Baraa Ayed. Mohammad khatatbeh. 1 P a g e
|
|
- Janice Parrish
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 4 Baraa Ayed أسامة الخض Mohammad khatatbeh 1 P a g e
2 Today we want to talk about these concepts: Excitation-Contraction coupling Smooth muscles (Generally speaking) Excitation-Contraction coupling Excitation-Contraction coupling means how we get the excited muscle to get the contraction of this muscle. Remember that we have motor neuron that generates the action potential and this motor neuron have many terminals and each of these terminals synapse with one muscle fiber (one muscle cell). So, one neuron terminal ends in one muscle cell. This junction between the muscle cell and the motor neuron terminal is called Neuromuscular junction. As you see in the picture this is an example of neuromuscular junction: The parts of neuromuscular junction: Note that the specialized part of the muscle cell which the terminal ends in is the motor end plate so the terminal synapses with specialized part of the muscle cell not the whole muscle cell. The purpose of action potential generated in the motor neuron is to release the neurotransmitters which are Acetylcholine So once acetylcholine is released it will increase the concentration in the synaptic cleft. So 2 P a g e -The membrane of the muscle is called sarcolemma -Nerve terminal ends into a small invaginated part of the muscle membrane called synaptic gutter which is the motor end plate -At the bottom of synaptic gutter, muscle membrane has small folds called subneural clefts, which increase the surface area of synaptic gutter. -The small space (20-30nm) between the terminal and muscle membrane, where the neurotransmitter is released to stimulate muscle, is called synaptic cleft (synaptic space).
3 as increase in concentration, acetylcholine has increase probability to bind to its receptors on the sarcolemma. These receptors are linked to Na+ channels so the type of channels which are activated by binding of acetylcholine to its receptors are chemical gated Na+ channels (note why chemical gated channels? Because they are activated in response to chemical substance which is acetylcholine) So, what is the outcome? The outcome is small depolarization potentials which are sub threshold potential and called Motor End Plate Potentials (MEPPs). (you should remember that this is similar to EPSPs that in the synapse at the level between neurons). Now, the summation of these MEPPs leads to reach the threshold and by reaching the threshold, the voltage gated Na+ channels at the periphery of the muscle cell are active and result in generation of action potential. Now, the action potential spread toward the whole sarcolemma of the muscle cell. Remember: we also have acetylcholine esterase enzyme in the neuromuscular junction which purpose to limit and keep the concentration of acetylcholine in very minimal amount in the synaptic cleft by destroying it to prevent frequent excitations of the muscle cell. There are some pathological problems related to the transmission of action potential to the muscle cell: for example, myasthenia gravis which is an autoimmune disease in which the body form antibodies against Na chemical gated channels of the motor end plate and that lead to destruction of these channels and inhibition of transmission of action potential to the muscle cell and end in paralysis. However, we can increase the transmission of action potential to the patient with myasthenia gravis by giving acetylcholine esterase inhibitors ex (neostigmine or physostigmine) because they increase the concentration of acetylcholine in the cleft and therefore increase the chance of acetylcholine to bind to its receptors and more channels activated. By that we make the situation better than before and increasing the probability of generation action potential in the level of muscle cell. In addition, we can make the situation better by another way which is putting substance that do the same function of acetylcholine that can activate the receptors. Transmission can also fail by inhibition of acetylcholine receptors by curariform drugs such as D-tubocurarine, which can affect transmission of impulse from the nerve terminal to the muscle membrane by blocking the action of Ach on its receptor So, we study two situations in which there is inhibition of transmission of action potential: 1) Patient with myasthenia gravis due to destruction of sodium gated channels 2) Inhibition of acetylcholine receptors by the drugs mentioned above. 3 P a g e
4 Remember again not the whole sarcolemma is specialized but the only specialized area is the motor end plate which forms the neuromuscular junction with the terminal of the motor neuron. And again, each one muscle cell synapse with one terminal so, only one neuromuscular junction for each one muscle cell. Note: the type of channels in motor end plate is chemical gated Na channels but at the periphery is voltage gated Na+ channels. Example similar to that is that the cell body of the neuron has more concentration of chemical gated channels but at the axon and axon hillock there are more concentration of voltage gated channels Now, we end the process of transmission of action potential from the bottom terminal to the muscle cell that generated at the periphery of the muscle cell and spread all over the muscle cell. So, how does the contraction process happen? FIRST, at the surface of muscle membrane, there are small openings for tubules that run deeply (in transverse direction) in the muscle cell known as transverse tubules (Ttubules). These tubules