The Cell Cycle. Chapter 10
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1 The Cell Cycle Chapter 10
2 Why Do Cells Divide? Unicellular 1. Reproduction Multicellular 1. Grow 2. Repair 3. Development/reproduction
3 Types of Division Prokaryotic cells Binary fission = asexual reproduction Eukaryotic cells The cell cycle: Mitosis
4 Cell Cycle Cell cycle life of a cell from the time it is formed until its own division into two daughter cells Passes identical genetic material to cellular offspring G0 phase
5 Non-dividing cells chromosomes are in the form of CHROMATIN Chromosome Structure Following DNA duplication chromosomes coil & condense Duplicated chromosomes have 2 halves = SISTER CHROMATIDS Chromatids connected by CENTROMERE
6 Phases of the cell cycle Interphase (90% of cell s life) 1. G 1 Phase 2. S Phase 3. G 2 Phase M phase mitotic phase (10% of cell s life) 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase Cytokinesis
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8 Interphase Divided into 3 subphases: 1. G 1 phase = cell growth 2. S phase = DNA replication 3. G 2 phase = prepares to divide
9 MITOSIS MITOSIS = division of the nucleus CYTOKINESIS = division of the cytoplasm Mitosis MAINTAINS the chromosome number If a cell begins with 46 chromosomes, the new cell will have 46 chromosomes.
10 M phase Mitosis - Prophase Copied DNA forms chromosomes Nuclear membrane breaks down Spindle fibers begin to form and centrioles start to move
11 M phase Mitosis Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Centrioles move to opposite sites of the cell Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the centromeres
12 M phase Mitosis Anaphase Chromatids split and move to opposite sides of the cell Spindle fibers shorten
13 M phase Mitosis Telophase Nuclear membrane starts to form again Chromosomes start to relax Spindle fibers break down
14 Animal cells cell membrane pinches in to form a cleavage furrow Plant cells forms a cell plate which eventually creates the cell wall
15 M phase Mitosis Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm and creation of 2 daughter cells End Results: 2 daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell Diploid to diploid
16 Cancer Cancer = uncontrollable cell division Mutated DNA in the cell causes the normal disruption of the cell s activities Cancer cells can spread to other parts of your body if they break free
17 Cancer Tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) Metastasis spreading cancer cells to other parts of the body
18 Sexual Types of Reproduction Two parents used to create an offspring 2 haploid gametes creates a zygote Advantage: creates genetic variation and diversity Disadvantage: energy use to find a mate Asexual One parents creates an offspring Advantage: rapid reproduction, don t have to find a mate Disadvantage: doesn t create genetic variation
19 Meiosis Purpose: create sex cells (gametes) which have half the DNA (haploid) Interphase still occurs before cell division S phase = copies the DNA 2 cell divisions, 1 DNA replication Nuclear membrane, spindle fibers, and centrioles are still performing the same functions as in Mitosis
20 Prophase I Meiosis I Copied DNA condenses into chromosomes Homologous chromosomes pair up and form a tetrad (4 chromatids together) Crossing over (switching of DNA) occurs between the chromatids of homologous chromosomes Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes move to the middle of the cell
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22 Anaphase I Meiosis I Homologous chromosomes split and move to opposite sides of the cell Telophase I Chromosomes relax and nuclear membrane starts to come back Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides and 2 cells are formed
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25 Meiosis II 2 cells go through the phases at the same time Prophase II Chromosomes form again Metaphase II Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell Anaphase II Chromosomes split and chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell
26 Meiosis II Telophase II Chromosomes relax and nuclear membrane starts to form again Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides and 4 cells are formed
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28 End Results 1 cell 4 cells Not identical to parents Diploid Haploid Crossing over occurs
29 Types of Mutations: Point Point = Change in a single DNA nucleotide Substitution Change one nucleotide for another Ex: Sickle cell anemia Frameshift: Addition or Deletion Add or remove one nucleotide that changes the reading frame for the amino acids
30 Type of Mutations: Chromosome Deletion = loss of a large segment of DNA
31 Inversion = when a piece of DNA breaks off and reattaches in reverse order on the same chromosome
32 Translocation = when a piece of DNA breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
33 Nondisjunction = when a chromosome fails to separate in Meiosis resulting in an extra piece of DNA in the offspring
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