Biochemistry: A Short Course

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Biochemistry: A Short Course"

Transcription

1 Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company

2

3 Chapter 16 Outline

4 Why is glucose such a prominent fuel in all life forms? 1. Glucose may have been available for primitive biochemical systems because it can form under prebiotic conditions. 2. Glucose is the most stable hexose. 3. Glucose has a low tendency to nonenzymatically glycosylate proteins.

5 Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate with the generation of 2 molecules of ATP. Glycolysis can be thought of as occurring in 2 stages: 1. Stage 1 traps glucose in the cell and modifies it so that it can be cleaved into a pair of phosphorylated 3 carbon compounds. 2. Stage 2 oxidizes the 3 carbon compounds to pyruvate while generating 2 molecules of ATP.

6

7

8

9 Upon entering the cell through a specific transport protein, glucose is phosphorylated at the expense of ATP to form glucose 6 phosphate. Hexokinase, which requires Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ as a cofactor, catalyzes the reaction. Hexokinase, like most kinases, employs substrate binding induced fit to minimize hydrolysis of ATP.

10

11

12 The conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate is catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase. The reaction is readily reversible.

13

14 The carbohydrate is trapped in the fructose form by the addition of a second phosphate to form fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. This irreversible reaction is catalyzed by the allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK).

15

16 The second phase of glycolysis begins with the cleavage of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (GAP). This readily reversible reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase. GAP can be processed to pyruvate to yield ATP, whereas DHAP cannot. The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase interconverts GAP and DHAP, allowing the DHAP to be further metabolized.

17

18

19 In the next reaction of glycolysis, a compound with high phosphoryl transfer potential, 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, is generated by the oxidation of GAP in a reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase.

20

21 The formation of glyceraldehyde 1,3 bisphosphate can be thought of as occurring in two steps: the highly exergonic oxidation of carbon 1 in GAP to an acid, and the highly endergonic formation glyceraldehyde 1, 3 bisphosphate from the acid. These two reaction are linked by the formation of an energy rich thioester in the active site of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase.

22

23

24 The energy of oxidation of the carbon atom, initially trapped as 1,3 bisphosphoglucerate, is used to form ATP. Glyceraldehyde 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate has a greater phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP, and thus can be used to power the synthesis of ATP from ADP and P i in a reaction catalyzed phosphoglycerate kinase.

25

26 3 Phosphoglycerate is converted into 2 phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase. A dehydration reaction, catalyzed by enolase, results in the production of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Phosphoenolpyruvate is a high phosphoryl transfer compound because the presence of the phosphate traps the compound in the unstable enol tautomer. ADP is phosphorylated at the expense of PEP, generating ATP and pyruvate, in a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase.

27

28

29 The net reaction for glycolysis is

30

31

32 The conversion of glucose into pyruvate generates ATP, but for ATP synthesis to continue, NADH must be reoxidized to NAD +. This vital coenzyme is derived from the vitamin niacin (B 3 ). NAD + can be regenerated by further oxidation of pyruvate to CO 2, or by the formation of ethanol or lactate from pyruvate.

33

34 Fermentations are ATP generating pathways in which electrons are removed from one organic compound and passed to another organic compound. The formation of ethanol from pyruvate regenerates NAD +. Pyruvate carboxylase requires the vitamin thiamine (B 1 ).

35

36 The conversion of glucose into two molecules of ethanol is called alcoholic fermentation. The NADH generated by glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase, regenerating NAD +.

37

38 NADH can also be oxidized by converting pyruvate to lactate in a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. The conversion of glucose into 2 molecules of lactate is called lactic acid fermentation.

39

40 Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Some obligate anaerobic microorganisms are pathogenic. Skeletal muscles in most organisms can function anaerobically for a short period of time, resulting in the build up of lactate.

41

42 Fructose from table sugar or high fructose corn syrup and galactose from milk sugar are converted into glycolytic intermediates. In the liver, fructose is metabolized by the fructose 1 phosphate pathway. In other tissues, such as adipose tissue, fructose is directly phosphorylated by hexokinase.

43

44

45 Galactose is converted into glucose 6 phosphate by the galactose glucose conversion pathway, which begins with the phosphorylation of galactose by galactokinase.

46

47 The sum of the reaction of the galactose glucose conversion pathway is: Glucose 1 phosphate can be converted into glucose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucomutase.

