CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM AND MILK OF SOWS FED CONmGATED LINOLEIC ACID (CLA) DURING LAST PERIOD OF PREGNANCYI

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1 Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 18 (3-4), p. I - 56, 2002 Publisher: Institute for Animal Husbandry Belgrade - Zemun ISSN UDC CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM AND MILK OF SOWS FED CONmGATED LINOLEIC ACID (CLA) DURING LAST PERIOD OF PREGNANCYI T. Barowicz; W. Migdal, M. Pieszka, B. Zivkovic? Abstract: 42 Large Polish White x Polish Landrace sows in the 3 rd and 4th reproductive cycle were divided into four groups. The sows were fed completed pelleted feeds with free access to water. The 2% or 4% sunflower oil (for control groups) and 2 or 4% CLA oil (for experimental groups), were added to the feeds for groups from 90th day of gestation to the parturition. CLA oil contained 61% CLA isomers (EDENOR UKD 6010, Henkel). Colostrum and milk samples (100 m!) were taken 24 hours after placental expulsion and at the 8th and 21 st days of lactation. The fat supplements were found to have no effect on the dry mater, fat, protein and ash content of sows' milk. The colostrum of sows given the dietary 4% supplement ofcla contained more lactose (p:s 0.05). Significant differences in quantity of CLA in colostrum, the same for sows receiving in the diet 2% as 4% addition of CLA were observed (p:so.oi). Significant differences (p:s 0.05) were observed also in 8th of lactation. In both colostrum and milk samples from sows getting the addition of CLA in fodder decreasing tendencies of the content of unsaturated fatty acids -UP A, and increasing tendencies of the content of monounsaturated fatty acids -MUFA (p:s0.05). The effect of studied factors in milk samples taken in 21 day of lactation was not observed. Key words: sow, feeding, conjugated linoleic acids, lactation, colostrum, milk, chemical composition, fatty acids Introduction Efficiency of piglets' rearing is highly conditioned by the quality of sows' milk. Results of many scientific works show that chemical composition of sows' colostrum and milk could be effectively modified by introducing to nourishment dose the fats especially rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids PUP A (Migdal and Kaczmarczyk, 1990; Tilton et al. 1999; Pietras and Barowicz; 2002). Very high content of PUPA in sows' milk has an advantageous effect on the growth and development of reared piglets (Migdal, 1996; Tilton et al. 1999). I Original scientific paper - Izvomi naucni rad 1 T. Barowicz: National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice Poland; W. Migdal: Agriculture University. Krakow, Poland; M. Pieszka: National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice Poland; B. Zivkovic: Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

2 28 T. Barowicz, W. Migdal, M. Pieszka, B. Zivkovic In last years the special attention is paid on the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a naturally occurring group of dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid have been shown to have a variety of effects in animal models (Belury and Kempa-Steczko, 1997; West et al. 1998; Dugan et al. 1999). CLA is a mixture of positional (9,11; 10,12 or 11,13) and geometric (cis or trans) isomers of conjugated octadecadienoic (C 18:2, n=6). Experimental data showed the CLA acted on lipids management in the pigs (Tsuboyama Kasaoka et al. 2000; Ramsay et al. 2001; Thiel et al. 2001). It was also stated that CLA introduced to the alimentary dose reduces the fat synthesis of cows milk (Chouinardetal. 1999) and sows (Harrelletal. 2000). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the influence of a commercial source of CLA supplied to sows food mixture in the last period of pregnancy on the chemical composition of colostrum and milk. Material and methods The research was carried out on 42 sows (Large Polish White x Polish Landrace) with their progeny, divided into 4 groups. The level of CLA addition was different in each group. Animals were on average in 3-4 of breeding cycle. The half of each group consisted of primiparous sows. All sows were fed according to Normy Zywienia Swifl (1993) with pelleted full mixture and with free access to the water. All bred sows were kept in individual