BPK 312 Nutrition for Fitness & Sport. Lecture 3

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "BPK 312 Nutrition for Fitness & Sport. Lecture 3"

Transcription

1 BPK 312 Nutrition for Fitness & Sport Lecture 3 Nutrient Roles in Bioenergetics 1. Learning Objectives for Lecture 3 2. Bioenergetics/Conservation of Energy 3. Redox Reactions 4. ATP/Phosphocreatine 5. Cellular Oxidation/Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients 7. The Metabolic Mill 1

2 1. Lecture 3 Learning Objectives (LO3) LO3-1: Define bioenergetics and give a description of the nutritionenergy interaction, energy transfer from macronutrients and cellular respiration. LO3-2: Define and explain oxidation-reduction reactions as well as how they are important in energy transfer from macronutrients to ATP. LO3-3: Explain how phosphocreatine and high energy phosphate bonds allow short term, explosive activity. LO3-4: Explain the details of how electron transport in the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation allow the transfer of energy from macronutrients to ATP. LO3-5: Explain and describe the steps of energy transfer from: (i) glycogen and glucose to ATP in glycolysis, (ii) from coenzymes to high energy phosphate bonds in the citric acid cycle and (iii) from lactate to glycogen in the Cori Cycle LO3-6: Name the sources of fat for catabolism and describe the steps in transfer of energy from triacylglycerols in beta-oxidation to the electron transport chain for ATP production. LO3-7:Explain deamination, transamination and how the carbon skeletons from amino acids are catabolized to give gluconeogenic as well as ketogenic intermediates for energy transfer. 2

3 2. Bioenergetics & Conservation of Energy Bioenergetics refers to flow of energy within a living system. Aerobic chemical reactions do & anaerobic chemical reactions do not require oxygen. Energy is transferred from the sun to plants by photosynthesis using chlorophyll, H 2 O & CO 2 to produce carbohydrates (CHO) including glucose. Overall equation for photosynthesis: Cellular respiration in animals allows recovery of food chemical energy stored in plants Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores transfer energy transfer from different food sources Image Source: 3

4 2. Bioenergetics & Conservation of Energy On engraisse pas les cochons à l'eau claire Jeanne Beauregard, né Archambault, Calixa-Lavallée, Qc, Energy and Laws of Thermodynamics First law Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but instead, transforms from one state to another without being used up. There are six forms of interchangeable energy states: Chemical, Light, Electric, Mechanical, Heat, Nuclear Biologic Work Takes one of three forms: Mechanical work of muscle contraction Chemical work for synthesizing molecules Transport work that concentrates diverse substances in body fluids 4

5 2. Bioenergetics & Conservation of Energy Recall Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy Potential energy (PE) refers to energy associated with a substance s structure or position. Kinetic Energy (KE) refers to energy of motion. PE and KE constitute the total energy of any system. Releasing PE transforms it into KE of motion. Energy transformation in the human body depend on: (i) Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions & (ii) Chemical reactions that conserve & liberate energy in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 5

6 3. Redox Reactions Oxidation reduction reactions couple: Oxidation = a substance loses H +, electrons or oxygen giving a valence Reduction = a substance gains electrons giving a valence Redox reactions power the body s energy transfer processes. LIGHT MODERATE LDH STRENUOUS MAXIMAL LDH Fig 4-5: Example of a redox reaction during intense exercise - the reduction of pyruvate to give lactate & subsequent oxidation of lactate to give pyruvate during recovery cf slide 22 (Lactate Dehydrogenase = LDH) 6

7 4. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) & Phosphocreatine (PCr) ATP is the body s primary energy carrier molecule that captures free energy in high energy phosphate bonds Examples of work carried out in the body using ATP Digestion Circulation 2 outermost phosphate bonds are high energy phosphate bonds. Splits rapidly without O 2 Only g of ATP stored in body there is a continual resynthesis of ATP Nerve Conduction Muscle Contraction Glandular Tissue Synthesis Fig 4-8: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), the body s energy currency that powers all biological work 7

8 4. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) & Phosphocreatine (PCr) Potential energy (PE) is extracted from macronutrients in food & conserved within phosphate bonds within ATP. Chemical PE in ATP powers all biologic work. Adenosine TriPhosphatase (ATPase) for ATP degradation & energy release for rapid anaerobic energy supply ATP + H 2 O ATP Synthesis ATPase ADP + P i kcal/mol Fig 4-7: Simplified ATP image ATP Synthase ADP + P i ATP 8