contain extracellular fluid due to the opening that connects with the extracellular fluids. Also, they are membranous structures and their membrane is similar to the sarcolemma and they are located at the junction between the A band and I band. They also contain voltage gated sodium channels that transmit the action potential that reach it from this opening at the sarcolemma. So, the action potential is transmitted deeply inside the muscle cell. In addition, we have sacs at the sides of T tubule and these sacs belong to the sarcoplasmic reticulum which contains Ca++. And the action potential that generated in these T tubules will cause the release of Ca++ NOTE: the release of Ca++ is NOT due to depolarization of sarcoplasmic reticulum, it is absolutely WRONG, but will discuss in the next points There is a protein which joins the two membranes together (the sarcoplasmic reticulum & T tubule) which called Foot protein but still we have small space between the two membranes 4 P a g e
5 This foot protein has two parts; one part which is embedded in the transverse tubule and called dihydropyridine receptor and the other part which is embedded in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and work as Ca++ channel and called ryanodine receptor. As you see in the picture, this is the structure of foot protein: Dihydropyridine receptors works as sensor of voltage, so depolarization happens in the T tubule will be sensed by the foot protein and results in conformational change of the whole foot protein. The ryanodine receptor which works as Ca++ channel and embedded in the sarcoplasmic reticulum will open and results in the release of Ca++ in the sarcoplasm So, as you know the increasing in Ca++ concentration by 1000-fold in the sarcoplasm will result in binding of Ca++ to the Troponin c and the whole contractile process will happen. Side Note: These receptors (dihydropyridine and ryanodine) are called this so because dihydropyridine and ryanodine can bind to the dihydropyridine receptors and ryanodine receptors respectively, however we do not have either of the two chemical compounds in the human body (not produced but can be obtained from external sources like plants). But suppose they are found in the body they will result in conformational change and releasing of calcium without action potential. However, in our body we cannot get contraction of skeletal muscles without action potential. 5 P a g e
6 Note that the only source for Ca++ in contraction process is not from the outside but from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. So, what do you expect to be find in someone who has hypocalcemia? It will result in muscle spasm (tetanus)! Why? Remember we said previously the most post synaptic potentials are IPSPs and the calcium will be needed to release the inhibitory neurotransmitters from the vesicles in the presynaptic terminals. So, by that we result in less inhibition and then more chance for excitation "by why? It s supposed to have less contraction since the concentration of calcium is less so it is not to bind to troponin c!!, remember that the Ca++ that used in the contraction process is from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the calcium that used in the presynaptic terminal inters via the presynaptic membrane channels from the outside. In addition, Patients with alkalosis may develop tetanus. why? Because the calcium ions become in less ionic form and what we need actually is in the ionic form so result in tetanus. At the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum, there are also highly active Ca++ pumps. These pumps concentrate Ca++ inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum by folds (Ca++ concentration in sarcoplasmic reticulum = 10-3 molar, in the sarcoplasm during rest = 10-7 molar, and during excitation of muscle = 2X10-4 molar). The rapid uptake of Ca++ by these active pumps results in muscle relaxation. So, we end the first concept which is Excitation-Contraction process. The picture below summarizes this process: 6 P a g e
7 Smooth muscles: We want to talk generally about smooth muscle because we want to discuss it in details in the GI system. Smooth muscle cells are widely distributed in our body so we can find them in uterus, blood vessels, GI tract, and urinary tract and so on. Unlike skeletal muscles, smooth muscles are involuntarily controlled by different mechanisms. As you see, this is a smooth muscle cell in the relaxed (left) and contractile (right) forms. You notice that there is a difference in structure between smooth muscle cell and what previously studied in skeletal muscle cell Smooth muscle cell contains contractile proteins as skeletal muscle cells but the arrangement is different; they are not striated as skeletal muscle cell. Note the globular proteins which are called dense bodies which are like the Z line in skeletal muscle cell as they hold thin filaments Note the lines here which refer to the thin and thick filaments (actin & myosin) So, when smooth muscle cell gets contracted, the distance between the two dense bodies shortens. Remember the function of these dense bodies is similar to Z lines As you see, the organization of these contractile proteins doesn t form cylinders as in skeletal muscle cell Also, it is not approved up to now that smooth muscle cells do have neuromuscular junction as in skeletal muscle cell. what happens in smooth muscle cell is that a terminal synapses with the whole smooth muscle cell not (there is no specialized region (end plate) as in skeletal muscle) Then, the terminal releases its neurotransmitters in the cleft and interacts with the membrane receptors of the smooth muscle cell. we can have both types of receptors (excitatory receptors or inhibitory receptors) and they are not found in specialized region as in skeletal muscle cell (motor end plate) but on the WHOLE muscle cell. Now, the excitatory receptors can cause contraction and the inhibitory receptors can cause 7 P a g e
