres hold chromosomes together. Metaphase Metaphase plate M = MIDDLE Double chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by the spindle fibers. 6
7 Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten & pull apart (separate). Chromatids become single-stranded chromosomes as they move to opposite sides. Telophase & Telophase Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin. Nucleolus & nuclear membrane form again. - Pinching of the cell & cytoplasm divides. Two new daughter cells form & each is identical to the original. The first stage of mitosis when chromosomes start becoming visible in the microscope is called: A. anaphase B. prophase C. telophase D. metaphase Prior to cell division, each chromosome replicates or duplicates its genetic material. The products are connected by a centromere and are called: A. sister chromosomes B. homologous chromosomes C. sex chromosomes D. sister chromatids Which of the following statements is NOT true of mitosis? A. B. C. D. A single nucleus gives rise to two identical daughter nuclei. The daughter nuclei are genetically identical to the parent nucleus. The centromeres divide at the onset of anaphase. Homologous chromosomes synapse in prophase. 7
8 Mitosis In Plant Cells Plant Cells Mitosis can be seen in developing seeds, the roots, and stems. Same nuclear division occurs in both plant cells and animal cells. How Does Mitosis Differ In Plants? 1. No centrioles. 2. A cell plate forms between 2 daughter cells. So no pinching occurs. Cell Plate No Centrioles Which of the following features of cell division are very different for animal and plant cells? A. prophase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. cytokinesis 8
9 in a plant cell is characterized by: the equal division of homologous A chromosomes. a pinching off of the cell membrane to B divide the cell. the formation of a cell plate in the C cytoplasm. the movement of the chromosomes D from the metaphase plate. 9
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