Name: Cell division and cancer review

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1 Name: Cell division and cancer review 1. What type of cell undergoes meiosis? Gamete cells or Somatic cells 2. Define homologous chromosomes. 2 chromosomes with similar structure 3. For each of the following state if the cell is haploid or diploid. Sperm cell =haploid Liver cell =diploid Egg cell =haploid Stomach cell =diploid 4. If the diploid number in a liver cell of an organism is 52, how many chromosomes are there in the egg of this organism? During meiosis, the chromosome number: a) is doubled b) is reduced c) remains the same d) becomes diploid 6. Cells starting mitosis & meiosis begin with a (haploid or diploid) set of chromosomes. diploid 7. How many times do cells divide during meiosis? twice 8. Draw a tetrad and show crossing over. During what process and in which phase do you first see this in? During prophase of meiosis 9. How many cells form at the end of meiosis and how many chromosomes do they each contain? 4 with 23 chromosomes 10. A sperm cell is a (gamete or zygote), and is (haploid or diploid).

2 11. Which of the following best describe the term crossing over? a.) An exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes b.) A molecular interaction between two sister chromatids c.) A molecular interaction between two non-sister chromatids d.) A separation of two sister chromatids 12. Which letter in Figure 1 represents meiosis? Why? Figure 1 D, one diploid cell becomes 4 haploid 13. Which letter in Figure 1 represents mitosis? Why? A, one diploid cell becomes 2 diploid 14. Which letter in Figure 1 represents fertilization? Why? B, two haploid cells become one diploid 16. What is the ultimate goal/purpose of mitosis? Growth, repair, replace damaged cells 17. What is the difference between a chromosome, sister chromatids, and homologous chromosomes? You may draw a picture as your answer. Chromosome-form of DNA when it divides Sister chromatids- 2 identical chromosomes attached at a centromere Homologous Chromosomes- 2 chromosomes with the same structure 18. How are DNA and chromosomes related? Chromosomes are made of DNA 19. What is the difference between a haploid, diploid, and zygote? Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes and a zygote is formed when an egg and sperm cell combine 20. Give 3 examples how meiosis differ from mitosis. 1. Meiosis occurs in gametes not somatic cells 2. Meiosis forms 4 haploid cells, not 2 diploid cells 3. Meiosis has 2 divisions not one division

3 21. If the sperm cell of an organism contains 14 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in a somatic cell of this organism? The two major divisions of the cell cycle are: Interphase and mitosis 23. Draw the cell cycle and label the parts: 24. Describe what happens in each part of interphase: G1- cell growth S-DNA replication G2- cell prepares for mitosis, spindle fibers form Label the following terms on the diagram below: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, sister chromatids, centrioles, nucleolus, spindle fibers, chromatin, cleavage furrow, nuclear membrane, cell membrane, chromosome

4 25. Cancer is _uncontrolled cell growth. 26. Cancer is caused by cell regulators not functioning properly. 27. Any factor that causes cancer is called a carcinogen. 28. Define benign A tumor that does not spread 29. Define malignant A tumor that develops and spreads 30. Define metastasis When a tumor spreads to another part of the body. 31. What are cyclins and what do they do? Cyclins are proteins which control the rate of the cell cycle 32. Name 3 cancer treatments and give a brief description. Radiation therapy- use high levels of radiation to kill tumor Chemotherapy- using pharmaceuticals to kill the tumor Surgery- surgically removing the tumor

5 33. Explain what happens in each stage of cancer Stage I. This is usually a small cancer or tumor that has not grown deeply into nearby tissues and has not spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It is often called earlystage cancer. Stage II and III. These stages indicate cancers or tumors that are larger in size, have grown more deeply into nearby tissue, and have spread to lymph nodes, but not to other parts of the body. Stage IV. This stage means that the cancer has spread to other organs or parts of the body. It may also be called advanced or metastatic cancer.

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