8 relaxation We said that there are many types of control of smooth muscles, one of them is the chemical control: When the neurotransmitters bind to the excitatory receptors, it will activate an enzyme which is called phospholipase c (PLC) PLC will degrade phospholipids which results in the formation of IPS and DAG. IP3 causes the release of Ca++ from the intracellular store that causes muscle contraction. Note that the smooth muscle cell can form action potential too but the action potential varies between the different smooth muscle cells according to the location (in the uterus, blood vessel, etc.) and this action potential activates Ca++ channels in the sarcolemma and the calcium inters the cell from outside. So, we have two resources of calcium in smooth muscle cells (from S.R that is chemically activated & from outside (ECM) via voltage activated channels) CONCLUSION, the contractile process in smooth muscle cell depends on the release of calcium from outside to inside and also from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Both ways can happen). BUT in the skeletal muscle only and only from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Now, the increase of Ca++ will result in binding of Ca++ to calmodulin. Once we have Ca++- calmodulin complex. This will activate an enzyme which is (MLCK) Myosin Kinase and this kinase phosphorylate the heads of myosin result in increasing affinity between the myosin and actin and result in contraction. 8 P a g e
9 for relaxation, there is another enzyme which is phosphatase that dephosphorylates the myosin heads and decrease the affinity between the actin and myosin that results in relaxation. The relaxation in smooth muscle cells also involves a decrease in Ca++ concentration by increased activity of Ca++ pumps located at the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticular membrane. The doctor said also that there is another mechanism of inhibition that results in relaxation which is done by c AMP produced by adenylyl cyclase Remember: in skeletal muscle the heads of myosin are already phosphorylated but the problem was in hiding the binding sites of actin by tropomyosin. 9 P a g e
10 This table shows you the differences between the different types of muscle cells: Don t forget to refer to the handout أع د ترميم نفس ك... واغ ر س قدم ك يف األرض إ ك ن سي د مشوار ك! 10 P a g e
Skeletal Muscle Contraction 4/11/2018 Dr. Hiwa Shafiq
Skeletal Muscle Contraction 4/11/2018 Dr. Hiwa Shafiq Skeletal Muscle Fiber About 40 per cent of the body is skeletal muscle, and 10 per cent is smooth and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscles are composed
More informationCellular Bioelectricity
ELEC ENG 3BB3: Cellular Bioelectricity Notes for Lecture 22 Friday, February 28, 2014 10. THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION We will look at: Structure of the neuromuscular junction Evidence for the quantal nature
More informationMuscle and Neuromuscular Junction. Peter Takizawa Department of Cell Biology
Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction Peter Takizawa Department of Cell Biology Types and structure of muscle cells Structural basis of contraction Triggering muscle contraction Skeletal muscle consists of
More informationPSK4U THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
PSK4U THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM REVIEW Review of muscle so we can see how the neuromuscular system works This is not on today's note Skeletal Muscle Cell: Cellular System A) Excitation System Electrical
More informationChapter 10: Muscles. Vocabulary: aponeurosis, fatigue
Chapter 10: Muscles 37. Describe the structural components of skeletal muscle tissue from the molecular to the organ level. 38. Describe the structure, function, and importance of sarcomeres. 39. Identify
More informationStructure of the striated muscle general properties
Structure of the striated muscle general properties Structure of the striated muscle membrane systems 1. Myofibrillum (contractile proteins) 2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) longitudinal tubule 3. SR terminal
More informationSkeletal Muscle Contraction 5/11/2017 Dr. Hiwa Shafiq
Skeletal Muscle Contraction 5/11/2017 Dr. Hiwa Shafiq Skeletal Muscle Fiber About 40 per cent of the body is skeletal muscle, and 10 per cent is smooth and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscles are composed
More informationChapter 8: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
Chapter 8: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function Objectives Draw & label the microstructure of skeletal muscle Outline the steps leading to muscle shortening Define the concentric and isometric Discuss:
More informationMuscle Physiology. Introduction. Four Characteristics of Muscle tissue. Skeletal Muscle
Muscle Physiology Introduction Muscle = tissue capable of forceful shortening or contraction Converts chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy Important in: Respiration Urine collection & flow Gastrointestinal
More informationNerve Muscle Relationship and Neural Muscular Junction Quiz. Remember, you need to know the structure and the function!
