number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush
|
|
- Louise Patrick
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 number 7 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Shahd Alqudah Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush 1 P a g e
2 As we have studied before, in the fourth reaction of the Krebs cycle, α- ketoglutarate is converted into Succinyl-CoA using an enzyme called α- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Yet it is unclear how NAD + has been reduced into NADH although no change has happened on the number of Hydrogen atoms in α-ketoglutarate when it was converted to succinyl CoA, this will be explained later on. In reality, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is not a single enzyme it is a complex [in a complex more than one enzyme work together in which the product of the first enzyme would be the substrate of the next one. Be careful, NOT a single enzyme with several subunits(same function), but a complex (many enzymes and different functions)]. This means that this enzyme complex performs more than one function (which is logical), and these functions are: 1- Decarboxylation 2- Transacetylation ( transport of acyl group) and coupling of CoA 3- Oxidation Each of these functions is carried by an enzyme, so we have three enzymes in this complex: Enzyme #1 It is a decarboxylase. The coenzyme it needs to function is TPP [Thiamine pyrophosphate, the active form of thiamine (B1) (refer to summer course)]. TPP attacks the bond between the carbonyl group (C=O) and the terminal carboxyl group (COO ) weakening it and so the carboxyl group leaves the molecule and exits as CO₂ Now the carbonyl (C=O) group binds to TPP and so our molecule becomes bound to the enzyme. (Extra info: the C=O gets reduced to C-OH bond after getting attached to TPP) As we know, the enzyme doesn t change during the reaction; so our enzyme has to return to its original form (without acyl group). Here comes the role of enzyme #2. Enzyme #2 (Transacetylase ) CoA is added to the molecule here. 2 P a g e
3 The coenzyme here is called Lipoic Acid which has two sulphur atoms bound to each other covalently (a disulphide bridge). One of these sulphur atoms binds to our molecule and in the process our molecule becomes unbound to TPP and enzyme #1 returns to its original form. This process results in the break-down of the disulphide bridge between the two sulphur atoms, the other sulphur atom (not bound to our molecule) picks -up a hydrogen atom from the solution forming a thiol group (SH). Then CoA binds to our molecule and our molecule is released in its final form (no more processing occurs to the molecule after this, Succinyl CoA has already been formed now and leaves the complex at the level of enzyme 2) Now the sulphur atom that was bound to our molecule also picks up a hydrogen atom from the surrounding solution and another thiol group forms. Now to return our enzyme to its original shape we need the aid of enzyme #3. Enzyme #3 This enzyme is a dehydrogenase. Its coenzyme is FAD; NAD+ is changed to NADH here. FAD picks up the two hydrogen atoms from the thiol groups in enzyme #2 and the disulphide bridge reforms returning enzyme #2 to its original form. Then, for this enzyme #3 to return to its original shape, FADH₂ passes on its hydrogens to NAD+ forming NADH and H+. Notice that NAD+ can't take the two hydrogen atoms lost from the thiol groups, so the hydrogens are transferred to FAD first then to NAD+ (hydride ion). 3 P a g e
4 Important notes: The mechanism described above also applies to the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (changes pyruvate to acetyl CoA) and to the branched chain α-keto-acid dehydrogenase complex (changes ketoacids to acetyl CoA in the metabolism of amino acids). A deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine) means that enzyme #1 in the complex cannot work properly and so free substrates concentrations (αketoglutarate, branched chain α-keto-acids and pyruvate) increase in blood. Arsenic is a lethal poison that attacks the energy metabolism process (also cyanide attacks energy metabolism and most lethal toxins) by binding to the two sulphurs of enzyme #2 not allowing it to function and so causing the entire energy production mechanism to fail (this happens in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as well). This enzyme complex contains five coenzymes that act as carriers or oxidants for the intermediates of the reactions. E1 requires TPP, E2 requires lipoic acid and CoA, and E3 requires FAD and NAD +. Note: TPP, lipoic acid and FAD are tightly bound to the enzymes and function as coenzymes-prosthetic groups, but CoA & NAD + come from the solution and they are not bound to the complex. Bioenergetics of Krebscycle Efficacy is the ratio of the amount of actual product we get (energy in our case) to the calculated (theoretical) amount we are supposed to get. Efficacy= (Actual amount / Theoretical Amount) * 100% To calculate the theoretical amount of energy for Krebs cycle: we find the energy produced by acetate (the molecule from which we extract energy, other molecules all return to the cycle) by burning one mole of acetate completely in a calorimeter to produce CO₂ and H₂O. This gives us a value of 228 kcal/mol. The amount of energy we actually get is 207 kcal/mol. This gives us an efficiency of 90.8% ((207/228) *100%), and this is way higher than any machine humans have ever produced. 4 P a g e
