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1 COLLEGE BIOLOGY PHYSICS Chapter 10 # Cell Chapter Reproduction Title PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 12 The Cell Cycle 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Figure 10.5 The Cell Cycle What are cells doing when they are not dividing? What phase are the majority of your cells in? What s occurring during G1, S & G2 phases of Interphase?

4 Mitosis Has Many Roles 1) Grow and develop 2) repair tissues 3) regenerate lost body parts 4) Some organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis

5 Day 1 zygote: Pascal Goetgheluck/Science Source Day 2, 3 zygote: Richard G. Rawlins, Ph.D./ Custom Medical Stock Photo Middle and bottom row photos: Bradley R. Smith, Ph.D. Mitosis Has Many Roles Mitosis produces the cells that build the human body.

6 Cell Death Is Part of Life Apoptosis, or cell death Lysosomes Duckling: GK hart/vikki Hart/Getty Images RF

7 Mitosis and Apoptosis Work Together Mitosis adds new cells while apoptosis removes them, allowing tissues to renew themselves.

8 Figure 12.1 Chromosome change during cell division Female Karyotype

9 Role of Asexual Cell Division Mitosis Figure m (a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development 200 m 20 m (c) Tissue renewal

10 Mitosis Asexual 1 division 2 daughter cells identical centrosome centriole chromosome 2n = 4 DNA REPLICATION DURING INTERPHASE centromere duplicated chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids 2n = 4 MITOSIS 2n = 4 2n = 4

11 Figure 12.3/10.4 Genome Chromatin chomosomes somatic cells (mitosis) gametes (meiosis)

12 Figure 16.22a DNA arrangement DNA double helix (2 nm in diameter) Nucleosome (10 nm in diameter) DNA, the double helix Histones Histones Histone tail H1 Nucleosomes, or beads on a string (10-nm fiber)

13 Figure 16.22b Chromatid (700 nm) 30-nm fiber Loops Scaffold 300-nm fiber 30-nm fiber Looped domains (300-nm fiber) Replicated chromosome (1,400 nm) Metaphase chromosome

14 Figure If you could 1 see chromosomes in interphase Chromosomes Centromere Chromosome arm Chromosomal DNA molecules

15 Figure If you could 1 see chromosomes in interphase 2 Chromosomes Centromere Chromosome arm Chromosomal DNA molecules Chromosome duplication (including DNA replication) and condensation Sister chromatids

16 Figure 12.4/10.7 Sister chromatids Replicated chromosome Centromere Sister chromatids Centromere 0.5 m

17 Figure If you could 1 see chromosomes in interphase 2 Chromosomes Centromere Chromosome arm Chromosomal DNA molecules Chromosome duplication (including DNA replication) and condensation Sister chromatids 3 Separation of sister chromatids into two chromosomes

18 The Cell Figure 10.5 Cycle What are cells doing when they are not dividing? What phase are the majority of your cells in? What s occurring during G1, S & G2 phases of Interphase?

19 Figure 12.7/ m Mitotic phases of the cell cycle G 2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Chromatin (duplicated) Early mitotic spindle Aster Centromere Fragments of nuclear envelope Nonkinetochore microtubules Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Nucleolus forming Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule Spindle Centrosome at one spindle pole Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming

20 Figure 10.6 Karyokinesis (or mitosis) is divided into five stages prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

21 Figure 12.7a G 2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Chromatin (duplicated) Early mitotic spindle Aster Centromere Fragments of nuclear envelope Nonkinetochore microtubules Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule

22 Figure 12.8 Sister chromatids Aster Centrosome Metaphase plate (imaginary) Microtubules Kinetochores Chromosomes Centrosome 1 m Overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochore microtubules 0.5 m

23 Figure 12.7b Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Nucleolus forming Spindle Centrosome at one spindle pole Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming

24 Figure 12.9 Gorbsky et al EXPERIMENT Spindle pole Kinetochore Mark RESULTS CONCLUSION Chromosome movement Microtubule Motor protein Chromosome Kinetochore Tubulin subunits

25 Figure 12.9b Pacman mechanism reeled mechanism CONCLUSION Chromosome movement Microtubule Motor protein Chromosome Kinetochore Tubulin subunits

26 Figure 12.10b/10.8 (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow 100 m Contractile ring of microfilaments Daughter cells

27 Figure 12.10b/10.8 Cytokinesis (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM) Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell Cell plate 1 m New cell wall Daughter cells

28 Figure 12.UN01 P Cytokinesis G 1 S Mitosis G 2 MITOTIC (M) PHASE Telophase and Cytokinesis Prophase Anaphase Metaphase Prometaphase

29 Figure Plant mitosis Nucleus Chromatin condensing Nucleolus Chromosomes Cell plate 10 m 1 Prophase 2 Prometaphase 3 Metaphase 4 Anaphase 5 Telophase

30 Figure 12.UN02

31 Figure Binary fission 1 Chromosome replication begins. Origin of replication Two copies of origin E. coli cell Cell wall Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome 2 Replication continues. Origin Origin 3 Replication finishes. 4 Two daughter cells result.