Nerve Muscle Relationship and Neural Muscular Junction Quiz Remember, you need to know the structure and the function! What is this called? What is this? Schwann cell What is this called? Basal lamina
More informationANSC (FSTC) 607 Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as a Food MOTOR INNERVATION AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION
ANSC (FSTC) 607 Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as a Food MOTOR INNERVATION AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION I. Motor innervation of muscle A. Motor neuron 1. Branched (can innervate many myofibers) à terminal
More informationChapter 10 Muscle Tissue Lecture Outline
Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue Lecture Outline Muscle tissue types 1. Skeletal muscle = voluntary striated 2. Cardiac muscle = involuntary striated 3. Smooth muscle = involuntary nonstriated Characteristics
More informationCHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems
CHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems 1. What are the three different types of neurons and what are their functions? a. b. c. 2. Label and list the function of each part of the neuron. 3. How does the
More informationMuscle Cells & Muscle Fiber Contractions. Packet #8
Muscle Cells & Muscle Fiber Contractions Packet #8 Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is responsible for movement. Introduction Introduction II Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers
More informationAnatomy and Physiology 1 Chapter 10 self quiz Pro, Dima Darwish,MD.
Anatomy and Physiology 1 Chapter 10 self quiz Pro, Dima Darwish,MD. 1) Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle? A) produce movement B) maintain posture C) maintain body temperature
More informationMarah karablieh. Osama khader. Muhammad khatatbeh. 0 P a g e
15 Marah karablieh Osama khader 0 P a g e Muhammad khatatbeh Cardiac Muscle Physiology Introduction The heart has two ventricles and two atriums. The heart wall is composed primarily of spirally arranged
More informationChapter 9 - Muscle and Muscle Tissue
Chapter 9 - Muscle and Muscle Tissue I. Overview of muscle tissue A. Three muscle types in the body: B. Special characteristics 1. Excitability: able to receive and respond to a stimulus 2. Contractility:
More informationMuscle Tissue. Alternating contraction and relaxation of cells. Chemical energy changed into mechanical energy
Know these muscles Muscle Tissue Alternating contraction and relaxation of cells Chemical energy changed into mechanical energy 3 Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle attaches to bone, skin or fascia
More informationMuscular Tissue. Functions of Muscular Tissue. Types of Muscular Tissue. Skeletal Muscular Tissue. Properties of Muscular Tissue
Muscular Tissue Functions of Muscular Tissue Muscle makes up a large percentage of the body s weight (40-50%) Their main functions are to: Create motion muscles work with nerves, bones, and joints to produce
More informationOrganismic Biology Bio 207. Lecture 6. Muscle and movement; sliding filaments; E-C coupling; length-tension relationships; biomechanics. Prof.
Organismic Biology Bio 207 Lecture 6 Muscle and movement; sliding filaments; E-C coupling; length-tension relationships; biomechanics Prof. Simchon Today s Agenda Skeletal muscle Neuro Muscular Junction
More informationCh.10 Muscle Tissue. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ch.10 Muscle Tissue Preview Chapter 10 In groups we will define the following terms 1. Skeletal muscle 2. Smooth muscle 3. Cardiac muscle 4. Sarcomere 5. Myofibril 6. Myofilament 7. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
More informationSkeletal Muscle. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The best-known feature of skeletal muscle is its ability to contract and cause movement. Skeletal muscles act not only to produce movement but also to stop movement, such as resisting
More informationPhysiology sheet #2. The heart composed of 3 layers that line its lumen and cover it from out side, these layers are :
Physiology sheet #2 * We will talk in this lecture about cardiac muscle physiology, the mechanism and the energy sources of their contraction and intracellular calcium homeostasis. # Slide 4 : The heart
More informationThe organization of skeletal muscles. Excitation contraction coupling. Whole Skeletal Muscles contractions. Muscle Energetics
Muscle and Movement The organization of skeletal muscles Excitation contraction coupling Whole Skeletal Muscles contractions Muscle Energetics The molecular bases of movement Muscular cells use molecular
More informationMuscle Tissue- 3 Types
AN INTRODUCTION TO MUSCLE TISSUE Muscle Tissue- 3 Types Skeletal muscle (focus on these) Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES Produce movement of the skeleton Maintain posture and
More informationTA Review. Neuronal Synapses. Steve-Felix Belinga Neuronal synapse & Muscle
TA Review Steve-Felix Belinga sbelinga@wustl.edu Neuronal synapse & Muscle Neuronal Synapses 1 Things you should know beyond the obvious stuff 1. Differences between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