box on the bedding. For about 14 days before parturition they were moved to delivery boxes and stayed there for next 35 days to the time of piglets weaning. Feeding doses were adapted to production cycle and amounted: from the breeding time to 100th day of pregnancy 3 kg, 4 kg from 101st to I11th day of pregnancy, and then it was lowered to 2 kg per day. In the parturition day the sows were not fed at all and from 2 day of lactation to weaning time the doses depended on the piglets' number and amounted 5-6 kg. Oils addition (sunflower oil, CLA oil) were given for morning feeding by pouring it on pelleted mixture each time in quantity corresponding to 2 or 4% of daily food mass. In this study the CLA was used in the form of 61% preparation, made up on the base sunflower oil (EDENOR UKD 6010, Henkel, Germany). The CLA composition considering its isomers was as follow: C 18:2 tt -0,8%, C 18:2 c9tll -9,1%, C 18:2 t8c10-9,5%, C 18:2 cllt13-10,5%, C 18:2 tloc12-10,2%, and C 18:2 cc-21,2%.the colostrum samples were taken after 24 hours after placenta birth and the milk samples 3 hours after morning feeding in 8 and 21 day of lactation. 100 ml samples were gained by hand milking of all mammary glands after intramuscular oxytocine injection (20 i.u. of synthetic oxytocine). Main composition of colostrum and milk were evaluated using classic methods -Milkoscan FT 120 (NS N. Foos Electric, Denmark). Fatty acids composition of mixtures, colostrum and milk just after lipids extraction by Folch et. al. method (1957), was evaluated by gas chromatography method using Varian 3400 apparatus with CP-WAX 58 column (the length 25 m., diameter 0,53 mm) with auto sampler 8200CX and Varian Star 4.5 computer program. Basic analysis of used food mixtures was done by standard methods AOAC (1990). Obtained results were analysed statistically using the Statgraphics Plus 4.0 packet.

3 Chemical composition of colostrum and milk of sows fed conjugated linoleic acid (cla) Results and discussion The chemical composition and fatty acids content of sows colostrum and milk milked in 8 and 21 days of lactation is shown in Table 1,2 and 3. Table l. Chemical composition (%) andfatty acids content (% oftotal acids) in sows colostrum Tabela I. Hemijski sastav (%) i sadriai masnih kiselina (0/6 ukupnih kiselina) u kolostrumu krmaca Groups I Grupe Groups I Grupe Traits! Osobine Control 2% CLA2% Control 4% CLA4% Sows number (heads) I Broj krmaca SEM* Dry matter I Suva materija 21,53 20,52 20,58 20,24 0,66 Total Protein I Ukupni protein 6,31 5,67 5,37 6,82 1,01 Total fat I Ukupno rnasti 8,96 8,55 8,08 8,71 0,53 Lactose I Laktoza 4,49 4,78 5,39a 3,51b 0,27 Ash I Pepeo 1,77 1,52 1,74 1,20 0,14 Fatty acids I Masne kiseline CLA 0,31A 1,96B 0,50A 1O,21B 0,91 UFA 67,37 65,89 65,70 70,14 1,35 MUFA 37,58 39,02 31,91 35,38 1,12 PUFA 29,79 26,87 33,79 34,76 2,04 n-3 PUFA 1,84 1,88 2,45 2,14 0,13 * Standard error I standardna greska srednje vrednosti a,b - pg),05; A,B - Pg),OI The fat supplements were found to have no effect on the dry mater, fat, protein and ash content of sow's milk..the colostrum of sows given the dietary 4% supplement of CLA contained more lactose (P:s 0.05). Significant differences in quantity of CLA in colostrum, the same for sows receiving in the diet 2% as 4% addition of CLA were observed P:SO.O I). Significant differences (P:S0.05) were observed also in 8th of lactation. In both colostrum and milk samples from sows getting the addition of CLA in fodder decreasing tendencies of the content of unsaturated fatty acids -UFA, and increasing tendencies of the content of monounsaturated fatty acids -MUFA (P:::;0.05) were noted. The effect of studied factors in milk samples taken in 21 day of lactation was not observed. Results of study conducted on pigs showed that milk composition could be modified on the nourishment way (Taugbol et at. 1993; Pietras ana Barowicz 2002). Bee (2000) in study on sows compared the effect of 2% additions of sunflower oil enriched in linoleic acid and CLA acid in food dose in the period of pregnancy and lactation on the fatty acids composition of colostrum and milk. Data showed by Bee (2000) are similar to results obtained in this study. The addition of 4% of CLA to the sows' mixture in the last period of pregnancy significantly increased the CLA amount and its access for piglets.