5 Krebs Cycle Regulations As we have studied in the summer course, metabolic pathways are always regulated, and the Krebs cycle is not an exception. We said that in any pathway it is important to have a high level of regulation on the first step and the rate limiting step. Our first step is the production of citrate via the enzyme citrate synthase. If too much citrate (molecules only act as regulators when their concentrations are high) is present, citrate itself inhibits citrate synthase by competing with oxaloacetate. NADH and succinyl-coa also play a role in regulating this enzyme. Our rate determining step is the production of α-ketoglutarate from isocitrate. If ADP levels increase (even if just a bit) the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme increases a lot. Also,Ca++ activates isocitrate dehydrogenase (Ca++ increases during muscle contraction so there is a need of more energy activation). NADH levels, however, inhibit the action of isocitrate dehydrogenase when they increase. Most enzymes that have to do with energy production (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, etc...) are activated by Calcium. Also, it is extremely important to monitor the concentrations of the main products of the cycle and regulate its reactions accordingly and therefore several enzymes are regulated by the concentrations of NADH and NAD and the concentrations of ATP and ADP. Why isn't FADH2 a regulator of the cycle? Because it is always bound to a protein and it isn't free to activate or inhibit enzymes other than the one it is bound to. 5 P a g e
6 Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle depends on two major concepts: 1. NADH/NAD+ ratio: More NAD+ >>> cycle will be activated More NADH >>> Cycle will be inhibited The enzymes that are affected by this regulation method are the ones that produce NADH, which are isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. NADH will inhibit these enzymes by feedback inhibition. 2. ATP/ADP ratio : More ATP >>> cycle will be inhibited. More ADP >>> cycle will be activated. One enzyme is affected by this method, which is the isocitrate dehydrogenase (the rate-limiting enzyme of the cycle) 6 P a g e
7 The intermediates The intermediates produced in the Krebs cycle might be, at any point, in excess of our need. In such a scenario they can simply leave the mitochondria and participate in other reactions. 1. Citrate: It can inhibit the rate determining step in glycolysis (in the cytosol) by inhibiting phosphofructokinase enzyme (Pyruvate Acetyl CoA ). It can also participate in fatty acids synthesis alongside acetyl CoA. 2. α-ketoglutarate: It can participate in amino acid synthesis by being changed from a keto-acid to an amino acid with the help of Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) (which is made from vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine). α- Ketoglutarate can also be used in the production of GABA (ϒaminobutyric acid) which is a neurotransmitter, by the synthesis of glutamate (a-ketoglutarate glutamate GABA) 3. Malate: It can be used in gluconeogenesis (production of new glucose from from noncarbohydrate precursors). 4. Succinyl CoA: It can be used in the production of heme (succinyl CoA changed to propionyl CoA). 5. Oxaloacetate: amino acid synthesis (aspartic acid). Keep in mind the conversion of the following keto acids to amino acids by transamination reaction: Oxaloacetate Aspartate Pyruvate Alanine α-ketoglutarate Glutamate 7 P a g e
8 8 P a g e Anaplerotic Reactions These are reactions that replenish (form more of) the intermediates of the Krebs cycle. Acetyl CoA: Carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids all can be used to produce it. α-ketoglutarate: Glutamate can be converted to α-ketoglutarate. Succinyl CoA:Propionyl CoA can be converted to succinyl CoA. Propionyl CoA can be made from valine, isoleucine and odd chain fatty acids. Fumarate: Can be produced from amino acids, and urea cycle. Oxaloacetate: Can be produced from aspartate and pyruvate. The conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is the main anaplerotic reaction. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (adds a COO ). This enzyme is activated when the concentration of acetyl CoA is high [as to produce more of the other reactant; acetyl CoA needs to react withoxaloacetate]. This enzyme s coenzyme is biocytin (Biotin + Lysine, biotin is vitamin B7). Pyruvate carboxylase is found in high concentrations in the liver and the kidneys because there is too much gluconeogenesis there (in which malate is used up), so another source for production of oxaloacetate is needed. gluconeogenesis >> malate >> oxaloacetate Oxidative Phosphorylation It is the fourth and last stage of energy production. The electron carrying molecules (NADH and FADH₂) produced by the Krebs Cycle will be used in this process. However, movement of electrons does not generate ATP at all, that is why the electron transport chain is just part of the oxidative phosphorylation, if we are to divide this name (oxidative phosphorylation) into two parts then the electron transport chain would only refer to the first part, oxidative, because the electron transport chain s final electron acceptor is oxygen.