More informationMuscle and Muscle Tissue
Muscle and Muscle Tissue Make up about half of total body mass Exerts force by converting chemical energy, ATP, to mechanical energy Muscle tissue is classified based on Shape Number and position of nuclei
More informationConnective tissue MUSCLE TISSUE
Connective tissue MUSCLE TISSUE Part 1 General features of MT Develop from mesoderm Many cells, less intercellular matrix Function contraction (shortening) Skeletal (striated, voluntary) Types of MT Cardiac
More informationMuscle Physiology. Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross Napa Valley College
Muscle Physiology Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross Napa Valley College Muscle tissue Muscle is an excitable tissue capable of force production Three types Skeletal- striated, voluntary Cardiac- non-striated, involuntary
More informationMuscle Tissue. Muscle Development and Repair. Development: fusion of myoblasts. Repair: Satellite cells (S) 3 Types of Muscle
ANNOUNCEMENTS Review Session Every Friday at 12:20 Muscle Tissue 3 Types of Muscle Function: Force generation Lab Practical Coming up! October 26 th, 27 th Muscle Tissue Striated Nonstriated Skeletal Smooth
More informationSkeletal Muscle and the Molecular Basis of Contraction. Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry
Skeletal Muscle and the Molecular Basis of Contraction Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry Like neurons, all muscle cells can be excited chemically, electrically, and
More informationMUSCLE TISSUE (MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY) PART I: MUSCLE STRUCTURE
PART I: MUSCLE STRUCTURE Muscle Tissue A primary tissue type, divided into: skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle Functions of Skeletal Muscles Produce skeletal movement Maintain body position Support
More informationConcept 50.5: The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
Concept 50.5: The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function Muscle activity is a response to input from the nervous system The action of a muscle is always to contract Vertebrate
More informationChapter 9 Muscle. Types of muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle. Striated muscle
Chapter 9 Muscle Types of muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Striated muscle Chapter 9 Muscle (cont.) The sliding filament mechanism, in which myosin filaments bind to and move actin
More informationChapter 10 Muscle Tissue and Physiology Chapter Outline
Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue and Physiology Chapter Outline Module 10.1 Overview of muscle tissue (Figures 10.1 10.2) A. Types of Muscle Tissue (Figure 10.1) 1. The three types of cells in muscle tissue are,,
More informationAmeen Alsaras. Ameen Alsaras. Mohd.Khatatbeh
9 Ameen Alsaras Ameen Alsaras Mohd.Khatatbeh Nerve Cells (Neurons) *Remember: The neural cell consists of: 1-Cell body 2-Dendrites 3-Axon which ends as axon terminals. The conduction of impulse through
More information5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons
5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons AXON ION GRADIENTS ACTION POTENTIAL (axon conduction) GRADED POTENTIAL (cell-cell communication at synapse) SYNAPSE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION NEURAL INTEGRATION CNS
More informationCardiac Muscle Physiology. Physiology Sheet # 8
15 8 1 We have three types of muscles in our body: 1. Skeletal muscles. 2. Cardiac muscle. 3. Smooth muscles. The cardiovascular system consists of : Heart, cardiac vessels. The wall of the Heart has three
More informationAnatomy Review. Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (
Anatomy Review Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction Neurons communicate with other cells at junctions
More informationBIPN 100 F15 (Kristan) Human Physiology Lecture 10. Smooth muscle p. 1
BIPN 100 F15 (Kristan) Human Physiology Lecture 10. Smooth muscle p. 1 Terms you should understand: smooth muscle, L-type Ca ++ channels, actin, myosin, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), myosine phosphatase,
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition. Mrs. Hummer. Chapter 9 Muscular System
Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Mrs. Hummer Chapter 9 Muscular System 1 Chapter 9 Muscular System Skeletal Muscle usually attached to bones under conscious control striated Three Types
More informationFunctions of Muscle Tissue
The Muscular System Functions of Muscle Tissue Movement Facilitation Thermogenesis Postural Support Regulation of Organ Volume Protects Internal Organs Pumps Blood (HEART) Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
More informationSkeletal Muscle. Connective tissue: Binding, support and insulation. Blood vessels
Chapter 12 Muscle Physiology Outline o Skeletal Muscle Structure o The mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle o The mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction o Skeletal Muscle Metabolism o Control of Skeletal
More informationAbout This Chapter. Skeletal muscle Mechanics of body movement Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Pearson Education, Inc.
