2015 AP Biology Unit #4 Test Cell Communication, Cancer, Heredity and The Cell Cycle Week of 30 November

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1 Class: Date: 2015 AP Biology Unit #4 Test Cell Communication, Cancer, Heredity and The Cell Cycle Week of 30 November Multiple Choice 1 point each Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. For a cell, a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene is most like? a. A bad mechanic. c. A stuck accelerator b. I don t know. What s an analogy? d. Broken brakes. 2. How do cancer cells travel through the human body? a. The lymphatic system collects fluids from capillaries and with it cancer cells, which are then delivered by the circulatory system b. Cancer travels through the body by way of sexual intercourse between a healthy person and one affected by the disease 3. During interphase a cell grows, duplicates organelles, and a. divides the nucleus. b. divides the cytoplasm. c. copies DNA. d. produces a new cell. c. They are moved around on neurons throughout the body d. The circulatory system only is responsible for relocating cancer cells 4. Which statement is true about the rates of cell division in eukaryotes? a. They increase with the age of the organism. b. They are faster than that of prokaryotes. c. They vary greatly within an organism. d. They remain the same for the life of the organism. 5. Imagine two heterozygous parents. Each has a dominant allele X for brown eyes and a recessive allele x for blue eyes. The phenotypic ratio for brown:blue eyes in their children is a. 1:2:1. b. 1:3:1. c. 3:1. d. 9:3:3:1. 6. What does a cell make during the synthesis stage of the cell cycle? a. daughter cells b. more organelles c. a copy of DNA d. greater surface area 1

2 7. A malignant tumor is more dangerous than a benign tumor because... a. its cells can acquire the capacity to invade other tissues. d. its cells engulf neighboring normal tissue cells. b. its cells are dividing faster e. it causes neighboring cells to mutate. c. it travels through the digestive tract 8. Which of the following statements is true of cytokinesis? a. takes place in plant cells only b. completes the cell cycle c. occurs during prophase d. organizes DNA 9. Cortisol is a steroid signaling molecule that communicates its signal by... a. binding to a membrane receptor pretein. d. binding to an intracellular receptor protein. b. binding to DNA. e. binding to mrna c. binding to trna 10. Which of the following phrases best describes cytokinesis? a. division of surface area b. division of the cytoplasm c. division of DNA d. division of the nucleus 11. Which law states that organisms inherit two copies of each gene and donate one copy to each of their offspring? a. law of segregation b. law of genetic linkage c. law of inheritance d. law of independent assortment 12. In humans, meiosis produces cells with how many chromosomes? a. 22 b. 46 c. 44 d A consequence of a signaling cascade is that it... a. accelerates mrna activity c. supplies energy to the cell b. amplifies the signaling response. d. is less susceptible to the impact of mutations. 2

3 14. Which of the following events is an important factor in increasing variety among sexually reproducing organisms? a. mitosis b. testcross c. crossing over d. gene linkage 15. Suppose that in sheep, a dominant allele (B) produces black hair and a recessive allele (b) produces white hair. If you saw a black sheep, you would be able to identify. a. its genotype for hair color. c. only its phenotype for hair color. b. the phenotypes for both of its parents. d. the genotype for only one of its parents. 16. When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway? a. receptor c. endocrine molecule b. signal molecule d. transducer 17. What would you expect cells to be like if they did not have properly functioning p53? a. The absence of p53 could cause cells to skip mitosis (M phase) and stay in S phase of the cell cycle. c. The absence of p53 would have no effect on the cells. b. The absence of p53 could cause cells to replicate with damaged DNA that could ultimately lead to cancer d. The absence of p53 inside cells would cause them to divide more rapidly. 18. During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate from each other? a. metaphase b. prophase c. telophase d. anaphase 19. The process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form takes place at the start of a. metaphase. b. mitosis. c. cytokinesis d. interphase. 20. During the gap 1 stage of the cell cycle, a cell a. duplicates its DNA. b. divides its cytoplasm. c. carries out its normal functions. d. splits into two new cells. 3

4 21. Proteins from outside a cell that stimulate it to divide are called a. growth factors. b. tumor supressor genes. c. stem cells. d. oncogenes. 22. What is the term for the programmed death of cells? a. carcinogen b. cyclin c. apoptosis d. kinase 23. Which statement best describes the relationship between the words cancer and tumor? a. Cancer is a disease that eventually disrupts body functions whereas a tumor is a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body. c. The two terms can be used interchangeably as they are synonymous b. Cancer is a disease of the digestive tract whereas a tumor may develop anywhere in the body d. Cancer is a disease which affects men whereas a tumor may affect both men and women 24. A distinguishing characteristic that can be inherited is a(n) a. gene. b. cross. c. trait. d. allele. 25. Receptor protein activation occurs when... a. ATP is converted into camp. c. there is a conformation change in the receptor protein. b. ADP is phosphorylated into ATP d. ADP is dehydrated into ATP 4

5 26. The following questions are based on the figure below: Which of the following types of signaling is represented in the figure? a. synaptic c. autocrine b. paracrine d. hormonal 27. In the figure above, the dots in the space between the two structures represent which of the following? a. signal transducers c. receptor molecules b. neurotransmitters d. pheromones 28. The termination phase of cell signaling requires which of the following? a. converting ATP to camp c. dissociation of the signaling molecule from the receptor b. activation of a different set of relay molecules d. removal of the receptor 29. The processes of mitosis and cytokinesis produce two identical a. strands b. chromosomes. c. daughter cells. d. chromatids. 30. Before a cell can proceed to mitosis from the gap 2 stage of the cell cycle, it must a. complete a full cell cycle. b. double in size. c. pass a critical checkpoint. d. undergo cytokinesis. 5

