Management of Prostate Cancer in Africa. Dr David Anderson Clinical Oncologist Groote Schuur Hospital February 2017
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1 Management of Prostate Cancer in Africa Dr David Anderson Clinical Oncologist Groote Schuur Hospital February 2017
2 No disclosures to present
3 Overview Challenges
4 Africa is not a country Hans Rosling: Karolinska Institute
5 Africa lacks data GLOBOCAN, 2012
6 Overview Challenges The Problem
7 Africa population
8 New cancers in LMIC: (low & middle income countries) 1970: 15% 2008: 56% 2030: 70% Farmer et al. Lancet 2010
9 New cancers and expenditure in Africa Economist 2009
10 Distribution & Costs of cancer The Economist, 2009
11 Cost of prostate cancer (income grp) Greatest disparity of all the cancers 4000 x The Economist, 2009
12 Cost of prostate cancer (Africa) 10th biggest spender in Africa USA-2 nd Europe -4 th Asia 9th The Economist, 2009
13 Incidence of prostate cancer in Africa 3 rd overall 1 st Breast 2 nd Cervix GLOBOCAN, 2008
14 Incidence of prostate cancer in Africa GLOBOCAN, 2008
15 Death Rate of prostate cancer in Africa 3 rd overall 1 st Breast 2 nd Cervix GLOBOCAN, 2008
16 WHO, 2012
17 Summary Prostate cancer management is a major problem
18 Summary Prostate cancer management is a major problem Population is increasing Population will get older Highest prostate cancer mortality in world 3 rd highest mortality within Africa No data/registries Under spending
19 Overview Challenges The Problem Resources
20 Radiation resources in Africa Abdel-Wahab et al. Lancet 2013
21 Radiation resources in Africa Lancet, 2013
22 ABUJA TIMES 26 Oct 2016
23 Radiation resources in Africa (DIRAC 2008) Africa 54 countries 23 offer Teletherapy 200m people no RT 272 Teletherapy machines 2 x LINACS: 1 x Co60 RSA(92) Egypt (76) = 60% RSA + N.Africa = 90%
24 Brachytherapy 17 countries have HDR Published prostate brachytherapy information South Africa Egypt Tunisia Morocco Ghana Kenya
25 Summary Prostate cancer management is a major problem Only Southern and Northern Africa have adequate RT resources
26 Survey Ghana, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Kenya Ghana Ethiopia Cameroon Zimbabwe Kenya Cancer centres Oncologists Urologists Diagnosis Uro Uro Uro Uro Uro Management (Uro+Onc) (Uro+Onc) (Uro+Onc) (Uro+Onc) Uro+Onc MDT
27 Summary Prostate cancer management is a problem Only southern and northern Africa have adequate RT resources Prostate cancer is managed mostly by urologists Bulk of oncology input is palliative care
28 Overview Challenges The Problem Resources Prostate cancer in Africa: How does it present?
29 Cancer fatality rates per cancer Prostate cancer Greatest disparity 78% vs 22% The Economist, 2009
30 Worldwide Prostate mortality Prostate Int Sept 4(3):
31 Summary Prostate cancer management is a major problem Only southern and northern Africa have adequate RT resources Urologists manage prostate cancer Bulk of oncology input is palliative care Presents as metastatic disease
32 Overview Challenges The Problem Resources Prostate cancer in Africa: How does it present? Palliative care infrastructure
33 Palliative care 4 Pillars Policy Education Drug access Implementation Harding et al. Lancet 2013
34 Morphine access No hospice facility Lancet 2013
35 Summary Prostate cancer management is a major problem Only southern and northern Africa have adequate RT resources Urologists manage prostate cancer Bulk of oncology input is palliative care Presents as metastatic disease Lack of palliative resources
36 Conclusions The problem is dire Only long term solution is political National cancer control programs Registries Early detection Resource acquisition & allocation Training Education Primary health care
37 Short term solution
38 Short term solution Low Income Guidelines Clinical Radiation Publish low income articles
39 Short term solution Low Income Guidelines Clinical Radiation Publish low income articles Collaborations Training
40 Short term solution Low Income Guidelines Clinical Radiation Publish low income articles Collaborations Training Palliative Care
41 Short term solution #1 Low-Income Guidelines Kerr et al; NEJM, 2010
42 Low-income management decisions Diagnosis PSA Screening Early detection Can be diagnostic PSA: Free/total: R420/R280 Cut off for radical treatment R220/R120
43 Low-income management decisions Active surveillance Repeat Biopsy Serial PSA Mulitple clinic visits Benefits Avoid treatment
44 Survey Ghana Ethiopia Cameroon Zimbabwe Kenya Screening PSA TRUS AS low risk
45 Low-income management decisions Bill-Axelson et al. NEJM, 2014
46 Low-income management decisions Positive trial OS (18y): 56% vs 68% CSM (18y): 17% vs 28%
47
48 Low-income management decisions Wilt et al. NEJM, 2012
49 PIVOT results OS or PCSM No difference PSA>10 or Intermediate risk
50 Survey: watchful waiting Ghana Ethiopia Cameroon Zimbabwe Kenya LE<10y RT, WW WW RT, WW RT, WW RT, WW
51 Low-income management decisions Radiotherapy Split course RT 1796 patients; EBRT Biochemical free survival worse in patients with non treatment delay Ambrosio et al IJORBP, 2008
52
53
54
55 Low-income management decisions Palliative RT Cost effective comparison Single fraction RT Fractionated RT Pain killers Chemo Konski et al IJROBP, 2004
56 Low-income management decisions Metastatic disease BO Ketoconazole Diethystilbestrol CHAARTED OS 57m vs 44m 6 cycles Docetaxel High volume ds The leuprolide study group. NEJM 1984
57 Low-income management decisions CRPC Complete androgen deprivation PSA response Docetaxel OS (3m) Mitoxantrone PSA response Navelbine PFS, symptoms, PSA response Corticosteriods Low dose ketoconazole + hydrocortisone Diethystilbestrol + asprin
58 Conclusions Achievable low cost solutions Low Income Guidelines Publish low income articles Collaborations Training Palliative Care
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