Copyright 2014 Edmentum - All rights reserved. 2. In plants, which characteristic or behavior is typically independent of the plant's environment?

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1 Copyright 2014 Edmentum - All rights reserved. AP Biology Living System and Free Energy Blizzard Bag How is cellular respiration useful to the cell? A. producing ATP, which provides the nucleotides and phosphates necessary for DNA B. producing ATP, which provides the free energy needed for many chemical reactions C. changing glucose into carbon dioxide and water D. removing oxygen, which can damage many cell components and products 2. In plants, which characteristic or behavior is typically independent of the plant's environment? A. the pattern of veins in leaves B. the blooming of flowers C. the direction of a stem's growth D. the germination of seeds 3. A scientist studied the relationship between soil temperature and seed germination in four species of plants. Each seed was planted in relatively cold soil, and then the soil temperature was very gradually warmed over a period several weeks. The temperature at which a seed germinated was recorded in the data table. Six seeds were studied for each plant species. An "X" in the data table indicates a seed that did not germinate. Soil conditions, including moisture and ambient light, were kept constant. Species Germination Temperature ( F) A 67, 67, 68, 68, 69, 69 B C 56, 58, 58, 59, 60, X 48, 48, 49, 49, 50, X D 54, 54, 55, 55, 55, 56 Which conclusion is best supported by the data? A. Seed germination occurs independently of biotic and abiotic factors. B. Seed germination is controlled by a combination of biotic and abiotic factors. C. Seed germination is controlled by abiotic factors only. D. Seed germination is controlled by biotic factors only.

2 4. Zebras are grass-eating herbivores on the African savannah. Lions are the main predators of zebras and other herbivores. Because the two animals have similar mass per adult, comparing the sizes of their populations indicates the relative amounts of energy that the populations contain. The line graph shows the populations of zebras and lions in a national park in Africa over a 40 year period. The area of the park expanded by 10 percent in 1973, and then expanded by another 10 percent in From 1970 to 2010, how did the increased area of the park allow the populations of zebras and lions to increase? A. It decreased the average energy intake of animals in both populations. B. It increased the amount of energy available to the lions, which increased the amount of energy available to the zebras. C. It increased the amount of energy available to the zebras, which increased the amount of energy available to the lions. D. It increased the average energy intake of animals in both populations. 5. In silkworm moths, chemical signals from a moth's environment will most affect which event in its life cycle? A. pupation, or the development of the larva into a pupa B. attraction of a male moth to a female moth C. egg laying of the adult female moth D. emergence of the pupa into an adult moth

3 6. A scientist investigates the flow of energy in a terrarium. The terrarium contains plants, water, and soil, as well as small organisms and microbes living in the soil. The gases flowing in and out of the terrarium are monitored as an indication of the metabolic activity in the terrarium. At time = 0, the scientist places the terrarium in complete darkness. Over time, the scientist observes the death of the plants, and then their decay. The scientist creates the graph below to show the metabolic activity in the terrarium as a function of time. The results of the experiment most strongly support which of these claims? A. An input of free energy is necessary for entropy to increase in an ecosystem. B. Some microorganisms can survive indefinitely without an input of free energy. C. All living things absorb the free energy of sunlight to survive. D. All living things in an ecosystem depend on a flow of free energy to survive.

4 7. Scientists observe that the immune system of Cow 2 mounts an attack on the tissue it receives from Cow 1. Which is the most likely explanation? A. The cells of Cow 2 have antigens that are foreign to Cow 1. B. Antibodies are embedded on the exterior cell membranes of the cells of Cow 1. C. The cells of Cow 1 have antigens that are foreign to Cow 2. D. Bacterial proteins are embedded on the exterior of the cell membranes of the cells of Cow The orange roughy is a popular food fish, but has proven extremely vulnerable to overfishing. Scientists explain the fish's vulnerability as a result of its unusually long life span, which is over 100 years, and its unusually low reproductive rate. Based on this information, the orange roughy can be predicted to be native to which ocean habitat? A. nutrient-rich water near a river delta B. nutrient-poor water over rough, rocky regions C. nutrient-rich water on the deepest ocean floor D. nutrient-rich water along a coral reef