9 4. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) & Phosphocreatine (PCr) Phosphocreatine (PCr): The Energy Reservoir In addition to ATP, PCr is another high-energy phosphate compound. PCr quickly releases large amounts of energy when bonds between creatine & phosphate are broken. Cells store 4 6 x more PCr than ATP Is a reservoir of high-energy phosphate bonds, for shortterm 8-10 s explosive, all out muscular exercise Phosphorylation gives energy transfer in phosphate bonds ATPase Creatine Phosphokinase Fig 4-9: ATP & PCr sources of anaerobic phosphate bond energy. Energy released from splitting PCr helps resynthesize ATP from ADP & Pi; Adenosine triphosphatase 9 (ATPase)

10 5. Cellular Oxidation, Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation ACTIVATION ENERGY ACTIVATION ENERGY sudden release of all chemical energy slow step-wise release of chemical energy BURNING OF GLUCOSE CELLULAR OXIDATON OF GLUCOSE Fig 4-6: Burning glucose in a fire vs. cellular oxidation of glucose 10

11 5. Cellular Oxidation, Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation Most energy for ATP phosphorylation is from oxidation of hydrogen (H) from macronutrients, CHO, lipids & protein Constitutes the mechanism for aerobic energy metabolism Involves the transfer of hydrogen atoms & electrons Loss of hydrogen= oxidation & gain of hydrogen=reduction Highly specific dehydrogenase co-enzymes are reduced with H from macronutrients Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD + ) from niacin (Vit B 3 ) Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) from riboflavin (Vit B 2 ) NADH & FADH 2 are 2 high energy molecules carrying H & their electrons Mitochondria contain cytochrome carrier molecules on their inner membrane that remove electrons from H & pass them to O 2 Electron transport by cytochromes is the respiratory chain Chemical Reactions in Mitochondria Animation Button nb change create to transfer of energy in this animation 11

12 5. Cellular Oxidation, Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Refers to energy transfer through phosphate bonds Oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP by transferring H & electrons from NADH and FADH 2 to oxygen. >90% of body s ATP synthesis Fig 4-10: Schematic diagram for oxidation of hydrogen from NADH & FADH 2 for subsequent electron transport for the reduction of O 2. 12

13 5. Cellular Oxidation, Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation 1 Cytochrome 2 e- Cytochrome 2e- Cytochrome 2e- Cytochrome 2e- Cytochrome 2e- 2 3 Electron Transport Animation Button Fig 4-11: In the body chemical energy is liberated with each of 3 hydrogen/electron pairs from NADH & FADH 2 are shuttled by 5 mitochondrial cytochromes; cytochromes are Fe 13 containing proteins. This energy is conserved in ATP in high energy phosphate bonds.

14 5. Cellular Oxidation, Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation Theoretical value for aerobic ATP production from oxidation of H & subsequent phosphorylation is: NADH + H ADP + 3 P i + ½ O 2 NAD + + H 2 O + 3 ATP ATP needs to be transported out of the mitochondria at the cost of some ATP On average the net yield is 2.5 ATP synthesized per NADH, when FADH 2 donates H this gives on average a net yield of 1.5 ATP synthesized from each hydrogen pair 14

15 5. Cellular Oxidation, Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation Efficiency of Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation Formation of each mole of ATP conserves ~ 7 kcal of energy Since 2.5 moles ATP is produced per mole of NADH then 2.5 x 7 kcal = ~18 kcal is conserved as chemical energy The relative efficiency is ~34% for transferring chemical energy by ETC-oxidative phosphorylation since 1 mole of NADH liberates 52 kcal, i.e. ~18 kcal/52 kcal x 100 = ~34%. Remaining 66% of this energy is dissipated as heat 15

16 5. Cellular Oxidation, Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation Role of Oxygen in Energy Metabolism 3 conditions for ATP re-synthesis using energy from macronutrients Cond. 1: Availability of reduced NADH & FADH 2 in tissues Cond. 2: Presence of oxidizing agent O 2 in the tissues Cond. 3: Sufficient concentration of the enzymes & mitochondria in the tissues to ensure energy transfer reactions proceed at their appropriate rate Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain & combines with hydrogen to form water. Strenuous Exercise In Cond. 2 if there is inadequate O 2 in the tissues or in Cond 3 if the rate of delivery of O 2 is inadequate these give an imbalance between H release & acceptance by O 2, i.e. its reduction. Electron flow down ETC backs up, H accumulates & lactate forms as give in Fig 4-15 on a following slide in this lecture. 16