4 30 T, Barowicz, W, Migdal. M, Pieszka, B, Zivkovic Table 2. Chemical composition (%) andfatty acids content (% oftotal acids) in sows milk milked on 8 th day oflactation Tabela 2. Hemijski sastav (%) i sadrzaj masnih kiselina (% ukupnih kiselina) u mleku krmaca muzenz 'h 8 dana Iak taciie.. Traits/ Osobine Control 2% CLA2% Control 4% CLA4% SEM Sows number (heads) / Broi krrnaca Dry matter / Suva materiia 19,80 19,32 19,85 19,40 0,16 Total Protein / Ukupni protein 4,75 4,59 4,77 4,78 0,07 Total fat / Ukupno masti 7,96 7,50 8,19 7,26 0,26 Lactose / Laktoza 5,35 5,38 5,12 5,38 0,09 Ash / Pepeo 1,73 1,85 1,77 1,98 0,08 Fatty acids / Masne kiseline CLA 0,19a 0,46b 0,23 0,70 0,10 UFA 58, ,49 59,98 1,03 MUFA 37,78 38,45 36,34 33,15 1,39 PUFA 21,05 22,77 25,15 26,83 1,08 n-3 PUFA 1,78 1,84 2,17 2,30 0,14 a.b - P::::0,05 Table 3. Chemical composition (%) andfatty acids content (% oftotal acids) in sows milk milked on 21,1( day oflactation Tabela 3. Hemijski sastav (%) i sadriaj masnih kiselina (% ukupnih kiselina) u mleku krmaca muzenz'h 21 dana Iaktacite Traits/ Osobine Control 2% CLA2% Control 4% CLA4% SEM* Sows number (heads) / Broj krmaca Dry matter / Suva materija 19,37 19,82 18,85 19,71 0,35 Total Protein / Ukupni protein 5,26 5,78 5,68 5,17 0,12 Total fat / Ukupno masti 6,72 5,94 7,59 7,24 0,39 Lactose / Laktoza 5,36 5,64 5,46 5,63 0,12 Ash / Pepeo 2,03 2,46 2,12 1,67 0,13 Fatty acids / Masne kiseline CLA 0, ,16 0,22 0,02 UFA 58,73 58,61 58,16 56,86 0,75 MUFA 39,06 36,32 34,41 36,07 1,12 PUFA ,75 20,79 0,90 n-3 PUFA 1,71 2,06 1,83 1,97 0,11 Conclusion Results obtained in described research showed, that the addition of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the amount of 2 and 4% to food mixtures for sows in the last period of pregnancy increased the lactose and CLA level in colostrum and milk to 8tH of lactation. CLA given to sows increased the level of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUF A).