About This Chapter Skeletal muscle Mechanics of body movement Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal Muscle Usually attached to bones by tendons Origin: closest to the trunk or to more stationary bone Insertion:
More informationBIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system
BIOH111 o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1 TEXTBOOK AND REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED
More informationSession 3-Part 2: Skeletal Muscle
Session 3-Part 2: Skeletal Muscle Course: Introduction to Exercise Science-Level 2 (Exercise Physiology) Presentation Created by Ken Baldwin, M.ED, ACSM-H/FI Copyright EFS Inc. All Rights Reserved. Skeletal
More informationMembrane Potentials. (And Neuromuscular Junctions)
Membrane Potentials (And Neuromuscular Junctions) Skeletal Muscles Irritability & contractility Motor neurons & motor units Muscle cells have two important and unique properties: They are irritable and
More informationSkeletal Muscle Qiang XIA (
Skeletal Muscle Qiang XIA ( 夏强 ), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C518, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel: 88208252 Email: xiaqiang@zju.edu.cn Course website: http://10.71.121.151/physiology
More informationWhat effect would an AChE inhibitor have at the neuromuscular junction?
CASE 4 A 32-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician s office with difficulty chewing food. She states that when she eats certain foods that require a significant amount of chewing (meat),
More informationFig Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nucleus. Muscle fiber. Endomysium. Striations.
Fig. 11.1 Nucleus Muscle fiber Endomysium Striations Ed Reschke 1 Fig. 11.2 Muscle fiber Nucleus I band A band Z disc Mitochondria Openings into transverse tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum Triad: Terminal
More information5. What component of the sarcomere is not attached to the Z line?
Model 2: Anatomy of a Sarcomere 1. Label the thick filament and the thin filament in Model 2. 2. How many sarcomeres are shown in Model 2? 3. Using Model 2, based on the locations of thick and thin filaments,
More informationSmooth Muscle. OpenStax College
OpenStax-CNX module: m46478 1 Smooth Muscle OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section, you will be
More informationCh 12: Muscles sarcolemma, t-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, myofilaments, sarcomere...
Ch 12: Muscles Review micro-anatomy of muscle tissue Terminology examples: sarcolemma, t-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, myofilaments, sarcomere... SLOs Differentiate levels of muscle structure:
More informationCLASS SET Unit 4: The Muscular System STUDY GUIDE
NPHS Anatomy & Physiology Questions to answer: 1) List three functions of the muscular system. 1) movement 2) thermogenesis (generates heat) 3) posture & body/joint support CLASS SET Unit 4: The Muscular
More information10 - Muscular Contraction. Taft College Human Physiology
10 - Muscular Contraction Taft College Human Physiology Muscular Contraction Sliding filament theory (Hanson and Huxley, 1954) These 2 investigators proposed that skeletal muscle shortens during contraction
More informationCh 12 can be done in one lecture
Ch 12 can be done in one lecture Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Chapter 12: Muscles Review muscle anatomy (esp. microanatomy of skeletal muscle) Terminology: sarcolemma t-tubules sarcoplasmic reticulum
More informationNerve Cell (aka neuron)
Nerve Cell (aka neuron) Neuromuscular Junction Nerve cell Muscle fiber (cell) The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor
More informationCh. 6: Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Ch. 6: Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 40% skeletal muscle + 10% smooth and cardiac muscle Ch. 7: Excitation of Skeletal Muscle Ch. 9: Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle Physiological Anatomy of
More informationNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Skeletal Muscle Structure. Motor Unit. Motor Units. Chapter 12 Outline
Chapter 12 Outline Skeletal Muscles Mechanisms of Contraction Contractions of Skeletal Muscle Energy Requirements of Skeletal Muscle Neural Control of Skeletal Muscles Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Muscle
More informationChapter 7 The Muscular System. Most abundant tissue (600+)
Chapter 7 The Muscular System Most abundant tissue (600+) I. Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle 1) Function: motion; posture; body heat Excitable, Contract/Extend, Elastic 2) Structure A. Connective tissue:
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling The Neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons are composed of a cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles; Dendrites which are extensions