17 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Sources for ATP formation include: i. Glucose derived from liver glycogen ii. Triacylglycerol & glycogen molecules stored within skeletal muscle cells/fibers iii. Free fatty acids (FFA) derived from triacylglycerol in liver and adipocytes that enter the bloodstream for delivery to active muscle iv. Intramuscular & liverderived carbon skeletons of amino acids Fig

18 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Intramuscular Energy Stores Fig 4-13: Macronutrient Fuel Sources Mitochondrion Glycogen Glucose aa FFA TAG Glucose Deaminated aa Liver produces rich sources of amino acids (aa) & glucose (glycogen) Adipocytes give large amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) These compounds are released into blood & are carried to skeletal m. Most energy transfer takes place in mitochondria within skeletal m. Intramuscular energy sources include ATP, PCr, Triacylglycerol (TAG), 18 glycogen & carbon skeletons from aa s FFA Citric Acid Cycle ATP

19 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Energy Release from Carbohydrates C 6 H 12 O O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O kcal/mol 1 function of CHO is to supply energy for cellular work. in a bomb calorimeter the complete breakdown of 1 mol of glucose of 180 g liberates 686 kcal of energy Synthesis of 1 mol ATP needs 7.3 kcal of energy All energy in glucose oxidation could give 94 mol of ATP In muscle phosphate bonds conserve only 34%, i.e. 34% of 686 kcal/mol = 233 kcal/mol of energy in ATP bonds with the remainder dissipated as heat. 1 mol of glucose breakdown gives 233 kcal/7.3 kcal x mol -1 = 32 mol of ATP 19

20 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Glucose Degradation Occurs in two stages: 1. Anaerobic: Glucose breaks down relatively rapidly to 2 molecules of pyruvate in the reactions of glycolysis 2. Aerobic: Pyruvate degrades further to carbon dioxide and water in the reactions of the citric acid cycle 20

21 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Glycolysis In cytosol & anaerobic cond. Glycolysis gives 5-10% of total ATP from a glucose molecule Substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis gives net gain of 2 ATP Hydrogen release in glycolysis gives 2 NADH for max exercise <90 s Glycogenolysis gives net gain 3 ATP b/c 1 st step bypassed Lactate formation Glycogen phosphorylase glycolysis.html Fig 4-13 ENZYMES 1. Hexokinase 2. Glucose 6- Phosphate isomerase 3. Phosphofructokinase 4. Aldolase 5. Triosephosphate isomerase 6. Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase 7. Phosphoglycerate kinase 8.Phosphoglycerom utase 9. Enolase 10. Pyruvate kinase 21

22 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Lactate Formation & Use In heavy exercise when energy demand exceeds O 2 supply, ETC can t process all NADH Depends on reaction 6 in glycolysis & for NAD + availability to oxidize 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde Lactate Dehydrogenase = LDH dramatically slows glycolytic rate & lactic acid production results Lactate is a valuable source of chemical energy in the Cori Cycle nb at physiological ph, lactic acid dissociates to lactate & H + Fig 4-15: Lactic Acid Formation when excess H + from NADH temporarily combines with pyruvate. This frees NAD + to accept more H + from glycolysis, cf slide 6 22

23 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Cori Cycle Lactate is a valuable source of chemical energy during exercise 3 2 Fig Lactic acid from skeletal muscle enters venous circulation & dissociates to lactate & H + 2. Lactate enters liver where it is converted to pyruvate & then via gluconeogenesis, there is a resynthesis of glucose. 3. Blood glucose as well as muscle & liver glycogen can subsequently be maintained. 4. Glucose is released from liver to arterial blood to active skeletal muscle. Cori Cycle Animation Button Glucose animation_library/hp-25-cori_cycle/cori_cycle.html 23

24 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) 2 nd stage of CHO breakdown is the CAC. Irreversible joining of pyruvate with CoA, a Vit. B derivative, from Vit B 6 or pantothenic acid, to acetyl-coa This releases 2 H atoms to reduce both NAD + & FAD Fig 4-18 fumarate oxaloacetate malate citrate Citric Acid Cycle Animation Button isocitrate e.g. Pyruvate + NAD + + CoA acetyl-coa + CO 2 + NADH + H + The acetyl portion of acetyl-coa joins with oxaloacetate to form citrate from citric acid. Each acetyl-coa gives 2 CO 2 & 4 pairs of hydrogen atoms, plus 1 high energy Guanosine-5'- triphosphate (GTP) Succinate Succinyl-CoA oxalosuccinate α-ketoglutarate wolterskluwer_vitalstream_ com/animation_library/ HP-16-citric_acid/ citric_acid_cycle.html 24