48 Lactose intolerance or hypolactasia occurs because most adults lack the enzyme to degrade lactose.

49 Northern Europeans have a mutation that prevents the decline of lactase activity after weaning. In lactase deficient individuals, gut bacteria metabolize lactose, generating CH 4 and H 2, and disrupt water balance in the intestine.

50

51 Classic galactosemia results if galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase activity is deficient. Symptoms include failure to thrive, jaundice, and liver enlargement that can lead to cirrhosis. Cataract formation may also occur.

52 Cataracts, a clouding of the lens, forms because the accumulating galactose is converted into galactitol, which is osmotically active, causing water to diffuse into the lens.

53 Enzymes catalyzing irreversible reaction in metabolic pathways are potential control sites. In glycolysis, these enzymes are hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.

54 Phosphofructokinase is the key regulator of glycolysis in mammals. The enzyme is allosterically inhibited by ATP and allosterically stimulated by AMP. When ATP needs are great, adenylate kinase generates ATP from 2 ADP. AMP then becomes the signal for the low energy state.

55

56 Hexokinase is allosterically inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate. Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by the allosteric signals ATP and alanine, and stimulated by fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate, the product of the phosphofructokinase reaction. In muscle, glycolysis is regulated to meet the energy needs of contraction.

57

58

59

60 The key regulators of phosphofructokinase in liver are citrate, which reports on the status of the citric acid cycle, and fructose 2,6 bisphosphate. Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase while fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is a powerful activator.

61

62

63 Hexokinase is an allosteric enzyme in the liver as it is in muscle. The enzyme primarily responsible for phosphorylating glucose in the liver is glucokinase (hexokinase IV). Glucokinase is active only after a meal, when blood glucose levels are high. Pyruvate kinase in the liver is regulated allosterically as it is in muscle. However, liver pyruvate kinase is also regulated by covalent modification. Low blood glucose leads to the phosphorylation and inhibition of liver pyruvate kinase.

64

65 Five glucose transporters, termed GLUT1 5, facilitate the movement of glucose across the cell membrane.

66

67 Rapidly growing tumors obtain ATP by metabolizing glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen, a process termed aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. When patients are infused with a non metabolizable analog of glucose, tumors are readily visualized by tomography.

68

69 The transcription factor hypoxia inducible transcription factor 1 (HIF 1) facilitates aerobic glycolysis. Exercise training also stimulates HIF 1, which enhances the ability to generate ATP anaerobically and stimulates new blood vessel growth.

70

71

72 Insulin is secreted by β cells of the pancreas in response to high blood levels of glucose. This secretion is stimulated by the metabolism of glucose by the β cells. Glucose enters β cells through GLUT2 and is metabolized to pyruvate, and the pyruvate is subsequently oxidized to CO 2 and H 2 O. The increase in ATP closes a K + channel, which alters the charge across the cell membrane. This alteration in turn opens Ca 2+ channels. The influx of Ca 2+ ions stimulates the release of insulin.

73

74

75

76

CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis

CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis Net reaction of Glycolysis Converts: 1 Glucose Hexose stage 2 pyruvate - Two molecules of ATP are produced - Two molecules of NAD + are reduced to NADH Triose stage Glucose + 2 ADP

More information

Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that metabolize one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the production of two molecules

Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that metabolize one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the production of two molecules Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that metabolize one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP Anaerobic no O 2 needed aerobic O 2 needed In

More information

Glycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition

Glycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition Glycolysis B 40 lecture hapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway Glycolysis is degradation of glucose to generate energy (ATP) and to provide

More information

Glycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate

Glycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate Glycolysis Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate After this Lecture you will be able to answer: For each step of glycolysis: How does it occur? Why does it occur? Is it Regulated? How? What are the

More information

BCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes

BCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes BCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 19 Glycolysis 2 aka = also known as verview of Glycolysis aka The Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway First pathway discovered Common to almost all living cells ccurs in

More information

Glucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain

Glucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain Glycolysis 4 / The Text :- Some Points About Glucose Glucose is very soluble source of quick and ready energy. It is a relatively stable and easily transported. In mammals, the brain uses only glucose

More information

OVERVIEW OF THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY Glycolysis is considered one of the core metabolic pathways in nature for three primary reasons:

