1.3 - Cells. Chapter 3 - Cells

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1 1.3 - Cells Chapter 3 - Cells

2 Cells Cytology = the study of cells All animal cells have 3 main parts: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cell membrane is semipermeable Cytoplasm (cytosol): where remaining organelles are held

3 Handout Animal Cell Labeling

4 Other Organelles Organelles: little organs within the cell that perform specific functions The nucleus is to the cell what the is to a person. The cell membrane is to a cell what the is to a person.

5 Other Organelles Organelles: little organs within the cell that perform specific functions The nucleus is to the cell what the brain is to a person. The cell membrane is to a cell what the skin is to a person.

6 Cell (Plasma) Membrane Surrounds ALL cells Separates the cytoplasm from the external environment (and neighboring cells) Regulates the passage (transport) of certain molecules into/out of the cell, while preventing other molecules (selective semi-permeable) Made up of lipids (phospholipids) and proteins in a bilayer Hydrophilic head: water-loving (faces out) Hydrophobic tail: water-fearing (faces towards each other)

7 Nucleus Controls the activities of the cell AND facilitate cell division Surrounded by nuclear membrane Contains DNA (either in chromatin form or chromosome form)

8 Nuclear Membrane (Envelope) Double-layered membrane with pores (openings) Certain materials can pass into the nucleus or cytoplasm Outside of membrane is attached to endoplasmic reticulum

9 Nucleoplasm Clear, semi-fluid that fills the space around the chromatin inside the nucleus.

10 Nucleolus Small, round body that makes ribosomes Ribosomes can pass through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm

11 Cytoplasm (Cytosol) Sticky, semi-fluid between the nucleus and cell membrane Made up of mostly water (70-90%) Background of the cell in which chemical reactions take place, such as protein synthesis and glycolysis Molecules are transported around the cell Holds cellular structures (organelles) in place

12 Centrosome and Centrioles Centrioles are used to help animal cells divide (mitosis and meiosis) Extends spindle fibers to attach to chromosomes for division Centrosomes contain the centrioles while the cell is not actively dividing

13 Endoplasmic Reticulum Some of the endoplasmic reticulum connects to nuclear membrane to help transport materials in and out of the nucleus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: ribosomes stud the outside of the membrane; aids in protein synthesis Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: aids in cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism and drug detoxification

14 Mitochondria Energy producing organelle (cellular respiration = ATP) There can be as few as one in a cell or up to a thousand Double membrane structure containing enzymes

15 Handout Mitochondria and Aging

16 Golgi Apparatus (Body/Complex) Arrangement of layers of membranes Stores and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

17 Lysosome Oval or spherical bodies in the cytoplasm Contain digestive enzymes to break down proteins Digests old, wornout cells, bacteria and foreign matter Written Response #6: What is the enzyme in this image and how do you know? Written Response #7: What organ in your body is most like the lysosome?

18 Peroxisome Sacs that contain oxidase enzymes Help to digest fats and detoxify harmful substances

19 Cytoskeleton Internal framework made up of microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments Filaments provide structure to cell Tubules aid in movement of substances in the cell

20 Written Responses: Cells 12. What part of the cell is most like the stomach? 13. What part of the cell is most like your circulatory system? 14. What part of the cell is most like your brain? 15. What part of the cell is most like your bones? 16. What part of the cell is most like your skin? 17. Which part of the cell do you think is the most responsible for maintaining homeostasis? Explain your answer.

21 Lab: Observing Living Cells

22 Cell Division Used for growth and maintenance of cells All cells do not divide at the same rate Blood forming cells of bone marrow, skin and intestinal tract reproduce continuously Muscle cells reproduce every few years Neurons (nerve cells) do not reproduce Achieved through mitosis

23 Cell Size Cells are limited in size by the surface area (membrane) and volume (insides) ratio.

24 Cell Size Increasing surface area can increase the cell s efficiency moving substances. Cells of the digestive system have projects called villi that aid in absorbing nutrients.

