Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

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1 Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach and Rolf Dermietzel Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Handbook of Receptors and Biological Effects 2nd completely revised and enlarged edition WILEY- VCH WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

2 Contents Preface for the Second Edition xiii Preface for the First Edition xv 1 Introduction Neuroactive Substances Neurotransmitters Neuromodulators Receptors and Transporters Ionotropic Receptors Metabotropic Receptors JO Receptor Regulation Transporters Distribution and Localization of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators i5 1.4 The Blood-Brain Barrier Volume Transmission and Wiring Transmission 18 2 Methods Bio- and Radioisotope Assays Microdialysis and Electrochemical Detection Microdialysis Electrochemical Detection Chromatography Affinity Chromatography High Performance Liquid Chromatography Proteomics: Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology Autoradiography Immunohistochemical Methods In situ Hybridization Staining and Neuroanatomical Tract Tracing Electrophysiology Jn vivo Recording 36 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators. Handbook of Receptors and Biological Effects. 2nd Ed. Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach and Rolf Dermietzel Copyright 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:

3 VI Contents In vitro Recording Behavioral Testing Classic Conditioning Operant Conditioning Further Behavioral Tests 42 3 Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Neurological Disorders and Neurogenerative Diseases Dopamine General Aspects and History Differentiation and Localization ofthe Dopaminergic System Biosynthesis and Degradation Release, Re-uptake and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects y-amino Butyric Acid General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation GABA Transporters Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Neurological Disorders and Neurogenerative Diseases Glutamate and Aspartate General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Transporters Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Glycine General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects

4 3.6 Histamine General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Norepinephrine General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Neuromodulators Adrenocorticotropic Hormone General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Anandamide (Endocannabinoids) General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Angiotensin General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation A Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Atrial Natriuretic Factor 169 Contents VII

5 VIII Contents General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Bombesin and Related Neuropeptides General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation A Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Calcitonin and Calcitonin Gene-related Protein General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Cholecystokinin General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation A Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Corticotropin-releasing Factor General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Dynorphin A General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Eicosanoids and Arachidonic Acid General and History Aspects Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects 208

6 Endorphin General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Biological Effects Enkephalin General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Fibroblast Growth Factors General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Galanin General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Ghrelin General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System 244 Contents I IX

7 X I Contents Biosynthesis and Degradation A Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Hypocretin (Orexin) General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Interleukin General Aspects Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Melanin-concentrating Hormone General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone General Aspects Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Neuropeptide Y General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Neurotensin General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects 283

8 Neurotrophins 286 General Aspects and History 286 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 287 Biosynthesis and Degradation 288 Receptors and Signal Transduction 289 Biological Effects 292 Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide 295 General Aspects and History 295 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 297 Biosynthesis and Degradation 297 Receptors and Signal Transduction 299 Biological Functions 301 Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ) 305 General Aspects and History 305 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 306 Biosynthesis and Degradation 306 Receptors and Signal Transduction 307 Biological Effects 308 Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide 311 General Aspects and History 311 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 312 Biosynthesis and Degradation 312 Receptors and Signal Transduction 312 Biological Effects 313 Proopiomelanocortin 315 General Aspects and History 315 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 316 Biosynthesis and Degradation 316 Receptors and Signal Transduction 318 Biological Effects 318 Purines 320 General Aspects 320 Biosynthesis and Degradation 321 Receptors and Signal Transduction 321 Biological Effects 324 Somatostatin 326 General Aspects and History 326 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 327 Biosynthesis and Degradation 328

9 XII Contents Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Substance P and Tachykinins General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation A Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects The Tyr-MIF-1 Family Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation A Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Vasopressin and Oxytocin General Aspects and History Localization Within the Central Nervous System Biosynthesis and Degradation Receptors and Signal Transduction Biological Effects Deorphanized Neuropeptides A Apelin Kisspeptin/Metastin Opiod-modulating Peptides (NPFF and NPAF) 367 A Appendix Al Amino Acids 369 A2 Nucleotides 372 A3 Abbreviations for Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators 372 A4 Miscellaneous Abbreviations (Enzymes and Transporters) 374 Subject Index 377

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