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1 Cell Structure & Function Source:

2 Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

3 Typical Animal Cell

4 Cells cells -possess a membrane-bound nucleus -are more complex than prokaryotic cells -compartmentalize many cellular functions within organelles and the endomembrane system -possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure 4

5 Eukaryotic Cells 5

6 Cells Nucleus -stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes -surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers -in chromosomes DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin 6

7 Cells 7

8 Cells Ribosomes -the site of protein synthesis in the cell -composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins -found within the cytosol of the cytoplasm and attached to internal membranes 8

9 Cell Structure All Cells have: an outermost plasma membrane genetic material in the form of DNA cytoplasm with ribosomes

10 Cell Parts Organelles

11 Surrounding the Cell

12 Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer

13 Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells

14 Inside the Cell

15 Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

16 Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

17 Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins

18 Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material

19 Endoplasmic Reticulum Moves materials around in cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

20 Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell

21 Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

22 Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell

23 Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome structure is disrupted.

24 Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape

25 1. Plasma Membrane All membranes are phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins The outer plasma membrane isolates cell contents controls what gets in and out of the cell receives signals

26 3. Cytoplasm with ribosomes Cytoplasm fluid area inside outer plasma membrane and outside DNA region Ribosomes make proteins

27 Cell Structure All Cells have: an outermost plasma membrane genetic material in the form of DNA cytoplasm with ribosomes

28 Why Are Cells So Small? (4.2) Cells need sufficient surface area to allow adequate transport of nutrients in and wastes out. As cell volume increases, so does the need for the transporting of nutrients and wastes.

29 Why Are Cells So Small? However, as cell volume increases the surface area of the cell does not expand as quickly. If the cell s volume gets too large it cannot transport enough wastes out or nutrients in. Thus, surface area limits cell volume/size.

30 Why Are Cells So Small? Strategies for increasing surface area, so cell can be larger: Frilly edged. Long and narrow.. Round cells will always be small.

31 Cells Structures in all cells Nucleus Ribosomes Endomembrane System Endoplasmic reticulum smooth and rough Golgi apparatus Vesicles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

32 CYTOSKELETON NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRION ROUGH ER CYTOPLASM SMOOTH ER CENTRIOLES GOLGI BODY PLASMA MEMBRANE VESICLE LYSOSOME Fig. 4-15b, p.59

33 Nucleus (4.5) Function isolates the cell s genetic material, DNA DNA directs/controls the activities of the cell DNA determines which types of RNA are made The RNA leaves the nucleus and directs the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm at a

34 Nucleus Structure Nuclear envelope Two Phospholipid bilayers with protein lined pores Each pore is a ring of 8 proteins with an opening in the center of the ring Nucleoplasm fluid of the nucleus

35 Nuclear pore bilayer facing cytoplasm Nuclear envelope bilayer facing nucleoplasm Fig. 4-17, p.61

36 Nucleus DNA is arranged in chromosomes Chromosome fiber of DNA with proteins attached Chromatin all of the cell s DNA and the associated proteins

37 Nucleus Structure, continued Nucleolus Area of condensed DNA Where ribosomal subunits are made Subunits exit the nucleus via nuclear pores

38 Structures of the Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope Two forms - smooth and rough Transport vesicles Golgi apparatus

39

40 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The ER is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope There are 2 types of ER: Rough ER has ribosomes attached Smooth ER no ribosomes attached

41 Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Network of flattened membrane sacs create a maze RER contains enzymes that recognize and modify proteins Ribosomes are attached to the outside of the RER and make it appear rough

42 Endoplasmic Reticulum Function RER Proteins are modified as they move through the RER Once modified, the proteins are packaged in transport vesicles for transport to the Golgi body

43 Endomembrane System Smooth ER (SER) Tubular membrane structure Continuous with RER No ribosomes attached Function SER Lipids are made inside the SER fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols.. Lipids are packaged in transport vesicles and sent to the Golgi

44 Endomembrane System Vacuoles -membrane-bound structures with various functions depending on the cell type There are different types of vacuoles: -central vacuole in plant cells -contractile vacuole of some protists -vacuoles for storage 44

45 Endomembrane System Endomembrane system -a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm -divides cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur 1. endoplasmic reticulum 2. Golgi apparatus 3. lysosomes 45

46 Endomembrane System Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) -membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm -attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance -synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane 46

47 Endomembrane System Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) -relatively few ribosomes attached -functions: -synthesis of membrane lipids -calcium storage -detoxification of foreign substances 47

48 Endomembrane System

49 Endomembrane System Golgi apparatus -flattened stacks of interconnected membranes -packaging and distribution of materials to different parts of the cell -synthesis of cell wall components 49

50 50

51 Endomembrane System Lysosomes -membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules -destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis 51

52 52

53 Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Stack of flattened membrane sacs Function Golgi apparatus Completes the processing substances received from the ER Sorts, tags and packages fully processed proteins and lipids in vesicles

54

55 Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from the ER on one side of the organelle Vesicle binds to the first layer of the Golgi and its contents enter the Golgi

56 Golgi Apparatus The proteins and lipids are modified as they pass through layers of the Golgi Molecular tags are added to the fully modified substances These tags allow the substances to be sorted and packaged appropriately. Tags also indicate where the substance is to be shipped.

57 Golgi Apparatus

58 Transport Vesicles Transport Vesicles Vesicle = small membrane bound sac Transport modified proteins and lipids from the ER to the Golgi apparatus (and from Golgi to final destination)

59 Mitochondria (4.15) Function synthesis of ATP 3 major pathways involved in ATP production 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron transport system (ETS)

60 Mitochondria Structure: ~1-5 microns Two membranes Outer membrane Inner membrane - Highly folded Folds called cristae Intermembrane space (or outer compartment) Matrix DNA and ribosomes in matrix

61 Mitochondria

62 Mitochondria (4.15) Function synthesis of ATP 3 major pathways involved in ATP production 1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm 2. Krebs Cycle - matrix 3. Electron transport system (ETS) - intermembrane space

63 TEM Mitochondria

64

65 Mitochondria Mitochondria -organelles present in all types of eukaryotic cells -contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromolecules to ATP -found in all types of eukaryotic cells 65

66 Mitochondria -surrounded by 2 membranes -smooth outer membrane -folded inner membrane with layers called cristae -matrix is within the inner membrane -intermembrane space is located between the two membranes -contain their own DNA 66

67 Mitochondria 67

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