25 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Fig Schematic Diagram of hydrogen formation & subsequent oxidation during aerobic energy metabolism. Phase 1: CAC generates H atoms during breakdown of acetyl CoA Phase 2: ATP is reformed when these H s are oxidized via aerobic electron transport - oxidative phosphorylation 25

26 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Fig 4-19: Net Yield of 32 ATP molecules during complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule through glycolysis, the CAC & electron transport chain 26

27 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Energy Release from Fat Lipolysis Stored fat represents the body s biggest source of PE. Energy sources for fat catabolism include: i. Triacylglycerol stored directly in skeletal m. fiber ii. Circulating triacylglycerol (TAG) in lipoprotein complexes iii. Circulating free fatty acids Lipolysis Animation download.lww.com/ wolterskluwer_vitalstr eam_com/ animation_library/ HP-26-triacylglycerol/ triacylglycerol.html Hormone Sensitive Lipase 3,5 cyclic monophosphate (camp) TAG + 3 H 2 O glycerol + 3 fatty acids 3 steps in lipoysis, steps 1&2 with HSL, Step 3 with HSL & monoglyceride lipase camp Activation: stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine (e.g. exercise), glucagon, growth hormone + inhibited by lactate, insulin & ketones these circulating factors don t enter cell but activate camp & Hormone Sensitive Lipase 27

28 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Adipocytes TAG fat droplets take up to 95% of adipocyte volume & is major FFA source Lipase stimulates glycerol & FFA release from adipocytes FFA bind to albumin in the plasma Long chain fatty acids enter muscle fibers by diffusion or by protein mediated transport &: (i) form muscle intracellular TAG Fig 4-20: Fat storage & mobilization or lipolysis Lipase (ii) bind to CoA & then to carnitine by actions of carnitineacyl-coa transferase I & II fatty acids enter mitochondria (iii) Carnitine + fatty acyl-coa à acylcarnitine + CoA (iv) end product is Acetyl-CoA à CAC & ETC to give ATP (iv) [Acetyl-CoA]/[CoA] ratio FA transfer to mitoch. Fat Mobilzation Animation download.lww.com/ wolterskluwer_vitalstre am_com/ animation_library/ HP-17-fat_mobilization/ fat_mobilization.html Short & medium chain FA diffuse freely into mitochon., cf Lec #7, slides 283-5

29 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Breakdown of Glycerol and Fatty Acids Glycerol Provides carbon skeletons for glucose synthesis, enters glycolytic pathway as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde to give ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Fatty acids Beta (ß)-oxidation for fatty acid oxidation converts a free fatty acid to multiple acetyl-coa molecules. H + released during fatty acid catabolism is oxidized through the respiratory chain. Note CAC rate depends on concentration of its intermediates, including oxaloacetate & malate, that are derived from CHO. A low CHO diet can limit fatty acid oxidation, due a slow rate of the citric acid cycle. C 15 H 32 O O 2 16CO H 2 O kcal 29

30 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Breakdown of Glycerol and Fatty Acid Fragments Electron transport chain accepts pairs of hydrogen from glycolysis, citric acid cycle and ß-oxidation *** Fat burns in a carbohydrate flame*** Fig 4-21: General scheme of glycerol & fatty acid fragment breakdown 30

31 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Energy Release from Protein Protein plays a role as an energy substrate during endurance activities and heavy trainings. Deamination: Nitrogen is removed from the amino acid by the liver Transamination: when an amino group is passed to another compound remaining carbon skeletons enter metabolic pathways to produce ATP. especially evident for the branched chained amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamine & aspartate Excessive intake of protein is converted to body fat. 31

32 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients A. Alanine Structure B. Transamination The nitrogen containing amine group is transferred to other compounds Allows availability of the carbon skeleton to enter into energy metabolism e.g. the compound enters into the citric acid cycle wolterskluwer_vitalstream_com/ animation_library/hp-23-transamination/ transamination.html Transamination Animation Glutamate Glutamine transaminase α-ketoglutaric acid Pyruvate Alanine Fig A: Chemical structure of aa alanine B: Transamination 32