9 Looking closely at the electron transport chain we notice that the molecule that loses the electrons gets oxidized while the one that gains them gets reduced, so it is also correct to describe the electron transport chain as a series of redox reactions. As the name suggests, the second part of the process, phosphorylation, is always coupled to the first part, oxidative. The outer-membrane of mitochondria is permeable to anything that weighs less than 5000 Daltons, while the inner-membrane is not permeable to anything even to H+ (which is just a proton -the smallest ion-). Therefore, anything to pass through the inner-membrane must do so through channels. The exact mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation was discovered in 1961 by Peter Mitchell where he divided the process into 3 main concepts: 1- Electrons move through a chain of membranebound carriers (prosthetic groups) according to the potential difference; so when they move, there is always some energy released in each reaction till reaching the final electron acceptor. 2- This energy is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembranous space of the mitochondria(through channels that allow H+ ions to move out against the gradient, but not back in), thus creating a high electrochemical gradient in that intermembranous space (H+ ions cannot come back through normal diffusion, they need a channel). 3- The only channel that allows H+ ions to move back into the matrix is ATP-synthase, which, in the process of moving H+ ions back, produces ATP. If there was no channel for H+ to return back to the inside of mitochondria, these ions would make a pressure on the IMM (positive charges), and by electrons' movement this pressure would increase until it stops the H+ pumping from inside to intermembranous space so the electron transport chain would stop. 9 P a g e
Marah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh
8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon
More informationNafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD
Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Why do we need it? Location & where is it in the picture? Electron (energy) carrying molecules Components Enzymes & cofactors
More informationIII. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular
III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways
More informationModule No. # 01 Lecture No. # 19 TCA Cycle
Biochemical Engineering Prof. Dr. Rintu Banerjee Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Saikat Chakraborty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
More informationCitric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylcoa In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final
More informationCITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG
CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric
More information4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5
1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.
More informationCitric acid cycle and respiratory chain. Pavla Balínová
Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain Pavla Balínová Mitochondria Structure of mitochondria: Outer membrane Inner membrane (folded) Matrix space (mtdna, ribosomes, enzymes of CAC, β-oxidation of FA,
More informationVocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
Vocabulary Amphibolic: able to be a part of both anabolism and catabolism Anaplerotic: referring to a reaction that ensures an adequate supply of an important metabolite Citrate Synthase: the enzyme that
More informationCellular Respiration. Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1
Cellular Respiration Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1 4/28/2014 2 The Mitochondria The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle Two membranes Outer membrane Inter membrane space Inner membrane Location
More informationRespiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on
More informationBiochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture - 27 Metabolism III
Biochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture - 27 Metabolism III In the last step of our metabolism of carbohydrates we are going to consider
More informationTutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain
Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion
More informationChapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I
n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3. Glycolysis is only the start. Cellular respiration. Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle.
Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3 Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle AP 2006-2007 Biology Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More information7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Metabolism? How Is Energy Harvested
More informationCellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General
Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy A. Obtaining Energy and Electrons from Glucose Lecture Series 12 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy B. An Overview: Releasing Energy from Glucose
More informationHow Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms classified on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on organic compounds
More informationBY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE
BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CITRIC ACID CYCLE (T.C.A) PRODUCTION OF ACETYL CoA REACTIONS OF THE CITIRC ACID CYCLE THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE T.C.A CYCLE THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.9 - RESPIRATION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: REDOX REACTIONS Redox reaction a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another Oxidation loss of electrons Reduction gain of electrons
More informationTCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle)
TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) TCA CYCLE The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as: Kreb s cycle Sir Hans Krebs Nobel prize, 1953 TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle The citric acid cycle requires aerobic conditions!!!!
More information3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP]
3.7 Cell respiration ( Chapter 9 in Campbell's book) 3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP] Organic compounds store
More informationCh. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53)
Ch. 9 Cell Respiration Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Essential question: How do cells use stored chemical energy in organic molecules and to generate ATP? Title: Oct 15 3:28 PM (2 of 53) Title: Oct 19
More informationHind Abu Tawileh. Moh Tarek & Razi Kittaneh. Ma moun
26 Hind Abu Tawileh Moh Tarek & Razi Kittaneh... Ma moun Cofactors are non-protein compounds, they are divided into 3 types: Protein-based. Metals: if they are bounded tightly (covalently) to the enzyme
More informationAEROBIC RESPIRATION. Chapter 8
AEROBIC RESPIRATION Chapter 8 AEROBIC RESPIRATION Aerobic respiration is the next step after Glycolysis if the cell can obtain oxygen. We won t need it until the last step but we still need it. Remember
More informationKrebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová
Krebs cycle Energy - 215 Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Overview of Citric Acid Cycle Key Concepts The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a multistep catalytic process that converts acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates,
More informationBiological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle
Biological oxidation II The Cytric acid cycle Outline The Cytric acid cycle (TCA tricarboxylic acid) Central role of Acetyl-CoA Regulation of the TCA cycle Anaplerotic reactions The Glyoxylate cycle Localization
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH AEROBIC RESPIRATION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: OVERVIEW OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is a series of reactions involving electron transfers to breakdown molecules for (ATP) 1. Glycolytic pathway: Glycolysis
More informationCitrate Cycle. Lecture 28. Key Concepts. The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions
Citrate Cycle Lecture 28 Key Concepts The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions Eight reactions of the Citrate Cycle Key control points in the Citrate Cycle regulate metabolic flux What role
More information2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 What is the fate of Pyruvate? Stages of Cellular Respiration GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OX. KREBS CYCLE ETC 2 The Krebs Cycle does your head suddenly hurt? 3 The Krebs Cycle An Overview
More informationAerobic Fate of Pyruvate. Chapter 16 Homework Assignment. Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 1, 3, 7, 10, 16, 19, 20 Additional Problem: Write out the eight reaction steps of the Citric Acid Cycle, using
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex
More informationEnergy and life. Generation of Biochemical Energy Chapter 21. Energy. Energy and biochemical reactions: 4/5/09
Energy and life Generation of Biochemical Energy Chapter 21 1 Biological systems are powered by oxidation of biomolecules made mainly of C, H and O. The food biomolecules are mainly Lipids (fats) Carbohydrates
More informationAP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration =
1 AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration = Day 1 p. I. Overview A. Cellular Respiration 1. Respiration breathing, exchange of O 2 for CO 2 2. Cellular respiration aerobic harvesting of energy from food
More informationCellular Respiration- -conversion of stored energy in glucose to usable energy for the cell -energy in cells is stored in the form of ATP
Cellular Respiration Notes Chapter 7 How Cells Make ATP Energy Releasing Pathways Cellular Respiration- -conversion of stored energy in glucose to usable energy for the cell -energy in cells is stored
More information(A) Urea cycle (B) TCA cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Pyruvate oxidation (E) Respiratory chain
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 15: Citric Acid Cycle No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements is not a metabolic pathway involved in carbohydrate catabolism and ATP production. (A) Urea cycle (B)
More informationGlycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4
Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site. Still having trouble understanding the material? Check
More information3. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic in terms of cell respiration. Outline the general process of both.
