EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE MODEL FOR KRAFT LIGNIN REMOVAL CHAN NYUK YAN

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1 EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE MODEL FOR KRAFT LIGNIN REMOVAL CHAN NYUK YAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical) Faculty of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JANUARY 2013

2 v ABSTRACT Kraft lignin is one of the raw materials that can be converting to biodiesel and it can be applied in large amount of chemical production such as vanillin. Thus, efficiency method to remove kraft lignin is studied. This study is conducted by using carrier-mediated transport model for Type II facilitation of emulsion liquid membrane. Emulsion liquid membrane is operated by combining extraction and stripping process into one single step. Parameters considered in this research are treat ratio, carrier concentration and initial concentration of feed phase.moreover, stability of the emulsion liquid membrane in extracting kraft lignin is emphasized by observing the swelling and breakup condition of the membrane. A model of extracting kraft lignin by using emulsion liquid membrane is studied and developed based on existing models. Among three types of model for ELM system,reaction and diffusion controlled mass transfer model is developed as it is the most accurate model. The stability of ELM on kraft lignin removal and the efficiency of extraction are investigated. This model is developed by using MATLAB program.multiple ordinary differential equations are involved in the mathematical equations and solved by built-in function ode45 of MATLAB software. The result obtained from modeling shows kraft lignin is extracted rapidly at first 3 min and then change stable after that. Three parameters were investigated in this study and can be concluded the higher the carrier concentration and treat ratio will increase the solute extracted while the lower concentration at feed phase will increase the solute extracted. In conclusion, this model can be used to predict the performance of kraft lignin extractant in pulping industry.

3 vi ABSTRAK Kraft lignin adalah bahan yang dapat dijadikan biodiesel dan menghasilkan bahan kimia seperti vanillin dalam jumlah yang besar. Jadi, pengekstrakan kraft lignin daripada pulpa air sisa dikaji dalam penyelidikan ini. Emulsi membrane cecair Jenis II yang mengandungi pembawa larut akan digunakan dalam kajian ini. Emulsi membrane cecair menggabungkan proses pengekstrakkan dan perlucutan di dalam satu langkah. Parameter yang dikaji dalam kajian ini termasuk nisbah isipadu fasa dalaman kepada membran, kepekatan pembawa larut dan kepekatan bahan larut dalam fasa luaran. Selain itu, kestabilan system emulsi membrane untuk mengekstrak kraft lignin akan turut ditekankan dalam kajian ini dengan memerhati keadaan kebengkakan dan pemecahan membran. Satu model pengekstrakkan kraft lignin dengan menggunakan emulsi membrane cecair akan dikaji dan akan diterbitkan berdasarkan model yang telah dibangunkan. Kestabilan emulsi dan prestasi emulsi membran cecair dikaji dalam kajian ini. Antara ketiga-tiga jenis model bagi sistem ELM model, reaksi dan pemindaan jisim mengawalan resapan adalah model yang paling tepat. Model ini akan diterbitkan dengan menggunakan program MATLAB. Kedua-dua persamaan pembezaan biasa yang terlibat dalam persamaan matematik akan diselesaikan dengan menggunakan fungsi ode45 dalam MATLAB. Keputusan menunjukkan kraft lignin diekstrak dengan pantas dalam masa 3 min dan menjadi stabil selepas itu. Pada nisbah isipadu serta kepekatan pembawa lurut tinggi manakala kepekatan larut rendah, prestasi ELM adalah paling baik. Kesimpulannya, model ini dapat meramalkan prestasi pengekstrakkan kraft lignin dalam pulpa industri.

4 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS xiii 1 INTRODUCTION Research Background Problem Statement Research Objective Research Scope 3 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Emulsion Liquid Membrane Introduction Process of Emulsion Liquid Membrane Application of Emulsion Liquid Membrane 9

5 viii 2.3 Modeling of Emulsion Liquid Membrane Mathematical Model of Transport Process Simple Diffusion Diffusion-type Mass Transfer Models for Type I Facilitation Carrier Mediated Transport Models for Type II Facilitation Parameters Affecting on Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process Effect of Surfactant Concentration Effect of Carrier Concentration Effect of Stripping Agent Effect of Diluents Effect of Volume Ratio of Internal Phase to Surfactant Solution Effect of Leakage and Swelling Recovery of Lignin Introduction Type of Lignin Application of Lignin 25 3 METHODOLOGY Introduction Function of Modeling Assumption Method to Solve the Modeling Data for MATLAB software Algorithm and MATLAB Coding 34 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction Validity of the Model using MATLAB software Parameters Study of Kraft Lignin Extraction 38

6 ix Effect of Treat Ratio Effect of Concentration of Carrier Effect of Concentration of Aqueous Feed Phase 42 5 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION Conclusion Recommendation for Further Research 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX 53

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