6 31. Which of the following would be most likely to cause a cell to become malignant (cancer)? a. Activation of a proto-oncogene and activation of a tumor suppressor gene c. Activation of a proto-oncogene and inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene b. Inactivation of a proto-oncogene and activation of a tumor suppressor d. Inactivation of a proto-oncogene and inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene 32. Recessive alleles may not be expressed because they are a. the most common allele in a population. b. the least common allele in a population. c. masked by a dominant allele. d. less likely to have crossing over. 33. Which statement describes the chromosome shown in Figure 5.2? a. It is made up of two centromeres. b. It is made up of two telomeres. c. It is made up of two chromatids. d. It is made up of two histones. 34. Insulin is a signaling molecule that... a. enters the nucleus and acts as a transcription factor. b. is a ligand for a membrane receptor protein. c. is a second messenger that activates camp. d. is a ligand for an intracellular receptor protein. 35. Can surgery successfully cure a cancer that has metastasized? a. Yes, it could remove all cells with defective cell-cycle regulation c. No, all body cells are dividing uncontrollably b. Yes, if the tumor is benign d. No, cancer cells are no longer localized in one spot 36. Kinases and cyclins are internal factors that a. cause apoptosis. b. control the cell cycle. c. cause cancer cells to break away. d. prevent mitosis. 6

7 37. Which of the following phrases describes the Punnett square in Figure 6.1? a. 1/4 probability of heterozygous offspring b. 3/4 probability of homozygous offspring c. dihybrid heterozygous-heterozygous cross d. monohybrid heterozygous-heterozygous cross 38. The inheritance of skin color in humans is an example of which of the following? a. codominance c. X-linked inheritance b. polygenic inheritance d. tumor suppressor genes 39. In humans, which of the following cell types is diploid? a. gamete b. ovum c. somatic cell d. sex cell 40. Which of the following statements is true of homozygous alleles? a. They are always inherited together. b. They are different forms of the same trait. c. They are identical forms of two different genes. d. They are identical forms of the same gene. 41. Normal CA-125 levels are indicated by values of 35 U/ml or less. CA-125 levels above this level would normally indicate a patient has cancer. Abby s CA-125 levels taken at two different times are indicated below. Is Abby likely to have a cyst or cancer? a. Cyst b. Cancer 7

8 42. The gap 1, gap 2, and synthesis stages of the cell cycle make up a. cytokinesis. b. interphase. c. telophase. d. mitosis. 43. Which is true of all cancers? a. They are inherited. d. They are caused by viruses. b. They are caused by chemical carcinogens e. They are caused by changes in DNA. c. They all respond in the same way to treatment 44. Why does cancer primarily affect older people rather than young people? a. None of the above c. Because older people have been exposed to more carcinogens. b. Because the immune system of older people is not as effective in distinguishing normal cells from cancer cells. d. Because cancer develops after multiple mutations have occurred which takes years to happen. 45. In which stage of the cell cycle do the nucleus and its contents divide? a. gap 2 b. gap 1 c. mitosis d. synthesis 46. Which of the following is an example of an internal factor that controls the cell cycle? a. kinase b. erythropoietin c. cell-cell contact d. growth factor 47. Mendel's second law of genetics, the law of independent assortment, is one explanation of the a. final stages of gametogenesis. b. greater strength of dominant alleles. c. random fertilization of gametes. d. genetic variation within species. 48. In 1971, Dr. Judah Folkman suggested that a tumor cannot grow beyond 1 2 mm without new blood vessels that provide nutrients to the tumor. In the 1990s, it was discovered that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates the formation of new blood vessels. And now we know that many cancer cells secrete high levels of VEGF. From this information, one might predict: a. Small tumors secrete more VEGF than c. Preventing VEGF production or action large tumors b. Dr. Folkman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine can stop tumors from growing d. Normal cells do not secrete VEGF 8

9 FRQs: Free Response Questions 9 points each. Asnswer at least SIX of the following short answer questions. Answer all for a possibility of 9 bonus points. Be sure to read questions carefully. Answer all questions as completely as possible. Use complete sentences (NOT outline form) for all your answers. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without proper discussion is inadequate. FRQs should require no more than 6 minutes to answer. 49. Color blindness is inherited as an x-linked recessive allele. In two or three sentences, explain why males have a greater chance of expressing the color-blindness trait. 9

10 50. The cell cycle is strictly regulated by various processes. In two or three sentences, describe what goes wrong when a cell is overtaken by cancer. (Refer to kinases, cyclins, proteases and protein P-53). _ 10

11 51. Study the diagram above. Many of the activities that occur during mitosis and meiosis are similar. In two or three sentences, describe one stage of meiosis that is distinctively different from mitosis. _ 11

12 52. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions. Which diagram in Figure 6.3 shows the process of meiosis? How do you know? Identify the process shown in diagram 1. Describe one way the process in diagram 1 is different from the process in diagram In 1990, the Human Genome Project began identifying all the genes that make up human DNA. In two or three sentences, identify a moral or social implication of this project. 12

13 54. The protein P-53 plays a critical role in preventing cancer. In two or three sentences explain whether the gene that produces the protein P-53 is an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene. 55. Insulin signal transduction is an example of an receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). What is the role of insulin in the human body? Summarize the concept of a "Signal Transduction Pathway" and how this type of pathway relates to the role of insulin. _ 13

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