Cell Category? Prokaryote

Transcription

1 CELLS

2 Cell Category? Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote

3 Cell Category? Cell Type?

4 Cell Category? Cell Type?

5 Endosymbiosis eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes Endo within Symbiosis together Organisms living together, within one another Bozeman science video-endosymbiosis

6 Cell Organelles and their Function

7 Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Semi-permeable Regulates movement in & out All the material from the nucleus to the cell membrane More on the cell membrane to come

8 Nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes Control center of the cell Located inside the nucleus Ribosomes are made here DNA material seen in the nucleus Made up of Chromatin (DNA and proteins) See next slide for chromatin Nuclear Envelope Encloses the nucleus

9 Chromatin DNA wrapped around proteins A protein Chromatin condenses to form the chromosomes

10 Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesizes and transports proteins (Rough ER) Synthesizes lipids and steroids (Smooth ER) Golgi Apparatus Vesicle Collects, modifies, sorts, and secretes cell products Picks up molecules from golgi apparatus and transports in cell or to other cells

11 Ribosomes Synthesize proteins during translation Free in cytoplasm Bound on rough ER

12 Lysosome Break down cellular waste products and debris Peroxisome Rid cells of hydrogen peroxide and other toxins

13 Mitochondria Creates energy through cellular respiration

14 Centrosome In animal cells only Play a role in cell division Help to organize cytoskeleton Animal cells have Centrioles which are paired structures within the centrosome Located near the nucleus

15 Vacuoles Central Vacuole (in plant cells only) Food vacuoles Contractile vacuoles Holds food, water and minerals Formed when particles are taken into the cell Pump water out of cells

16 In Plant Cells Only Plastids A double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, and is commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic organisms, like plants. Chloroplast (example of plastid) Site of photosynthesis in plants only Cell Wall Thick outer covering outside the cell membrane Protects and supports a plant cell

17 Cytoskeleton A network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape Also involved in movement of the cell flagella Involved in movement of materials within the cell Regular Classes

18 Parts of the Cytoskeleton (honors ONLY) Microfilaments Threadlike structures made of actin (a protein) Supports the cell membrane Movement within the cell Cytoplasmic movement Ex. Amoeboid movement, muscle contraction

19 Microtubules (honors ONLY) Hollow structures made of proteins known as tubulins Framework of the Cell Important in cell division, form the mitotic spindle which moves the chromosomes In animal cells form the centrioles Help build cilia and flagella Serve as tracks on which organelles move

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21 The Endomembrane System CD rom

22 Cell Membrane Allows materials to move in and out of the cell.

23 The fluid-mosaic model Of an Animal Cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer Two layers of lipids (they can move. They need to be fluid to work properly). Allow certain materials to pass through dotted with proteins Proteins aide in certain molecules moving through the membrane Gen bio. Lipids and proteins only. Copy of this slide

24 Also if the molecule is soluble in the tail region it will go through faster. Phospholipid bilayer of Cell Membrane Water loving Water fearing The arrangement of the phospholipid bilayer allows only certain molecules to pass through the cell membrane. Some large molecules, like sugar Cannot fit through this layer head region likes water tail region - does not like water Small molecules generally move through easily

25 Cell Membrane of an Animal Cell ECM extracellular matrix (cells attach to this and send signals to one another. Made of protein fibers) Carbohydrate chains assist in cell signaling Proteins-aid certain molecules moving through the membrane Cholesterol- keeps membrane fluid, from not freezing or becoming too liquid Honors Bio endomembrane system paper. CD Rom Phospholipid bilayer allow certain materials to pass through

26 How do substances move in and out of cells?

27 How Do Substances Move In and Out of Cells? 1. Diffusion movement of molecules from greater concentration to lesser concentration. No Energy Required by the cell Passive Transport

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29 DIFFUSION A type of Passive Transport

30 How do substances move in and out of cells? 2. Osmosis movement of water across a membrane from greater to lesser concentration. Examples water into plant cell, salt on slugs, preserving meats Also passive transport (no energy needed)

31 Review of terms Solute what is being dissolved Solvent What is doing the dissolving Solution solute + solvent

32 Types of Solutions Hypertonic - higher concentration of solute Hypotonic - lower concentration of solute Isotonic - equal concentration of solute

33 Less solute / More water More solute/less water Hand out

34 Hand out answer

35 More solute outside the cell Solute is equal, inside and outside the cell More solute inside the cell

36 Salt on slug Special Cell Processes - Examples E.coli

37 Osmosis and animal cells

38 Facilitated Diffusion Passive Transport No Energy required -Molecules move from Higher concentration to Lower concentration. -Molecules are being helped through by proteins The molecules glide through, like a boat going through a channel

39 Active Transport -Requires Energy Molecules are now moving the opposite way we have discussed. Molecules move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. Uses a transport protein Energy comes from ATP Lower concentration Higher concentration

40 Yahoo search sodium potassium pump - animation Active Transport-example The Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) pump High Na Low K Low Na High K

41 Bulk Transport across the cell membrane require energy Endocytosis Taking materials into the cell

42 Bulk Transport across the cell membrane require energy Exocytosis Secreting materials (moving materials from inside the cell to outside the cell) Usually moving products