OVERVIEW OF THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY Glycolysis is considered one of the core metabolic pathways in nature for three primary reasons: Glycolysis 1 Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - Overview of the Glycolytic Pathway Glycolysis generates a small amount of ATP Preview of the ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions of glycolysis - Stage 1: ATP

More information

GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels

GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels - Catabolic process degradative pathway - Energy stored in sugars (carbohydrates) released to perform biological work - Transforms GLUCOSE to PYRUVATE

More information

Chem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis

Chem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Chem 352 - Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Introduction Carbohydrate metabolism involves a collection of pathways. Glycolysis Hexoses 3-Carbon molecules Gluconeogenesis 3-Carbon molecules

More information

Carbohydrate Metabolism I

Carbohydrate Metabolism I Carbohydrate Metabolism I Outline Glycolysis Stages of glycolysis Regulation of Glycolysis Carbohydrate Metabolism Overview Enzyme Classification Dehydrogenase - oxidizes substrate using cofactors as

More information

Chapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Chapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition Donald Voet Judith G. Voet harlotte W. Pratt hapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Page No. 47-490 Introduction Glucose: is major source of metabolic

More information

0.40. Biochemistry of Carbohydrates

0.40. Biochemistry of Carbohydrates 0.40 Biochemistry of Carbohydrates Biochemistry of Carbohydrates ATP ADP Glycolysis The Breakdown of Glucose Primary Energy Source of Cells Central Metabolic Pathway All Reactions Occur in Cytoplasm Two

More information

Glycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437

Glycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437 Glycolysis Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Objectives: Recognize glycolysis as the major oxidative pathway of

More information

METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways

METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolism Metabolism involves : Catabolic reactions that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules. Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy

More information

Glycolysis. Glycolysis Expectations. Glycolysis 10/20/2015. Chapter 16, Stryer Short Course. Memorize/learn Figure 16.1

Glycolysis. Glycolysis Expectations. Glycolysis 10/20/2015. Chapter 16, Stryer Short Course. Memorize/learn Figure 16.1 Glycolysis Chapter 16, Stryer Short Course Glycolysis Expectations Memorize/learn Figure 16.1 Know overall reaction and stages Explain chemical/physiological purpose of each step Learn structures Reversible/Irreversible

More information

Portal module: m Glycolysis. First Last. 1 First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps)

Portal module: m Glycolysis. First Last. 1 First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps) Portal module: m10399 1 Glycolysis First Last This work is produced by Portal and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 Abstract By the end of this section, you will be able to do

More information

Fate of glucose in living systems. Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words; Glucose + 6O 2 = 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O δg o = kj/mol

Fate of glucose in living systems. Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words; Glucose + 6O 2 = 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O δg o = kj/mol Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words; Glykys = Sweet, Lysis = splitting During this process one molecule of glucose (6 carbon molecule) is degraded into two molecules of pyruvate (three carbon molecule).

More information

CHEM121 Unit 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism

CHEM121 Unit 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism CHEM121 Unit 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism Lecture 3 At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Define metabolism Discuss the structure and function of ATP in metabolism Discuss glycolysis in

More information

Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism

Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Foods Food is broken down into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and sent through catabolic pathways to produce energy. Glycolysis glucose 2 P i 2 ADP

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh number 11 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Moayyad Al-Shafei Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e General Regulatory Aspects in Metabolism: We can divide all pathways in metabolism to catabolicand anabolic.

More information

Biochemistry. Glycolysis. Metabolism of Carbohydrates. Dr.S.K.Khare, Professor IIT Delhi. Principal Investigator.

Biochemistry. Glycolysis. Metabolism of Carbohydrates. Dr.S.K.Khare, Professor IIT Delhi. Principal Investigator. Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module :03 Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Reviewer Content Writer Dr.S.K.Khare, Professor IIT Delhi. Dr. Ramesh Kothari, Professor UGC-CAS Department

More information

Biochemistry of carbohydrates

Biochemistry of carbohydrates Biochemistry of carbohydrates الفريق الطبي األكاديمي Done By: - Hanan Jamal لكية الطب البرشي البلقاء التطبيقية / املركز 6166 6102/ In the last lecture we talked about Pyruvate, pyruvate is a central intermediate;

More information

Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week.

Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week. Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week. Today s slides will be put on-line today, and are designed to introduce you to glycolysis. You should use these slides, along

More information

Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-1

Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-1 Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-1 Using the following values, answer questions 1-3. ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i ΔG = -30 kj/mol Creatine-phosphate + H 2 O Creatine + P i ΔG = -12 kj/mol ½O 2 + 2H + + 2e - H

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with

More information

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis (Ch. 6)

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis (Ch. 6) Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis (Ch. 6) What s the point? The point is to make! 2007-2008 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins Heterotrophs

More information

MBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle

MBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle MBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle (1) Glucose 1-pohsphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate

More information

CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions

CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy

More information

Regulation of glycolysis

Regulation of glycolysis Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module : 07 Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Reviewer Content Writer Dr.S.K.Khare,Professor IIT Delhi. Dr. Ramesh Kothari,Professor UGC-CAS Department

More information

Course: PGPathshala-Biophysics Paper 3: THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS AND BIOENERGETICS Module 13: ENERGY GENERATION: GLYCOLYSIS

Course: PGPathshala-Biophysics Paper 3: THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS AND BIOENERGETICS Module 13: ENERGY GENERATION: GLYCOLYSIS Course: PGPathshala-Biophysics Paper 3: THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS AND BIOENERGETICS Module 13: ENERGY GENERATION: GLYCOLYSIS Content Writer: Dr. Radhika Bakhshi, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied

More information

Yield of energy from glucose

Yield of energy from glucose Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005

More information

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: (Glycolysis) AP Biology

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: (Glycolysis) AP Biology Cellular Respiration Stage 1: (Glycolysis) What s the point? The point is to make! Glycolysis: Breaking down glucose glyco lysis (splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C In the cytosol? Why does that

More information

Chapter 24 Lecture Outline

Chapter 24 Lecture Outline Chapter 24 Lecture Outline Carbohydrate Lipid and Protein! Metabolism! In the catabolism of carbohydrates, glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, which is then metabolized into acetyl CoA. Prepared

More information

Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism

Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism 70 Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller

More information

Integration of Metabolism

Integration of Metabolism Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed

More information

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead

More information

Review of Carbohydrate Digestion

Review of Carbohydrate Digestion Review of Carbohydrate Digestion Glycolysis Glycolysis is a nine step biochemical pathway that oxidizes glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, energy is released and some of it

More information

III. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II

III. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II Slide 1 Metabolic Fates of NADH and Pyruvate Cartoon: Fate of pyruvate, the product of glycolysis.

More information

Derived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis *

Derived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis * OpenStax-CNX module: m56968 1 Derived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis * Erin Easlon Based on Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis by OpenStax Mitch Singer This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative

More information

PRINT your Name Student (FAMILY, first name) Midterm 7:00 P.M.

PRINT your Name Student (FAMILY, first name) Midterm 7:00 P.M. PRINT your Name Student No. (FAMILY, first name) BIOCHEMISTRY 311A VERSION 1 (ONE) Midterm 7:00 P.M. Examiners: Dr. R. E. MacKenzie (69%) Dr. A. Storer (18%) Dr. W. Mushynski (13%) READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY!!

More information

Rawan almujaibel. Ayman Musleh. Dr. Nayef

Rawan almujaibel. Ayman Musleh. Dr. Nayef 12 Rawan almujaibel Ayman Musleh Ayman Musleh Dr. Nayef In the previous lecture we talked about digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. In this lecture we will be talking about glycolysis. Glycolysis

More information

Chemical Energy. Valencia College

Chemical Energy. Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration

More information

Transport. Oxidation. Electron. which the en the ETC and. of NADH an. nd FADH 2 by ation. Both, Phosphorylation. Glycolysis Glucose.

Transport. Oxidation. Electron. which the en the ETC and. of NADH an. nd FADH 2 by ation. Both, Phosphorylation. Glycolysis Glucose. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidation Phosphorylation When one glucose molecule is oxidized to six CO 2 molecules by way of glycolysiss and TCA cycle, considerable amount of energy (ATP) is generated.

More information

Metabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways

Metabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Metabolism Metabolism is the chemical change of

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;

More information

Respiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs

Respiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Respiration rganisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis Heterotrophs Live on organic compounds produced by

More information

Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet

Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-ofbiochemistry-4th-edition-by-voet/ Chapter 16: Glycogen

More information

Hexose Metabolism. An overview of sugar metabolism and how these sugars enter glycolysis.