More informationNerve regeneration. Somatic nervous system
Somatic nervous system Signals from CNS are sent to skeletal muscles. Final result is a muscle contraction. Motor neuron starts in CNS and its axon ends at a muscle cell. Alpha motor neuron Alpha motor
More informationNerve meets muscle. Nerve regeneration. Somatic nervous system
Somatic nervous system Signals from CNS are sent to skeletal muscles. Final result is a muscle contraction. Alpha motor neurons branch into several terminals (can be over 1000), each contacting a separate
More informationOmar Sami. Muhammad Abid. Muhammad khatatbeh
10 Omar Sami Muhammad Abid Muhammad khatatbeh Let s shock the world In this lecture we are going to cover topics said in previous lectures and then start with the nerve cells (neurons) and the synapses
More informationNEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3
NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES Neurons communicate with other neurons or target cells at synapses. Chemical synapse: a very narrow
More information1/4/2017. Introduction. Connective Tissue Coverings. 9.1: Structure of a Skeletal Muscle. Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Connective Tissue Coverings
Introduction Chapter 09 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction
More informationAction potential. Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon
Action potential Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon Action potential Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon Naturally
More informationTypes of Muscle. Skeletal striated & voluntary Smooth involuntary Cardiac - heart
Muscular System Types of Muscle Skeletal striated & voluntary Smooth involuntary Cardiac - heart The word striated means striped. Skeletal muscle appears striped under a microscope. Muscles and Muscle
More informationLecture Overview. Muscular System. Marieb s Human Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue Lecture 16
Marieb s Human Anatomy and Physiology Marieb Hoehn Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue Lecture 16 1 Lecture Overview Types, characteristics, functions of muscle Structure of skeletal muscle Mechanism of
More informationMusculoskeletal Systems. Anatomy: Arrangement of Cells Physiology: Contractions
Musculoskeletal Systems Anatomy: Arrangement of Cells Physiology: Contractions Characteristics of all muscle Contractile: it shortens Excitable: receives & responds to electrical signals Extensible: stretches
More informationMODULE 6 MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
MODULE 6 MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY III SEMESTER BOTANY Syllabi: Striated, Non striated and Cardiac muscle, Ultra structure of striated muscle fibre, Mechanism of muscle contraction, Threshold and spike potential,
More informationThe Nervous and Muscular Systems and the role of ATP
The Nervous and Muscular Systems and the role of ATP Overview of the Nervous System General parts: The brain The spinal cord The nerves and sense organs General functions: controls and coordinates body
More informationChapter 8 Notes. Muscles
Chapter 8 Notes Muscles 8.1 Intro Three muscle types Skeletal Smooth cardiac 8.2 Structure of Skeletal Muscle Composition Skeletal muscle tissue Nervous tissue Blood Connective tissue Connective tissue
More informationB108 BC Muscle Contraction and Locomotion *
OpenStax-CNX module: m62420 1 B108 BC Muscle Contraction and Locomotion * Melodye Gold Based on Human Biology Chapter 16: Muscle Contraction and Locomotion by OpenStax Willy Cushwa This work is produced
More informationCell Physiolgy By: Dr. Foadoddini Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Chapt. 6,7,8 Cell Physiolgy By: Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Birjand University of Medical Sciences ١ Contraction of Skeletal Muscle ٢ ٣ ٤ T tubule ٥ Sliding Filament Mechanism ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠ ١١
More informationMuscle Physiology. Dr. Ebneshahidi Ebneshahidi
Muscle Physiology Dr. Ebneshahidi Skeletal Muscle Figure 9.2 (a) Functions of the muscular system 1. Locomotion body movements are due to skeletal muscle contraction. 2. Vasoconstriction and vasodilatation
More informationMuscles and Muscle Tissue
1 Muscles and Muscle Tissue Chapter 9 2 Overview of Muscle Tissues Compare and Contrast the three basic types of muscle tissue List four important functions of muscle tissue 3 Muscle Terminology Muscle
More informationSkeletal muscle in the light of its structure
Mechanism of contraction of Skeletal muscle in the light of its structure By Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi (MBBS, M. Phil) Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Long cylindrical
More informationHow many skeletal muscles are present in our body? Muscles are excitable & contractile, extensible and elastic to some extent.