5 9. Yaks, polar bears, and other mammals are able to survive in Earth's coldest habitats. Which statement explains how their bodies maintain the free energy they require, even when the environmental temperature is very low? A. Layers of hair and fat absorb the radiant energy of sunlight, even when that energy is minimal. B. Layers of hair and fat radiate the thermal energy that their metabolism releases. C. Layers of hair and fat trap the thermal energy that their metabolism releases. D. Large body size increases the metabolic rate and generates more thermal energy. 10. A scientist spreads a bacterial culture onto a 0.50-cm 2 area of a leaf of a plant, causing a localized infection. After a few days, she notices a ring of dead tissue surrounding the infected area. Which is the most likely explanation? A. The plant's defenses failed to stop the infection, allowing it to spread outward. B. Toxins from the growing bacteria killed the cells throughout the tissue ring. C. The plant's defenses isolated the infection by killing the tissue ring. D. The infection interrupted the supply of water and other nutrients, killing the cells in the tissue ring. 11. Alveoli are the terminal air sacs of the lungs, and are the sites of gas exchange between the lungs and blood. How does the surface area-to-volume ratio of the cells of alveolar walls relate to their function? A. A high ratio allows gases to diffuse across the cell membrane at a fast rate. B. A low ratio thickens the cell membrane, which increases the elasticity of the cells. C. A high ratio reduces the nutrient requirements of the cells. D. A low ratio increases the size of molecules that can diffuse across the cell membrane.

6 12. A student posed questions about the various types of proteins embedded in the cell membrane. After analyzing the model below, the student investigated one question by exposing the membrane to various chemicals, including salt and detergent, both at high concentrations. Which of these questions would the student's results most help answer? A. Can one type of protein be converted into another by causing an alteration in its three-dimensional structure? B. Which types of protein may be dissociated from the membrane without altering the lipid bilayer? C. Do the proteins randomly change their locations within or on the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane? D. How do different types of proteins transport materials in and out of the cell? 13. A student adds phospholipids to an aqueous solution. The student observes how the phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves into a bilayer, as shown. The student then places phospholipids on the surface of pure water, and she observes the structure they form. Which question could best be answered by the students' observations? A. Do structures that become embedded in the phospholipids depend on the external environment? B. Can phospholipids form a monolayer rather than a bilayer if exposed to a certain environment? C. Can the phospholipid bilayer form with hydrophilic heads in the center? D. Do the heads of phospholipids become hydrophobic when exposed to air?

7 14. Apples ripen on a tree as a result of a positive feedback mechanism involving ethylene, a plant hormone. In the graph below, which line predicts the ethylene production of a tree as a function of time, with time = 0 corresponding to when the apples first begin ripening? A. Line D B. Line A C. Line C D. Line B 15. Four methods of transport across the plasma membrane are represented in the diagram. Which method is an example of active transport, and why? A. Method D, because the movement of ions through the plasma membrane requires an input of free energy. B. Method C, because a carrier protein bonds to the molecule and assists it through the plasma membrane. C. Method B, because only active transport can generate a charge difference across the plasma membrane. D. Method A, because molecules are forced through the plasma membrane without the use of embedded proteins.

8 16. The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in which proteins formed in the ER undergo modifications. How does the structure of its membrane contribute to the function of the Golgi apparatus? A. It can absorb and produce transport vesicles. B. It is surrounded by an impermeable layer. C. It has pores controlled by gates. D. It can break recycle cell parts that touch it in the cytosol. 17. A researcher estimated the surface area-to-volume ratios of several different cells. Cell Surface areato-volume ratios A 1.5 B 2.0 C 0.8 D 1.8 Which conclusion is best supported by the data? A. Cell B absorbs nutrients and eliminates wastes faster than the other cells. B. Cell C exchanges materials with its environment more efficiently than the other cells. C. Cell B has a larger plasma membrane than the other cells. D. Cell C contains fewer cellular structures relative to other cells.

9 18. The diagram summarizes cellular respiration in humans. In the diagram, two arrows lead from pyruvate. In a human muscle cell, which condition determines the pathway by which pyruvate is metabolized? A. the number of mitochondria in the cell B. the presence or absence of oxygen C. the demand in the cell for ATP D. the levels of NADH in the cell 19. A student is studying the parts of the cell membrane that are indicated by the arrows. Which of these questions would be most useful for the student to investigate? A. How does the cell membrane maintain rigidity at high temperatures and flexibility at low temperatures? B. How do water molecules pass in and out of the cell? C. How are molecules actively transported into the cell from the environment? D. How do hormones bind to cells and trigger events within the cell?

10 20. In a series of chemical reactions, plants assemble hundreds to thousands of glucose monomers into the polymer cellulose. As the structural component of cell walls, cellulose is responsible for the strong properties of many plant products including wood and cotton. Which statement best applies the second law of thermodynamics to explain why plants are able to produce cellulose? A. Sunlight directly provides the energy necessary for the plant to assemble cellulose. B. Sunlight provides the energy for the plant to make glucose, which then joins into cellulose in a process that releases energy. C. The entropy of the plant increases when glucose monomers are assembled into cellulose. D. Sunlight, via a pathway that includes ATP, indirectly provides the energy necessary for the plant to assemble cellulose.