32 Mitosis Asexual 1 divisions 2 daughter cells identical centrosome centriole chromosome 2n = 4 DNA REPLICATION DURING INTERPHASE centromere duplicated chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids 2n = 4 MITOSIS 2n = 4 2n = 4

33 Concept Check The diagram represents the cell cycle through time of a eukaryotic organism. During which of the phases of the cell cycle will you copy or replicate your DNA? a) G 1 phase b) S phase c) G 2 phase d) M phase e) Cytokinesis 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

34 Concept Check The diagram represents the cell cycle through time of a eukaryotic organism. During which of the phases of the cell cycle will sister chromatids separate? a) G 1 phase b) S phase c) G 2 phase d) M phase e) Cytokinesis 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

35 Embryo Splitting: Producing Identical Offspring Fertilized egg Eight-cell stage Eight identical lambs

36 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Cloning an Adult The nucleus is removed from an unfertilized egg taken from a female. A body cell from the adult animal to be cloned is inserted into the egg. Electrical current is applied to fuse the cells. The nucleus of the animal to be cloned is now the nucleus of the egg. The egg is implanted into a surrogate mother. The surrogate mother gives birth to a clone.

37 1. Growth 2. Repair/replace 3. Reproduction Budding Fragmentation Asexual Cell Division All somatic (body) cells Nerve & muscle Exception: Certain nerve cells

38 Functions for asexual reproduction 1. Growth 2. Repair/replace 3. Reproduction Budding/2 Fragmentation (mitosis) All somatic (body) cells Nerve & muscle Exception: Certain nerve cells

39 Cell Cycle Creates New Cells Complete cell cycle takes hours Mitosis and cytokinesis < 1 hr Many cells enter a nondividing state, G 0, either temporarily or permanently Liver cells will divide when stimulated Neurons, osteocytes enter G 0 after adolescence

40 Figure Factors that influence cell division Johnson & Rao, 1970 Cytoplasmic signaling affects cell cycle EXPERIMENT Experiment 1 Experiment 2 S G 1 M G 1 RESULTS S S When a cell in the SWhen a cell in the phase was fused M phase was fused with with a cell in G 1, a cell in G 1, the G 1 the G 1 nucleus nucleus immediately immediately entered began mitosis a spindle the S phase DNAformed and chromatin was synthesized. condensed, even though the chromosome had no been duplicated. M M

41 Factors that influence cell division 1. Growth factors 2. Restriction points G 1, G 2 and M G 0 phase Figure 10.10

42 Factors that influence cell division 3. Regulatory proteins cyclical changes Cyclin Cdk MPF M G 1 S G 2 M G 1 S G 2 M G 1 MPF activity Cyclin concentration Figure Time (a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle Cdk Figure Degraded cyclin Cyclin is degraded G 2 checkpoint Cdk MPF Cyclin (b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle

43 Factors that influence cell division 3. Regulatory proteins cyclical changes Cyclin Cdk MPF Figure & 10.12

44 Factors that influence cell division Figure Anchorage dependence 5. Density-dependent inhibition 20 m 20 m (a) Normal mammalian cells (b) Cancer cells

45 Mitosis & Cancer Cancer cells Divide uncontrollably No normal regulation Stimulates angiogenesis Benign tumor Malignant tumor Metastasis Figure Tumor Lymph vessel Blood vessel Glandular tissue Cancer cell Metastatic tumor 1 A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. 2 Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue. 3 Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body. 4 Cancer cells may survive and establish a new tumor in another part

46 Mammogram Males?

47 Cancer Development a. Cell (dark pink) acquires a mutation for repeated cell division. epithelial cells 1 mutation b. New mutations arise, and one cell (brown) has the ability to start a tumor. 2 mutations tumor 3 mutations c. Cancer in situ. The tumor is at its place of origin. One cell (purple) mutates further. lymphatic vessel blood vessel d. Cells have gained the ability to invade underlying tissues by producing a proteinase enzyme. invasive tumor malignant tumor e. Cancer cells now have the ability to invade lymphatic and blood vessels. distant tumor f. New metastatic tumors are found some distance from the original tumor. lymphatic vessel

48 malignant tumor Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

49 Tumor Suppressors

50 p53 gene p21 gene

51 Figure Breast cancer BRCA1 BRCA2 HER2 - herceptin ER - tamoxifen

52 Telomeres Repetitive DNA Tips of chromosomes Shorten during division Limit # of divisions

53 Telomerase Immortalizing enzyme Replaces telomeres Allows for more cell division

54 A Variety of Factors Can Lead to Cancer Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Heredity, Internal factors, DNA damage radiation sources Pesticides, Herbicides, Chemicals, Tobacco, dietary factors viruses oncogene some sources contributing to development of cancer

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