Muscles How many skeletal muscles are present in our body? -646 muscles The functions of the muscles are: Movement Maintenance of posture Generation of heat Stabilization of joints : amount of muscle surrounding
More informationIntroduction to Neurobiology
Biology 240 General Zoology Introduction to Neurobiology Nervous System functions: communication of information via nerve signals integration and processing of information control of physiological and
More information#1 20. physiology. Muscle tissue 30/9/2015. Ahmad Adel Sallal. Mohammad Qudah
# 20 physiology Muscle tissue Ahmad Adel Sallal 30/9/205 Mohammad Qudah MUSCLES PHYSIOLOGY Awn, welcome to the first physiology lecture in the MSS, I wish you a perfect exams with high grades, and never
More informationNEUROCHEMISTRY Brief Review
NEUROCHEMISTRY Brief Review UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS YEAR V SEMINAR VJ Temple 1 Membrane potential Membrane potential:
More informationSmooth Cardiac Skeletal Location Around tubes Heart tissue attached to skeleton Moves stuff thru Heart beat pumps Moves body parts
Biology 067 - Muscular system A. Type of muscles: Smooth Cardiac Skeletal Location Around tubes Heart tissue attached to skeleton Function Moves stuff thru Heart beat pumps Moves body parts tubes blood
More informationSkeletal Muscle. Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle Types of muscle Skeletal muscle-moves the skeleton by pulling on the tendons that are connected to the bones Cardiac muscle-pumps blood through the heart and blood vessels
More information2/19/2018. Learn and Understand:
Muscular System with Special Emphasis on Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Physiology Learn and Understand: The definition of cell changes again The contractile unit of muscle is the sarcomere. ATP and Ca 2+
More informationPortions from Chapter 6 CHAPTER 7. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses. Chapter 7 Outline. and Supporting Cells
CHAPTER 7 The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Chapter 7 Outline Neurons and Supporting Cells Activity in Axons The Synapse Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter Monoamines as Neurotransmitters Other
More informationSynapses and Neurotransmitters
Synapses and Neurotransmitters Action Potentials We have been talking about action potentials and how they allow an electrical impulse to travel from the dendrites to the end plates of a neuron. These
More informationContrac7on. Ch. 9 A- 2 Notes 11/30/14. Sliding Filament Model of Contrac7on. Requirements for Skeletal Muscle Contrac7on
Contrac7on Ch. 9 A- 2 Notes The genera7on of Does not necessarily cause shortening of the fiber Shortening occurs when tension generated by cross bridges on the thin filaments forces opposing shortening
More informationOutline. Neuron Structure. Week 4 - Nervous System. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
Outline Week 4 - The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Neurons Neuron structures Types of neurons Electrical activity of neurons Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization Synapses Release of
More informationMuscle Tissue. General concepts. Classification of muscle. I. Functional classification is based on the type of neural control.
Muscle Tissue LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Identify the three types of muscle tissue at the light microscopic level. 2. List and compare the structural and functional features of each of the three muscle fiber
More informationChapter 7 The Muscular System. Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1
Chapter 7 The Muscular System Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1 INTRODUCTION A. Muscular tissue enables the body and its parts to move 1. Three types of
More informationEE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015
EE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015 Action Potential Conduction And Neural Organization EE 791-Lecture 2 1 Core-conductor model: In the core-conductor model we approximate an axon or a segment of a dendrite
More information1. Differences in function of the 3 muscle types: a) Skeletal Muscle b) Cardiac Muscle c) Smooth Muscle
Ch 9: Muscle Physiology Objectives: 1. Review 3 muscle types and how they are regulated. 2. Review muscle anatomy. 3. Sliding filament theory of how muscles contract and relax. 4. Energetics of muscle
More informationChapter 10 -Muscle Tissue
Chapter 10 -Muscle Tissue Muscles: 1. Overview of Muscle Tissue A. Review 5 functions of muscle tissue. B. Review the 5 properties of muscle tissue. WHICH do they share with nervous tissue? (2, plus the
More informationThe Muscular System. Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to move.
The Muscular System Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to move. Anterior View Posterior View TRIVIA! How many muscles are there in the human body? Answer: 640 Muscles The muscles make
More informationMuscle Tissue. Muscle Tissue Outline. General Function of Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Outline General Functions of Muscle Tissue Characteristics of Muscle Tissue Classification of Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function Muscle Energetics Muscle Mechanics
More informationEXCITATION- CONTRACTION COUPLING IN SKELETAL MUSCLES 1
EXCITATION- CONTRACTION COUPLING IN SKELETAL MUSCLES 1 Summary: The sequence of events from the movement of an AP moving down a neuron to the completion of a contraction is examined. These events are referred
More informationChemistry 106: Drugs in Society Lecture 16: An Introduction to the Modern View of Drug Effect 5/04/18
Chemistry 106: Drugs in Society Lecture 16: An Introduction to the Modern View of Drug Effect 5/04/18 By the end of this session, you should be able to 1. Develop a sense of scale between the individual
More informationTypes of Muscle. Skeletal striated & voluntary Smooth involuntary Cardiac - heart
Muscular System Types of Muscle Skeletal striated & voluntary Smooth involuntary Cardiac - heart The word striated means striped. Skeletal muscle appears striped under a microscope. Muscles and Muscle
More information3.E.2 Continued. This is the essential knowledge statement from the curriculum framework. Detect---process--- response
Nervous System: Part III What Happens at a Synapse? 3.E. Continued Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. This
More information