33 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Glucogenic & Ketogenic Amino Acids Carbon skeletons of amino acids that form pyruvate or directly enter the citric acid cycle are glucogenic because they can form glucose Carbon skeletons of amino acids that form acetyl-coa are ketogenic because they can t form glucose molecules but rather synthesize fat Fig 4-21: Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. 33

34 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients Deamination Gluconeogenesis Alanine Transaminase Glucose Alanine Cycle Animation Button In prolonged exercise this cycle accounts for 10-15% of total exercise energy requirement after 4 h of continuous light exercise alaninederived glucose accounts for 45% of the livers total glucose release Fig. 1-20: Glucose-Alanine Cycle HP-09-alanine_glucose/alanineglucose.html 34

35 7. The Metabolic Mill The citric acid cycle is a vital link between food energy and the chemical energy of ATP. The citric acid cycle also provides intermediates that cross the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol to synthesize bio-nutrients. 35

36 BPK 312 Nutrition for Fitness & Sport Lecture 3 Summary Slide Nutrient Roles in Bioenergetics 1. Learning Objectives for Lecture 3 2. Bioenergetics/Conservation of Energy 3. Redox Reactions 4. ATP/Phosphocreatine 5. Cellular Oxidation/Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation 6. Energy Release from Macronutrients 7. Metabolic Mill 36

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration

More information

Metabolism. Chapter 5. Catabolism Drives Anabolism 8/29/11. Complete Catabolism of Glucose

Metabolism. Chapter 5. Catabolism Drives Anabolism 8/29/11. Complete Catabolism of Glucose 8/29/11 Metabolism Chapter 5 All of the reactions in the body that require energy transfer. Can be divided into: Cell Respiration and Metabolism Anabolism: requires the input of energy to synthesize large

More information

III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular

III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways

More information

Bioenergetics. Chapter 3. Objectives. Objectives. Introduction. Photosynthesis. Energy Forms

Bioenergetics. Chapter 3. Objectives. Objectives. Introduction. Photosynthesis. Energy Forms Objectives Chapter 3 Bioenergetics Discuss the function of cell membrane, nucleus, & mitochondria Define: endergonic, exergonic, coupled reactions & bioenergetics Describe how enzymes work Discuss nutrients

More information

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes

More information

Integration Of Metabolism

Integration Of Metabolism Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;

More information

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5 1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced

More information

Biol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016

Biol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy to form ATP Cellular Respiration and Metabolism Glucose ATP Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl CoA NAD + Introducing The Players primary substrate for cellular respiration

More information

CH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview. Concept 7.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels

CH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview. Concept 7.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels CH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms Energy flows into

More information

Chemical Energy. Valencia College

Chemical Energy. Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of

More information

Biochemistry 7/11/ Bio-Energetics & ATP. 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM

Biochemistry 7/11/ Bio-Energetics & ATP. 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM Biochemistry 5. Bio-Energetics & ATP 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Prof. Dr. Klaus Heese OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM 1. The food we eat, (carbohydrates/ glucose /sugar, lipids/fat, proteins),

More information

Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism. Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross

Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism. Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross Cellular Respiration Set of reactions that take place during the conversion of nutrients into ATP Intricate regulatory relationship between several

More information

Chemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide

Chemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide Chemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 12 12.1 Identify and differentiate between macronutrients (lipids, amino acids and saccharides) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Master Tutor Section

More information

OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM

OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM Biochemistry 5. Bio-Energetics & ATP 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM 1. The food we eat, (carbohydrates/ glucose /sugar, lipids/fat, proteins), are our only source

More information

Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General

Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy A. Obtaining Energy and Electrons from Glucose Lecture Series 12 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy B. An Overview: Releasing Energy from Glucose

More information

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes How is energy obtained biologically? Recall: Red Ox Reactions Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Oxidation Is the chief mechanism by which chemical potential energy is released This energy comes from reduced

More information

CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions

CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Living cells require energy from outside sources Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and

More information

Cell Respiration Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date.

