Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2
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1 Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2
2 Carbohydrates are Polymers of Monosaccharides
3
4 Three different ways to represent a monosaccharide
5 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches and provide fuel for the body. Sucrose and lactose are examples of disaccharides or double sugars.
6 (Dehydration) Synthesis of a Disaccharide
7 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides: thousands of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches Starch: made in plants; stores energy Glycogen: made in animals; stores energy Cellulose: indigestible polysaccharide made in plants for structural support
8
9 Lipids Lipids are water-insoluble molecules that store long-term energy, and form cell membranes
10 Lipids Fats and oils are examples of triglycerides, a polymer made of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids
11 Lipids The fatty acids bond to glycerol through dehydration synthesis
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13 Lipids If there are no double bonds between carbon atoms and fatty acids triglycerides are classified as saturated Solid at room temperature If there are double bonds they are called unsaturated Liquid at room temp
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15 Oleic acid: a cis unsaturted fat
16 Trans fats are artificial unsaturated fats that are not kinked and therefore are not soluble at room temperature Elaidic acid: a trans unsaturated fat
17 Phospholipids Components of cell membranes Warm-blooded animals have saturated Cold-blooded and plants have more unsaturated
18 Phospholipids Phospholipid molecules have a Glycerol head that is polar and water soluble (hydrophilic) and a Fatty acid tail that is nonpolar and water insoluble (hydrophobic) Phospholipids function as essential structural components of membranes
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20 Phospholipids Phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer with the hydrophilic heads of each layer facing the aqueous side of the memb.
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22 Steroids Cholesterol and Hormones Estrogens and testosterone are examples of steroids
23
24 Proteins Amino acids consist of a central carbon atom bound to a hydrogen (H) atom, an amino group (NH 2 ), and a carboxyl group (COOH) in addition to a unique side chain called a radical (R)
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27 Proteins Proteins have four distinct levels of structure primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary that affect their function in the body
28 Proteins Changes in the chemical environment of a protein can cause it to lose its structure (called denaturation) resulting in a loss of function
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30 Proteins A special group of proteins are called enzymes and they serve as catalysts for chemical reactions
31
32
33 Characteristics of Enzymes Biological catalysts Make chemical reactions go fast (very) Active Site has affinity for its substrate Each enzyme is specific for a substrate
34 Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA Functions Store genetic information Provide information used in making proteins
35 Nucleic Acids Genes are segments of polymers called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
36 Nucleic Acids DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two types of nucleic acids and both are polymers of smaller units called nucleotides
37 Nucleic Acids A nucleotide is made up of: One five-carbon sugar bonded to One of five nitrogen-containing bases and One phosphate group
38
39 Nucleic Acids The sequence of the nucleotides in DNA and RNA determine the sequence of amino acids in protein (i.e., primary structure of the protein)
40 Nucleic Acids RNA and DNA have structural differences related to sugar, bases, and number of strands
41
42 Nucleic Acids RNA is single-stranded
43 RNA
44 RNA
45 Nucleic Acids DNA has two strands to form a distinctive double helix
46 DNA (double stranded)
47 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a special nucleotide ATP molecule is capable of storing energy in its phosphate-to-phosphate bonds
48 ATP molecule stores energy in its phosphate-to-phosphate bonds
49 ATP All energy from the breakdown of molecules such as glucose must be captured in ATP before the body can use it. It is often described as the energy currency of cells
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