Endomembrane system, *Chloroplasts, *Mitochondria. *Learn these from text/connect1. Fertilization of a human cell

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1 Key Concepts: - Cells are the Basic Unit of Life Cell Theory, Surface to Volume - 2 Cell Types Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic - Cell Membrane Membrane Structure - Cell Organelles Endomembrane system, *Chloroplasts, *Mitochondria Fertilization of a human cell *Learn these from text/connect1 Microinjection of stem cells into mouse fertilized egg. (Chronicle photo by Chris Stewart, 2002) 1!

2 Microscopes Reveal the World of Cells The Cell theory All living things are made of cells All cells come from parent cells Why are cells so small? Most cells are bt um (micrometers) The size range of cells and related objects 2!

3 Small Cell Size => Efficient Exchange Small cell has more surface area relative to volume High surface to volume ratio increases rates of exchange substances moving across the cell membrane Which shape has more! Surface area to Volume?! 3!

4 Clicker Question #1! Which cell shape has the highest ratio of surface area to volume?! A.! B.! C.! D.! 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF! Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.! 4!

5 The 3 Domains of Life Have 2 Cell Types What are the names of the 2 cell types? 5!

6 Prokaryotic cells 6!

7 Eukaryotic cells All cells have a plasma membrane, 1 or more chromosomes, cytoplasm, and ribosomes Prokaryotes do not have a, instead they have a nucleoid Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, and other organelles 7!

8 The Anatomy of an Animal Cell 8!

9 The Anatomy of a Plant Cell Plant cells are also eukaryotic, but note the cell wall and chloroplasts. 9!

10 3.2 Mastering Concepts In what two ways do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells? 10!

11 A Membrane Surrounds Each Cell Composed of A phospholipid bilayer, Have embedded and attached proteins Commonly described as a fluid mosaic The plasma membrane of an animal cell 11!

12 Cell membranes are composed of molecules called phospholipids! A phospholipid has two regions:! - Hydrophilic head: (polar bonds) attracted to water! - Hydrophobic tails: (nonpolar bonds) repel water! 12!

13 Because of their chemical structure, phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers in water. 13!

14 Membrane video: < v=rl5emuqdkui&feature=related> 14!

15 Clicker Question #3! Cholesterol is a molecule in animal cell membranes. Since cholesterol is hydrophobic, where is it most likely to occur?! A. region X! B. region Y! 15!

16 3.3 Mastering Concepts! How does the chemical structure of phospholipids enable them to form a bilayer in water?! 16!

17 Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor Membranes w/in eukaryotic cells form compartments Each compartment maintains conditions that favor particular metabolic processes Organelles (& other cell structures) perform 4 basic functions Genetic control of cell (Which organelle does this?) Manufacture, distribution and breakdown of molecules Energy processing Structural support, movement, and communication bt. cells 17!

18 The Endomembrane System Endomembrane system = a collection of internal membranes work together in synthesis, storage, & export of molecules Some are physically connected, some are functionally connected by tiny vesicles What is meant by functionally connected?! 18!

19 Endoplasmic Reticulum A Molecular Factory 2 kinds of ER Smooth ER Rough ER Smooth ER! Rough ER! Nuclear! envelope! Ribosomes! 19!

20 Smooth ER no attached ribosomes. Involved in a variety of metabolic processes synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids In liver cells, enzymes from smooth ER break down alcohol and drugs Rough ER attached, makes membrane for itself and proteins destined for secretion Once proteins are made, transported in tiny to other parts of the endomembrane system 20!

21 Transport vesicle! buds off! 4! Ribosome! Secretory! protein! inside trans-! port vesicle! 1! 3! Sugar! chain! Polypeptide! 2! Glycoprotein! Rough ER! 21!

22 Golgi Apparatus Finishes & Ships Products The Golgi apparatus functions in conjunction with the ER by modifying products of the ER Products travel in transport vesicles from ER to Golgi One side of Golgi functions as a receiving dock and the other as a dock Products are modified as they go from one side to the other Products shipped in vesicles to other sites 22!

23 Receiving side of! Golgi apparatus! Golgi! apparatus! Golgi apparatus! Transport! vesicle! from ER! New vesicle! forming! Shipping side! of Golgi apparatus! Transport! vesicle from! the Golgi! 23!

24 Lysosomes = Garbage Disposal of Cells Lysosomes = sacs of digestive enzymes budded off of the Golgi They digest food particles engulfed by cell Plasma membrane Rough ER 1 Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus The enzymes & membrane are produced by and transferred to Golgi for processing Food 3 Engulfment of particle Food vacuole 2 Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle Lysosomes 4 Digestion 5 Lysosomes in a white blood cell 24!

25 Review of Endomembrane System The organelles of the endomembrane system are interconnected structurally and Rough ER Transport vesicle from ER to Golgi Transport vesicle from Golgi to plasma membrane Plasma membrane Nucleus Vacuole Lysosome Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus Connections among the organelles of the endomembrane system 25!

26 Mitochondria Power House of Cells Cellular respiration occurs inside mitochondria Mitochondrion Cellular respiration = converts energy in food to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) energy Intermembrane space Outer membrane C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Double membrane Inner membrane highly folded Inner membrane Cristae Matrix TEM 44,880 Figure 4.15 What does the increased folding do to surface area?! 26!

27 Chloroplasts Convert Sunlight to Sugar Chloroplasts organelles of plant cells, contain a green colored pigment = Photosynthesis = the conversion of energy to chemical energy (produces sugar molecules) Double membrane Inside are stacks of membranes = granum Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Figure 4.14 The chloroplast Intermembrane space 27!

28 Endosymbiosis The Origin of Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Endosymbiont theory = mitochondria & chloroplasts evolved from small prokaryotes that began living w/in larger host cells Symbiosis benefited both symbiont and host cells Evidence that supports theory Mitos & chloros have their own unique DNA and ribosomes DNA and ribosomes very similar to prokaryotic cells Mitos & chloros replicate like prokaryotic cells How is a theory different from a hypothesis?! 28!

29 Mitochondrion! Engulfing of! photosynthetic! prokaryote! Engulfing! of aerobic! prokaryote! Host cell! Some! cells! Chloroplast! Mitochondrion! Host cell! 29!

30 Membranes are selectively permeable Not all molecules can cross the cell membrane Small non-polar molecules (carbon dioxide and oxygen) diffuse freely Polar molecules (water, glucose and other sugars), ions, and large molecules can not diffuse through membrane Transport proteins allow molecules that can not diffuse to enter and leave a cell 30!

31 Ribosomes Build Cell Proteins Ribosomes - involved in protein synthesis Cells that synthesize lg. amounts of protein have a lg. # of ribosomes Some ribosomes are free; others are bound Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm Bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) What cells in your body might produce lots of protein?! 31!

32 Ribosomes! ER! Cytoplasm! Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)! Free ribosomes! Bound ribosomes! Large! subunit! TEM showing ER! and ribosomes! Small! subunit! Diagram of! a ribosome! 32!

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