Cell Respiration Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date. Cell Respiration Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date. Working by alone or in a group, answer the following questions about Cell Respiration. This assignment is worth 30 points with the possible points for

More information

CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete loss of electrons Reduction: partial or complete gain of electrons

More information

g) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology

g) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology g) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology What can you remember about respiration? 1. What is respiration? 2. What are the raw materials? 3. What are the products? 4. Where does it occur? 5. Why does

More information

Higher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25

Higher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25 Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration Page 1 of 25 Sub Topic: Respiration I can state that: All living cells carry out respiration. ATP is the energy currency of the cell

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Assemble polymers, pump substances across membranes, move and reproduce The giant panda Obtains energy for its cells by eating plants which get

More information

Reading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass.

Reading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The

More information

Ch. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53)

Ch. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Ch. 9 Cell Respiration Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Essential question: How do cells use stored chemical energy in organic molecules and to generate ATP? Title: Oct 15 3:28 PM (2 of 53) Title: Oct 19

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.2 Light energy

More information

Yield of energy from glucose

Yield of energy from glucose Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes

More information

This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)

This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 -----> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + energy (heat and ATP) 1. Energy Capacity to move or change matter Forms of energy are important to life include Chemical, radiant (heat

More information

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism is important for both plants and animals. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison,

More information

CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Metabolism Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems The direction and extent to which a chemical reaction

More information

Metabolism. Metabolism. Energy. Metabolism. Energy. Energy 5/22/2016

Metabolism. Metabolism. Energy. Metabolism. Energy. Energy 5/22/2016 5//016 Metabolism Metabolism All the biochemical reactions occurring in the body Generating, storing and expending energy ATP Supports body activities Assists in constructing new tissue Metabolism Two

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living

More information

Integration of Metabolism

Integration of Metabolism Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed

More information

Cellular Respiration. Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1

Cellular Respiration. Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1 Cellular Respiration Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1 4/28/2014 2 The Mitochondria The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle Two membranes Outer membrane Inter membrane space Inner membrane Location

More information

Campbell Biology 9. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., Lecture on General Biology 1

Campbell Biology 9. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., Lecture on General Biology 1 Lecture on General Biology 1 Campbell Biology 9 th edition Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., chulsuyang@hanyang.ac.kr Infection Biology Lab., Dept. of Molecular & Life

More information

CELLULAR METABOLISM. Metabolic pathways can be linear, branched, cyclic or spiral

CELLULAR METABOLISM. Metabolic pathways can be linear, branched, cyclic or spiral CHM333 LECTURE 24 & 25: 3/27 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna CELLULAR METABOLISM What is metabolism? - How cells acquire, transform, store and use energy - Study reactions in a cell and how

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell.

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Can be reactions that break things down. (Catabolism) Or reactions that build things up. (Anabolism)

More information

How Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7

How Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 7.1 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways All organisms (including photoautotrophs) convert chemical energy of organic compounds to chemical energy of

More information

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete

More information

How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration

How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms classified on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on organic compounds

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Life Is Work Living cells

More information

Enzymes and Metabolism

Enzymes and Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky Enzymes and Metabolism Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb 1 Protein Macromolecules composed of combinations

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living

More information

2) The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidationreduction

2) The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidationreduction Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex

More information

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Global Athlete Outreach Program US CytoThesis Systems Medicine Center www.cytothesis.us US OncoTherapy Systems BioMedicine Group CytoThesis Bioengineering Research Group

More information

Respiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7

Respiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on

More information

Cellular Metabolism. Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61)

Cellular Metabolism. Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

Cellular Metabolism 6/20/2015. Metabolism. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!

Cellular Metabolism 6/20/2015. Metabolism. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular metabolism: Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy

Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular work (ATP) 3. Importance of electrons and

More information

respiration mitochondria mitochondria metabolic pathways reproduction can fuse or split DRP1 interacts with ER tubules chapter DRP1 ER tubule

respiration mitochondria mitochondria metabolic pathways reproduction can fuse or split DRP1 interacts with ER tubules chapter DRP1 ER tubule mitochondria respiration chapter 3-4 shape highly variable can fuse or split structure outer membrane inner membrane cristae intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix free ribosomes respiratory enzymes

More information

A cell has enough ATP to last for about three seconds.

A cell has enough ATP to last for about three seconds. Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Energy and carbon sources in living cells 2. Sources of cellular ATP 3. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular

More information

Cellular Metabolism 9/24/2013. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!