25 Handout Cell Cycle Labeling

26 Cell Division Mitosis: division of the nucleus; same number of chromosomes Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm Meiosis: production of reproductive cells (ovum, sperm); reduction of chromosomes

27 Interphase Resting Stage Occurs before mitosis Undergoes all metabolic ( normal ) cellular activities Resting refers to the cell not undergoing steps of mitosis During early interphase, DNA replication occurs Two chromatids are combined at the centromere

28 Differentiation Occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows Cells become specialized for a specific function

29 Prophase Centrioles begin moving towards opposite ends (poles) of the cell Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve and the nucleolus disappears

30 Metaphase Chromatid pairs arrange themselves in a single file along the middle of the cell (equatorial plate) Spindle fibers connect to each chromatid

31 Anaphase Chromatid pairs begin to separate and the spindle fibers shorten Chromatids are pulled towards the poles of the cell

32 Telophase Chromosomes move to the poles of the cell Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear

33

34 Mitosis Animation

35

36

37

38

39 Cancer Cancer: caused by uncontrolled cell division

40 Cancer

41 Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes Cells must acquire materials from its surroundings Cells must also excrete their wastes and secrete synthesized substances Diffusion, osmosis, filtration active transport, phagocytosis and pinocytosis Diffusion, osmosis and filtration are passive forms of transport (no energy) Active transport, phagocytosis and pinocytosis are active forms of transport (need energy)

42 Diffusion Molecules spread evenly throughout a medium. Solute: solid particles that dissolve Solvent: liquid particles that dissolve solute (water) Move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration Continues until equilibrium is reached (molecules are evenly distributed)

43 Osmosis Diffusion of water or other solvent molecule across a selectively permeable membrane (solute cannot pass through) Osmotic pressure: the pressure exerted by water on the membrane Moves from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration

44 Osmotic Solutions Isotonic solution: equal amounts of solute inside and outside the cell (means the solvent is equal inside and outside) Water moves in and out equally Hypertonic solution: more solute particles outside the cell than inside the cell (means solvent is greater inside than outside) Water moves out of the cell and shrivels Used with patients who have edema Hypotonic solution: more solute particles inside the cell than outside the cell (means solvent is greater outside the cell than inside) Water moves into the cell and swells Used with patients who have dehydration

45 Filtration Movement of solutes AND water across a semipermeable membrane. The size of the membrane pores determines which molecules can move Results from mechanical sources, such as blood pressure or gravity Solute and water move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration Takes places in the kidneys of humans

46 Active Transport Molecules move from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration (AGAINST gradient) Requires energy (ATP)

47 Phagocytosis Cell eating Solid substances are engulfed into the cell using vesicles Attach to the cell membrane to enter the cell, forming a vacuole The vacuole is broken down by a lysosome, releasing the substance Example: human WBC s

48 Pinocytosis Cell drinking Liquid substances are engulfed into the cell Cell ingests the nutrient for its own use

49 Case Study - Mackenzie Mackenzie, at 4 years old, was diagnosed with pneumonia. Her parents were worried, it seemed that Mackenzie was always sick. She always had a runny nose and had frequent ear infections. The diagnosis of pneumonia also revealed something else - Mackenzie had a condition known as situs inversus. Written Response #18: 1. What do you think situs inversus is? 2. How might Mackenzie s condition be related to cell dysfunction?

50 Case Study - Mackenzie Given Mackenzie s history of illness, sniffles, and ear infections, doctors wanted to rule out cystic fibrosis (CF). A simple sweat test is used to diagnose CF. Written Response #19: Examine the image. Why is CF considered a disorder related to the cell membrane?

51 Case Study - Mackenzie Given Mackenzie s history of illness, sniffles, and ear infections, doctors wanted to rule out cystic fibrosis. A simple sweat test is used to diagnose CF. Written Response #20: Could CF have caused Mackenzie s symptoms? Explain your reasoning.

52 Case Study - Mackenzie Given Mackenzie s history of illness, sniffles, and ear infections, doctors wanted to rule out cystic fibrosis. A simple sweat test is used to diagnose CF. The sweat test showed that Mackenzie did not have extra chloride in her sweat. Written Response #21: Does this mean that she does not have CF? Could there be another cause for Mackenzie s frequent infections?

53 Case Study - Mackenzie Doctors wanted to test Mackenzie for a disorder called Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) This disorder causes cells to not create normal cilia. Written Response #22: What is different about this cilia? Written Response #23: Why would problems with cilia cause pneumonia, ear infections, and a constant runny nose? Cells scraped from the sinuses showed an irregularity in Mackenzie s cilia.

54 Case Study - Mackenzie Mackenzie can live with PCD, but she will always have a cough and deal with lung and ear infections. What about the situs inversus? It is believed that the motion of cilia may play a part in determining the placement of organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities. In the absence of ciliary motion, organ placement becomes a random event, giving each affected embryo a 50/50 chance of having typical or atypical placement.

55 Case Study - Mackenzie Mackenzie can live with PCD, but she will always have a cough and deal with lung and ear infections. Doctors have warned her parents that when she gets older, she may have trouble conceiving a child and is at risk for an ECTOPIC pregnancy. Written Response #24: What role does cilia play in reproduction? Written Response #25: What is an ECTOPIC pregnancy?

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