3.7 Cell Respiration 1. Define cell respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic molecules in cells to form ATP. 2. State the equation for the process of cell respiration.
More informationCell Respiration Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date.
Cell Respiration Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date. Working by alone or in a group, answer the following questions about Cell Respiration. This assignment is worth 30 points with the possible points for
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration
More informationSheet #13. #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016. Here we go.. Record #18
1 Sheet #13 #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016 Here we go.. Record #18 2 Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism: 1) The citric acid
More informationRespiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs
Respiration rganisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis Heterotrophs Live on organic compounds produced by
More informationCELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete loss of electrons Reduction: partial or complete gain of electrons
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Assemble polymers, pump substances across membranes, move and reproduce The giant panda Obtains energy for its cells by eating plants which get
More informationCitric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Page by: OpenStax Summary The Citric Acid Cycle In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria,
More information2) The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidationreduction
Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex
More informationINTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY. BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007 Name SIS # Make sure that your name or SIS # is on every page. This is the only way we have of matching you with your exam after
More informationMetabolism. Metabolism. Energy. Metabolism. Energy. Energy 5/22/2016
5//016 Metabolism Metabolism All the biochemical reactions occurring in the body Generating, storing and expending energy ATP Supports body activities Assists in constructing new tissue Metabolism Two
More informationCellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 -----> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + energy (heat and ATP) 1. Energy Capacity to move or change matter Forms of energy are important to life include Chemical, radiant (heat
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush
number 8 Done by Ali Yaghi Corrected by Mamoon Mohamad Alqtamin Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush 0 P a g e Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation has 3 major aspects: 1. It involves flow of electrons
More informationSection B: The Process of Cellular Respiration
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY Section B: The Process of Cellular Respiration 1. Respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport: an overview 2. Glycolysis
More informationAerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose
Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1 I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until
More informationCellular Metabolism. Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61)
Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires
More informationWhy we need it?? How the process of oxidation in our body, from time you ingest to get ATP, occur??
Krebs cycle It is called Krebs according to Hans Adolf Krebs (person who discover it ),citric acid cycle because the citrate is the first product in it,and Tricarboxylic acid cycle as it is first product
More informationDr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college
Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate(the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvatetransporter into mitochondria which proceeds as follows:
More informationKrebs Cycle. Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes. Extra information Biochemistry team 438. Red boxes are IMPORTANT!
Red boxes are IMPORTANT! Krebs Cycle Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes : ل ی د ع ت ل ا ط ب ا ر https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wvdec1atp7j- ZKWOUSukSLsEcosjZ0AqV4z2VcH2TA0/edit?usp=sharing
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Living cells require energy from outside sources Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and
More informationNotes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete
More informationHow Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 7.1 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways All organisms (including photoautotrophs) convert chemical energy of organic compounds to chemical energy of
More informationWhat s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP
2006-2007 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb s cycle 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! There s got to be a better way!
More informationCellular Metabolism 6/20/2015. Metabolism. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!
Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular metabolism: Aerobic cellular respiration requires
More informationCitric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The Citric Acid Cycle In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria,
More informationPAPER No. : 16 Bioorganic and biophysical chemistry MODULE No. : 25 Coenzyme-I Coenzyme A, TPP, B12 and biotin
Subject Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 16, Bio organic and Bio physical chemistry 25, Coenzyme-I : Coenzyme A, TPP, B12 and CHE_P16_M25 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction
More informationCh 9: Cellular Respiration
Ch 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration An overview Exergonic reactions and catabolic pathway Energy stored in bonds of food molecules is transferred to ATP Cellular respiration provides the energy
More informationChapter 17 - Citric Acid Cycle
hapter 17 - itric Acid ycle I. Introduction - The citric acid cycle (A) was elucidated in the 1930's by ans Krebs, who first noticed that oxygen consumption in suspensions of pigeon breast muscle was greatly
More informationObjective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy.
