Essential Questions. Why are cells relatively small? What are the primary stages of the cell cycle? What are the stages of interphase?
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1 Essential Questions Why are cells relatively small? What are the primary stages of the cell cycle? What are the stages of interphase? Cellular Growth
2 Vocabulary Review selective permeability New cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin Cellular Growth
3 Cell Size Limitations Ratio of surface area to volume Several factors influence cell size. Surface area is the area covered by the plasma membrane. Volume is the space taken up by the inner contents of the cell. Cells with a higher surface area: volume ratios can sustain themselves more easily. Cellular Growth
4 Cell Size Limitations Ratio of surface area to volume Smaller cells can transport substances more easily Diffusion is inefficient over longer distances Cytoskeleton less efficient when cells are larger Cellular communication more efficient in smaller cells Cellular Growth
5 The Cell Cycle Once a cell reaches its size limit it must either stop growing or divide. Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle. Each time a cell goes through one complete cycle, it becomes two cells. Three main stages of the cell cycle: Interphase: stage during which the cells grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates its DNA. Mitosis: the cell s nucleus and nuclear material divide; has four substages. Cytokinesis: cell s cytoplasm divides, creating two new cells. Cellular Growth
6 The Cell Cycle The stages of interphase Interphase has three substages: G 1, S, and G 2. During G 1, the cell is growing and carrying out normal cellular functions. Cellular Growth
7 The Cell Cycle The stages of interphase During S, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division. Chromosomes are the structures that contain the genetic material. Chromatin is the relaxed form of DNA in the cell s nucleus. Cellular Growth
8 The Cell Cycle The stages of interphase The G 2 stage follows the S stage and is the period when the cell prepares for the division of its nucleus. Cellular Growth
9 The Cell Cycle Mitosis and cytokinesis During mitosis, a cell s nuclear material divides and separates into opposite sides of the cell. During cytokinesis, the cell divides into two daughter cells. Cellular Growth
10 The Cell Cycle Prokaryotic cell division Eukaryotic cells divide via the cell cycle. Prokaryotic cells divide via binary fission. Cellular Growth
11 Review Essential Questions Why are cells relatively small? What are the primary stages of the cell cycle? What are the stages of interphase? Vocabulary cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin Cellular Growth
12 Essential Questions What are the events of each stage of mitosis? What is the process of cytokinesis? Mitosis and Cytokinesis
13 Vocabulary Review life cycle New prophase sister chromatid centromere spindle apparatus metaphase anaphase telophase Mitosis and Cytokinesis
14 Mitosis During mitosis, the cell s replicated genetic material separates and the cell prepares to split into two cells. The key activity of mitosis is the accurate separation of the cell s replicated DNA. Mitosis: Increases the number of cells in a multicellular organism as it grows Replaces damaged cells Mitosis and Cytokinesis
15 The Stages of Mitosis Prophase Prophase is the first and longest stage of mitosis. Cell s chromatin tightens/condenses into chromosomes. Sister chromatids are structures that contain identical copies of DNA. The sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
16 The Stages of Mitosis Prophase As prophase continues, spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers form a spindle apparatus. The spindle apparatus attaches to each of the sister chromatids before cell division. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
17 The Stages of Mitosis Metaphase The second stage of mitosis is metaphase the shortest phase. Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell. They line up in the middle of the cell. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
18 The Stages of Mitosis Anaphase During anaphase, the chromatids pull apart. The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten. The sister chromatids separate. The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
19 The Stages of Mitosis Telophase Telophase is when the chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to decondense. Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear. The spindle apparatus disassembles. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
20 Cytokinesis After the two daughter nuclei have formed, cells undergo cytokinesis. In animal cells, microfilaments constrict/pinch off to form two cells. In plant cells, instead of pinching in half, a new structure called the cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
21 Review Essential Questions What are the events of each stage of mitosis? What is the process of cytokinesis? Vocabulary prophase sister chromatid centromere spindle apparatus metaphase anaphase telophase Mitosis and Cytokinesis
22 Essential Questions What is the role of cyclin proteins in controlling the cell cycle? How does cancer relate to the cell cycle? What is the role of apoptosis? What are the two types of stem cells and what are their potential uses? Cell Cycle Regulation
23 Vocabulary Review nucleotide New cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer carcinogen apoptosis stem cell Cell Cycle Regulation
24 Normal Cell Cycle The role of cyclins The timing and rate of cell division are important, and controlled by proteins and enzymes. The cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is driven by a combination of two substances. Cyclins are proteins that bind to enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Different cyclin/cdk combinations control different activities during different stages of the cell cycle. Cell Cycle Regulation
25 Normal Cell Cycle Quality control checkpoints The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong. There are checkpoints after each stage of interphase to protect against duplicating DNA damage. Cell Cycle Regulation
26 Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Cancer results when cells stop responding to the controls of the cell cycle. Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function. Cell Cycle Regulation
27 Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer Causes of cancer Mutations or changes in segments of DNA cause the cell growth and division of cancer cells. Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells. Substances that are know to cause cancer are called carcinogens. Cell Cycle Regulation
28 Apoptosis Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. Cells going through apoptosis shrink and shrivel. Apoptosis occurs during development, in cells that are damaged, and in cells that may lead to cancerous growths. Cell Cycle Regulation
29 Stem Cells Multicellular organisms have specialized cells. The precursor cells that can be directed to become specialized cells are stem cells. Cell Cycle Regulation
30 Stem Cells Embryonic stem cells After fertilization, the initial mass of cells ( cells) remain undifferentiated these comprise embryonic stem cells. As development continues, cells receive signals that initiate their differentiation into specialized cells. Cell Cycle Regulation
31 Stem Cells Adult stem cells Found in various tissues in the body Might be used to maintain and repair tissue. More developed/specialized than embryonic stem cells, but might be able to differentiate into different kinds of cells. Cell Cycle Regulation
32 Review Essential Questions What is the role of cyclin proteins in controlling the cell cycle? How does cancer relate to the cell cycle? What is the role of apoptosis? What are the two types of stem cells and what are their potential uses? Vocabulary cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer carcinogen apoptosis stem cell Cell Cycle Regulation
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