Cell Division. Introduction. Chromatin, Chromosomes, and Chromatids, Oh My! The Cell Cycle

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1 Introduction Cell Division Just like a butterfly passes through different phases (such as caterpillar, chrysalis, and adult butterfly) there are a series of phases in a cell's life as it gets ready to divide. The sequence of phases leading up to cell division, ending with cell division itself, is called the cell cycle. Each new cell must be identical to the original with a complete copy of the organism s DNA. The process of cell division in eukaryotic cells is carefully controlled because it allows organisms to grow, repair injuries, and reproduce. If the cell cycle is not carefully controlled, it can cause a disease called cancer in which the cells divide out of control. A tumor can result from this kind of growth. Chromatin, Chromosomes, and Chromatids, Oh My! Throughout the cell cycle, DNA takes on different shapes and each of those shapes has another name. In the beginning of the cell cycle, the DNA looks like a pile of string, which is called chromatin. At the beginning of the cell cycle, the chromatin is copied, so that the new cell will have an identical copy of the original DNA. Before the nucleus divides, the DNA in the nucleus wraps around proteins to form chromosomes, which look like worms and arrange themselves into an X shape. Each half of the X is identical to the other and are called sister chromatids. Each organism has a unique number of chromosomes. In human cells, our DNA is divided up into 23 pairs of chromatids, or 46 chromosomes. The Cell Cycle Like a human life cycle, which is made up of different phases (childhood, adolescence, adulthood) the cell cycle also occurs in a series of phases. These steps can be divided into three main components: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase is the stage when the cell mostly performs its everyday functions. For example, it is when a kidney cell does what a kidney cell is supposed to do. The cell also gets ready to divide during this time. The nucleus divides during mitosis, and then the cell splits in half during cytokinesis. A summary of all of the phases is pictured to the right. 87

2 Interphase Most of the cell cycle consists of interphase, the time between cell divisions. Interphase can be divided into three stages: 1. The first growth phase (G1): During the G1 stage, the cell doubles in size and doubles the number of organelles. 2. The synthesis phase (S): The DNA is replicated during this phase. In other words, an identical copy of the cell s DNA is made. This ensures that each new cell has a set of genetic material identical to that of the parental cell. 3. The second growth phase (G2): Proteins are synthesized that will help the cell divide. At the end of interphase, the cell is ready to enter mitosis. Mitosis During mitosis, the nucleus divides. One nucleus becomes two nuclei, each with an identical set of DNA. Mitosis consists of four separate phases: 1. Prophase: The DNA coils into chromosomes, the membrane around the nucleus begins to disappear, cylindrical organelles (called centrioles) move to opposite ends of the cell, and thread-like structures (called spindle fibers) sprout from the centrioles. 2. Metaphase: The nuclear membrane has disappeared completely, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the center (an area called the centromere). 3. Anaphase: The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart at the centromere and pull them to opposite ends of the cell. 4. Telophase: A nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromatids, the chromatids unwind, and cytokinesis begins. Cytokinesis Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two cells. After cytokinesis, cell division is complete. The one parent cell (the dividing cell) forms two genetically identical daughter cells (the cells that divide from the parent cell). The term "genetically identical" means that each cell has an identical set of DNA, and this DNA is also identical to that of the parent cell. 88

3 Review of Cell Division Reading 1. What do chromatin, chromosomes, and chromatids have in common? How are they different? 2. What are the three parts of the cell cycle? 3. What happens during mitosis? 4. What are the four phases of mitosis, in the correct order? 5. What is cytokinesis, and when does it occur? 6. How do daughter cells compare to the parent cell? 89

4 Cell Division Notes The cell cycle is the process by which cells replicate and divide. There are three parts: interphase (preparation), mitosis (nuclear division), and cytokinesis (splitting). Why do cells divide? How long does it take in embryonic (offspring) cells? How do cells know how to divide? The has the for all the cell s activities. How long does it take for body cells (adult human)? 1. Interphase COPYING Cell in size. (looks like a pile of string) replicates. double in number. 2. Prophase PAIRING DNA into chromosomes, which pair with their copy Centrioles move toward poles. Spindle fibers. Nuclear membrane begins to. 3. Metaphase MIDDLE Nucleus has completely. Chromosomes line up in the of the cell. Spindle fibers to centromeres. 4. Anaphase APART Centromeres. Chromatids and move toward opposite poles. 5. Telophase TWO Nuclear membrane around each group of chromosomes. Chromosomes. Cytokinesis. 6. Cytokinesis CYTOPLASM SPLITS Cytoplasm. cell becomes cells. 90

5 Cell Cycle Labeling 91

6 Formative Assessment: Cell Division DIRECTIONS: Match each phase with its theme. DIRECTIONS: Match each term with its definition. 1. Interphase A. Apart 7. Centriole A. Half an X shape. 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase B. Copying C. Cytoplasm Splits D. Middle 8. Centromere 9. Chromatid B. The X shapes. C. Cylindrical organelle. 5. Telophase E. Pairing 10. Chromosome D. Thread-like structures. 6. Cytokinesis F. Two 11. Spindle Fibers E. Center of the X. DIRECTIONS: Number the pictures to show the correct order of the phases of cell division. 92

7 Lab: Cell Division Objectives: Use models to study cell division. Learn that cell division is the process by which cells pass on their genetic information. What will happen to the number of chromosomes during cell division? Hypothesis: If a cell goes through cell division, then the number of chromosomes will. Warm-Up Questions: 1. Why do cells divide?. 2. During cell division, one cell becomes. 3. How many chromosomes do humans have?. 4. How does the DNA of a daughter cell compare to the parent cell? 93

8 Data Table: Drawing Number of Cells # of Nuclei (per cell) # of Chromatids (per cell) Cell Membrane Present? Nuclear Membrane Present? Before Interphase Interphase/ Prophase Prophase/ Metaphase Metaphase/ Anaphase Anaphase/ Telophase Telophase/ Cytokinesis Cytokinesis/Be ginning of Interphase 94

9 Formative Assessment #2: Cell Division DIRECTIONS: Match the event(s) to the phase in which they happen. 1. Anaphase A. Everything in the cell doubles. 2. Cytokinesis B. The cytoplasm splits. 3. Interphase C. Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, which unwind. 4. Metaphase D. Centromeres divide and chromatids move to opposite ends. 5. Prophase E. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. 6. Telophase F. DNA coils into chromosomes and nuclear membrane begins to disappear. DIRECTIONS: Match each term with its definition. 7. Centriole 8. Centromere 9. Chromatid 10. Chromosome 11. Spindle Fibers F. Centers of chromosomes. G. Thread-like structures that attach to centromeres. H. Cylindrical organelle that sprouts spindle fibers. I. Half of a chromosome. J. Coiled structures of DNA. DIRECTIONS: Number the pictures to show the correct order of the phases of cell division. 95

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