Objective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy. Do Now: Compare and contrast the three black equations below ADP + P + Energy
More informationCellular Metabolism 9/24/2013. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!
Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires
More informationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The
More informationReading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass.
Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14
More informationPlant Respiration. Exchange of Gases in Plants:
Plant Respiration Exchange of Gases in Plants: Plants do not have great demands for gaseous exchange. The rate of respiration in plants is much lower than in animals. Large amounts of gases are exchanged
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed
More informationCh. 9 Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle
Ch. 9 Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle 2006-2007 Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis glucose pyruvate 6C Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to
More informationMetabolism. Chapter 5. Catabolism Drives Anabolism 8/29/11. Complete Catabolism of Glucose
8/29/11 Metabolism Chapter 5 All of the reactions in the body that require energy transfer. Can be divided into: Cell Respiration and Metabolism Anabolism: requires the input of energy to synthesize large
More informationCellular Metabolism. Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69)
Cellular Metabolism Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69) Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell Metabolism Animation Breaking Down Glucose For Energy
More informationNotes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete
More informationEnergy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
More informationCHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions
CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy
More informationBiol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy to form ATP Cellular Respiration and Metabolism Glucose ATP Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl CoA NAD + Introducing The Players primary substrate for cellular respiration
More informationAhmad Ulnar. Faisal Nimri ... Dr.Faisal
24 Ahmad Ulnar Faisal Nimri... Dr.Faisal Fatty Acid Synthesis - Occurs mainly in the Liver (to store excess carbohydrates as triacylglycerols(fat)) and in lactating mammary glands (for the production of
More informationYield of energy from glucose
Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005
More informationTable of Contents. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration
Table of Contents Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Objectives Identify the two major steps of cellular respiration. Describe the major events in glycolysis. Compare lactic
More informationCLASS 11 th. Respiration in Plants
CLASS 11 th 01. Introduction All living cells require continuous supply of energy to perform various vital activities. This energy is released in controlled manner for cellular use via the process of respiration.
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9 9.1 Metabolic pathways that release energy are exergonic and considered catabolic pathways. Fermentation: partial degradation of sugars that occurs
More informationUnder aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA.
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the fuel for the citric acid cycle, which processes the two carbon acetyl unit to two molecules
More informationThe Krebs cycle is a central pathway for recovering energy from three major metabolites: carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Chapter 16 - Citric Acid Cycle TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) Citric acid cycle and Krebs cycle. Named after Sir Hans Krebs, Nobel Laureate. He worked as an assistant professor for Otto Warburg (Nobel
More information2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell.
Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Can be reactions that break things down. (Catabolism) Or reactions that build things up. (Anabolism)
More informationThe Citric Acid Cycle 19-1
The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1 The Citric Acid Cycle Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism the citric acid cycle electron transport oxidative phosphorylation Metabolism consists of catabolism:
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work
Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Light energy ECOSYSTEM. Organic molecules CO 2 + H 2 O
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2
More informationReleasing Chemical Energy
Releasing Chemical Energy Ø Energy From Carbohydrates Ø Aerobic Respiration/ Stages Ø Fermentation Ø Food as a Source of Energy How Do Cells Access the Chemical Energy in Carbohydrayes? Aerobic Respiration
More informationCitrate Cycle Supplemental Reading
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions - Eight enzymatic reactions of the Citrate Cycle - Key control points in the citrate cycle regulate
More informationCellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP
Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP 2006-2007 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP 2006-2007 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats,
More informationCellular Respiration
Cellular I can describe cellular respiration Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic pathways releasing energy from a foodstuff e.g. glucose. This yields energy in the form of ATP adenosine P i P
More informationGlycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation *
OpenStax-CNX module: m63472 1 Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation * Ildar Yakhin Based on Glycolysis by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative
More informationRespiration. Energy is everything!
Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular
More informationNAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!
EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the
More information