Hexose Metabolism. An overview of sugar metabolism and how these sugars enter glycolysis. Hexose Metabolism An overview of sugar metabolism and how these sugars enter glycolysis. See chapter 15 of Fundamentals of Biochemisty: Life at the Molecular Level, 4 th Ed by Voet, Voet, and Pratt. Overview

More information

CHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith

CHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith CHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith CHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism Learning Objectives: q Role in

More information

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes

More information

Biochemistry sheet (11)

Biochemistry sheet (11) Biochemistry sheet (11) Made by: wael abu-anzeh corrected by: abd. salman DATE: 3/11/2016 Some explanations about the previous lectures: 1- Glucose is the only form of sugar that circlet in the blood,

More information

Glycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4

Glycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4 Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh number 16 Done Huda shaheen by Corrected by حسام أبو عوض Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 In the previous lecture, we talked about glycogen metabolism and regulation. In this sheet we will talk about the metabolism

More information

Cellular Respiration. Overview of Cellular Respiration. Lecture 8 Fall Overview of Cellular Respiration. Overview of Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Overview of Cellular Respiration. Lecture 8 Fall Overview of Cellular Respiration. Overview of Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration 1 Cellular Respiration Lecture 8 Fall 2008 All organisms need ATP to do cellular work Cellular Respiration: The conversion of chemical energy of carbon compounds into another

More information

Carbohydrate. Metabolism

Carbohydrate. Metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism Dietary carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose Mouth salivary amylase Summary of Carbohydrate Utilization Utilization for energy (glycolysis) ligosaccharides and disaccharides

More information

Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.2 Glucose Catabolism 3.2a Glycolysis Pathway 3.2b Glycolysis Regulation 3.2c Fermentation

Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.2 Glucose Catabolism 3.2a Glycolysis Pathway 3.2b Glycolysis Regulation 3.2c Fermentation Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY 3.2 Glucose Catabolism 3.2a Glycolysis Pathway 3.2b Glycolysis Regulation 3.2c Fermentation Section 3.2a: Glycolysis Synopsis 3.2a - Dietary starch (eg bread, rice and

More information

Biochemistry: A Short Course

Biochemistry: A Short Course Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course First Edition CHAPTER 19 Harvesting Electrons from the Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 19 Outline The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl

More information

NAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!

NAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the

More information

Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar

Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar 14 Moh Tarek Razi Kittaneh Jaqen H ghar Naif Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. Although Gluconeogenesis looks like Glycolysis in many steps, it is not the simple

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.2 Light energy

More information

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis 2007-2008 What s the point? The point is to make! 2007-2008 Glycolysis Breaking down glucose glyco lysis (splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C In the cytosol?

More information

Glycolysis. Intracellular location Rate limiting steps

Glycolysis. Intracellular location Rate limiting steps Glycolysis Definition Fx Fate Site Intracellular location Rate limiting steps Regulation Consume ATP Subs level phosphoryla tion Key reactions control points Nb Oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (

More information

Chapter 10. Cellular Respiration Pearson Education Ltd

Chapter 10. Cellular Respiration Pearson Education Ltd Chapter 10 Cellular Respiration Life Is Work a) Living cells require energy from outside sources b) Some animals, such as the giraffe, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms

More information

it s a specific enzyme, the mechanism is that the intermediate which is the thioester ( aldehyde, substrate ) is covalently bound to the enzyme.

it s a specific enzyme, the mechanism is that the intermediate which is the thioester ( aldehyde, substrate ) is covalently bound to the enzyme. Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate : glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate on carbon1 it s an aldehyde group, which is oxidized and converted to carboxylic group ( aldehyde - becomes carboxylic acid ) this is

More information

Biochemistry. Metabolism

Biochemistry. Metabolism Biochemistry Metabolism 07.11.2017 27.11.2017 Gluconeogenesis Gerhild van Echten-Deckert Tel. 73 2703 E-mail: g.echten.deckert@uni-bonn.de www.limes-institut-bonn.de Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis 7 glycolytic

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Life Is Work Living cells

More information

14 Glycolysis W. H. Freeman and Company

14 Glycolysis W. H. Freeman and Company 14 Glycolysis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 1 Central Importance of Glucose Glucose is an excellent fuel. - Yields good amount of energy upon oxidation. - Can be efficiently stored in the polymeric form.