5 Chemical composition of colostrum and milk of sows fed conjugated linoleic acid (cia) HEMIJSKI SASTAV KOLOSTRUMA KRMACA HRANJENlli LINOLNOM KISELINOM (CLA) TOKOM KASNE BREMENITOSTI T. Borowicz, W. Migdal, M. Pieszka, B. Zivkovic Rezime 42 krmace rase velika poljska svinja c poljski landras u 3. i 4. reproduktivnom ciklusu su podeljene u cetiri grupe. Krmace su hranjene gotovom peletiranom hranom i imale su slobodan pridtup vodi. Obroku je dodavano 2% iii 4% suncokretovog ulja (za kontrolne grupe), odnosno 2 iii 4% CLA ulja (za eksperimentalne grupe), od 90. dana gestacije do prasenja. CLA ulje je sadrzavalo 61% CLA izomera (EDENOR UKD 6010, Henkel). Kolostrum i uzorci mleka (l00 rnl) su uzimani 24 h nakon izbacivanja piacente nakon prasenja i 8. odnosno 21.dana laktacije. Utvrdeno je da dodatak ulja nije uticao na sadrzaj suve materije, masti, proteina i pepela u mleku krmaca, Kolostrum krmaca koje su dobijale dodatak od 4% CLA sadrzavao je vise laktoze (ps 0.05). Signifikantne razlike u kolicini CLA u kolostrumu za krmace koje su dobijale u obrocima 2 iii 4% CLA su takode utvrdene (pso.oi). Signifikantne razlike su utvrdene i 8. dana laktacije (ps 0.05). U kolostrumu i uzorcima mleka od krmaca koje su dobijale dodatak CLA u obrocima utvrdena je tendencija smanjenja sadrzaja nezasicenih masnih kiselina - UFA, i povecanja sadrzaja mono - nezasicenih masnih kiselina - MUFA (ps 0.05). Uticaj ispitivanih faktora na uzorcima mleka uzetim 21. dana laktacije nisu utvrdeni. Kljucne reci: krmaca, ishrana, linolna kiseiina, laktacija, kolostrum, mleko, hemijski sastav, masne kiseline. Literature 1. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. Edition 15 (ed. K. Helrich), 1,684. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, V A, USA. 2. Bee G Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter adipose tissue and milk lipids of pregnant and lactating sows. J. Nutr. 130, Belury M. A., Kempa-Steczko A Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice. Lipids, 32, Chouinard P.Y., Comeau L., Barbano D.M., Metzger L.E., Bauman D.E Conjugated linoleic acids alter milk fatty acid composition and inhibit milk fat secretion in dairy cows. J. Nutr. 129, De Deckere E.A.M., van Amelsvoort J.M.M., McNeill G.P., Jones P Effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on lipid levels and peroxisome proliferation in the hamster. Brit. J. Nutr. 82, Dugan M. E. R., Aalhus 1.L., Jeremiah L. E., Kramer J. K. G., Schaefer A.L The effect of feeding conjugated linoleic acid on subsequent pork quality. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79, Folch 1., Lees M., Stanley G.H.S A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. BioI. Chern. 226,

6 32 T. Barowicz, W. Migdal, M. Pieszka, B. Zivkovic 8. Harrell R.J., Phillips 0., Jerome D.L., Boyd R.D., Dwyer D.A., Bauman D.E Effects of conjugated linoleic add on milk composition and baby pig growth in lactating sows. J. Anirn. Sci. 77 (Suppl. 1), Migdal W., Kaczmarczyk Sklad chemiczny siary i rnleka loch rasy pbz zywionych dawkarni z udzialem oleju rzepakowego. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln. 384, Migdal W Tluszcze i glukoza w Zywieniu loch. Rozprawa habilitacyjna. Rozpr. Nauk. Nr 213, ARKrak6w, s Normy Zywienia Swifl Wartosc pokarmowa pasz. PAN, Omnitech Press, Warszawa. 12. Panza M.W Conjugated linoleic acid, a newly recognised nutrient. Chern. Ind Pietras M., Barowicz T Wptyw tluszczu pokarmowego na sklad chemiczny oraz profil kwas6w tluszczowych w siarze i mleku loch. Medycyna Wet. 58, Ram say T.G., Evock-Clover C.M., Steele N.C., Azain M.J Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid composition of pig skeletal muscle and fat. 1. Anim. Sci. 79, Taugbol 0., Framstad T, Saarem K Supplements of cod liver oil to lactating sows. Influence on milk fatty acid composition and growth performance of piglets. J. Vet. Med. 40, Thiel-Cooper R.L., Parrish F. C. Sparks J.c., Wiegand B.R., Ewan R.C Conjugated linoleic acid changes swine performance and carcass composition. J.Anim.Sci.79, Tilton S.L., Miller P.S., Lewis A.S.I., Reese D.E., Ermer P.M Addition of fat to the diets of lactating sows: Effect on milk production and composition and carcass composition of the litter at weaning. l. Anim. Sci. 77, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N., Takahashi M., Tanemura K., Kim H.I. Tange T, Okuyama H. Kasai M., Ikemoto S., Ezaki O Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and developes lipidysrophy in mice. Diabetes 49, West D.B., Delany I.P., Camet P.M., Blohm F., Truett A.A., Scimeca l Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Am. J. Physiol. 44, R667-R672.