More information

Summary of Coenzymes. Summary of Coenzymes, con t. Summary of Coenzymes, con t. Lecture 31 BCH 4053 Summer 2000

Summary of Coenzymes. Summary of Coenzymes, con t. Summary of Coenzymes, con t. Lecture 31 BCH 4053 Summer 2000 Lecture 31 BCH 4053 Summer 2000 1 2 Summary of Coenzymes Coenzyme Thiamine Pyrophosphate NAD + and NADP + FAD and FMN Pyridoxal Phosphate Thiamine (B 1 ) Niacin Riboflavin (B 2 ) Pyridoxine (B 6 ) Class

More information

Glycolysis Introduction to Metabolism Regulation of Metabolism Overview of Glycolysis Reactions of Glycolysis

Glycolysis Introduction to Metabolism Regulation of Metabolism Overview of Glycolysis Reactions of Glycolysis Glycolysis Introduction to Metabolism Regulation of Metabolism Overview of Glycolysis Reactions of Glycolysis Suggested Reading: Lippincot s Ilustrated reviews: Biochemistry Glycolysis, an example of metabolic

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Assemble polymers, pump substances across membranes, move and reproduce The giant panda Obtains energy for its cells by eating plants which get

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living

More information

ATP ATP. Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy. The point is to make ATP!

ATP ATP. Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy. The point is to make ATP! ellular Respiration Harvesting hemical Energy 1 The point is to make! 2 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Life Is Work Living cells

More information

Campbell Biology 9. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., Lecture on General Biology 1

Campbell Biology 9. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., Lecture on General Biology 1 Lecture on General Biology 1 Campbell Biology 9 th edition Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., chulsuyang@hanyang.ac.kr Infection Biology Lab., Dept. of Molecular & Life

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living

More information

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes

More information

ATP. Principles of Energy Harvest. Chapter 9~ The point is to make ATP! Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. What s the point?

ATP. Principles of Energy Harvest. Chapter 9~ The point is to make ATP! Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. What s the point? Chapter 9~ Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy What s the point? The point is to make! 2006-2007 Principles of Energy Harvest Catabolic pathway Fermentation Cellular Respiration C6H126 + 62

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

More information

Glycolysis. Biochemistry of Metabolism. glucose-6-phosphate. ATP adenosine triphosphate

Glycolysis. Biochemistry of Metabolism. glucose-6-phosphate. ATP adenosine triphosphate Biochemistry of Metabolism opyright 998-007 by Joyce J. Diwan. All rights reserved. Gibbs Free Energy hanges Rxn# Enzyme ΔG '(kj/mol) ΔG(kJ/mol) exokinase -.7 -. Phosphogluco-isomerase +.7 -. Phosphofructokinase

More information

This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)

This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that

More information

Bis2A 5.3 Glycolysis: Beginning Principles of Energy and Carbon Flow *

Bis2A 5.3 Glycolysis: Beginning Principles of Energy and Carbon Flow * OpenStax-CNX module: m59692 1 Bis2A 5.3 Glycolysis: Beginning Principles of Energy and Carbon Flow * The BIS2A Team This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution

More information

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Note (Study Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose, TCA cycle and Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle, HMP shunt in

More information

7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy 7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Metabolism? How Is Energy Harvested

More information

Ch. 9 Cellular Respira,on BIOL 222

Ch. 9 Cellular Respira,on BIOL 222 Ch. 9 Cellular Respira,on BIOL Energy Arrives as sunlight Photosynthesis Energy ECOSYSTEM Light energy Plants capture sunlight organic molecules and generates O Carbs used in cellular respira@on CO + H

More information

Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 1 Metabolism: The sum of all the chemical transformations taking place in a cell or organism, occurs through a series of enzymecatalyzed reactions that constitute

More information

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism OpenStax-CNX module: m46451 1 Carbohydrate Metabolism OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Light energy ECOSYSTEM. Organic molecules CO 2 + H 2 O

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Light energy ECOSYSTEM. Organic molecules CO 2 + H 2 O 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2

More information

CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Metabolism Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems The direction and extent to which a chemical reaction

More information

Aerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose

Aerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1 I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until

More information

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5 1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced

More information

3.2 Aerobic Respiration

3.2 Aerobic Respiration 3.2 Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Cellular Respiration Catabolic pathways Breaks down energy-rich compounds to make ATP Requires oxygen Occurs in different parts of the cell C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g) 6CO

More information

Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism

Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter bjectives: Learn about Blood glucose. Learn about the glycolysis reaction pathways and the regulation of glycolysis. Learn about the fates of pyruvate under various

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.

More information