Cellular Metabolism 9/24/2013. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

Aerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose

Aerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1 I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until

More information

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete

More information

Cellular Metabolism. Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69)

Cellular Metabolism. Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69) Cellular Metabolism Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69) Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell Metabolism Animation Breaking Down Glucose For Energy

More information

7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy 7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Metabolism? How Is Energy Harvested

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates

More information

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Light energy ECOSYSTEM. Organic molecules CO 2 + H 2 O

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Light energy ECOSYSTEM. Organic molecules CO 2 + H 2 O 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2

More information

Physiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004

Physiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004 Name Write your name on the back of the exam Physiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004 This examination consists of forty-four questions, each having 2 points. The remaining

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Life Is Work Living cells

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration To perform their many tasks, living cells require energy from outside sources. Energy stored in food utimately comes from the sun. Photosynthesis makes the raw materials

More information

3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP]

3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP] 3.7 Cell respiration ( Chapter 9 in Campbell's book) 3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP] Organic compounds store

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with

More information

Transfer of food energy to chemical energy. Includes anabolic and catabolic reactions. The cell is the metabolic processing center

Transfer of food energy to chemical energy. Includes anabolic and catabolic reactions. The cell is the metabolic processing center Metabolism There are a lot of diagrams here. DO NOT, I repeat, DO NOT get overly anxious or excited about them. We will go through them again slowly!! Read the slides, read the book, DO NOT TAKE NOTES.

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated

More information

BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.9 - RESPIRATION.

BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.9 - RESPIRATION. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: REDOX REACTIONS Redox reaction a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another Oxidation loss of electrons Reduction gain of electrons

More information

Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain

Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion

More information

cell respiration bi Biology Junction Everything you need in Biology Cellular Respiration All Materials Cmassengale

cell respiration bi Biology Junction Everything you need in Biology Cellular Respiration All Materials Cmassengale Biology Junction Everything you need in Biology cell respiration bi Cellular Respiration All Materials Cmassengale C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (heat and ATP) Energy http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_respiration_bi.htm

More information

Unit 2 Cellular Respiration

Unit 2 Cellular Respiration Metabolism Unit 2 Cellular Respiration Living organisms must continually to carry out the functions of life. Without energy, comes to an end. The breakdown of complex substances are the result of. The

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chapter 9 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

More information

Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration)

Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration) Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration) 1 SECTION ONE: GLYCOLYSIS AND FERMENTATION HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY Cellular respiration is the process in which cells make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by breaking

More information

Marah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh

Marah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh 8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon

More information

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 25 Metabolism and Nutrition Metabolic Reactions Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the body. Reactions that break

More information

Chapter 6. How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy. Lecture by Richard L. Myers

Chapter 6. How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy oweroint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 earson Education, Inc. Lecture

More information

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration =

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration = 1 AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration = Day 1 p. I. Overview A. Cellular Respiration 1. Respiration breathing, exchange of O 2 for CO 2 2. Cellular respiration aerobic harvesting of energy from food

More information

Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy. Examples:

Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy. Examples: Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy Examples: Energy can be transformed: Thermodynamics: First law of Thermodynamics: Second

More information

Glycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4

Glycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4 Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of

More information

Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes

Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Topics Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 2 Metabolism Catabolism Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and dform simpler

More information

Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)

Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need

More information

Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle

Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 21 Session Plan Gluconeogenesis Cori Cycle Common Metabolic Pathway The Citric Acid Cycle Stoker 2014, p859 Gluconeogenesis

More information

Structure of the Mitochondrion. Cell Respiration. Cellular Respiration. Catabolic Pathways. Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration ATP 10/14/2014

Structure of the Mitochondrion. Cell Respiration. Cellular Respiration. Catabolic Pathways. Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration ATP 10/14/2014 Structure of the Mitochondrion Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Pgs. 163 183 Enclosed by a double membrane Outer membrane is smooth Inner, or cristae, membrane is folded - this divides the mitochondrion

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex

More information

Plant Respiration. Exchange of Gases in Plants:

Plant Respiration. Exchange of Gases in Plants: Plant Respiration Exchange of Gases in Plants: Plants do not have great demands for gaseous exchange. The rate of respiration in plants is much lower than in animals. Large amounts of gases are exchanged

More information

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism OpenStax-CNX module: m46451 1 Carbohydrate Metabolism OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,

More information

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead

More information

Chapter 10. Cellular Respiration Pearson Education Ltd

Chapter 10. Cellular Respiration Pearson Education Ltd Chapter 10 Cellular Respiration Life Is Work a) Living cells require energy from outside sources b) Some animals, such as the giraffe, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular I can describe cellular respiration Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic pathways releasing energy from a foodstuff e.g. glucose. This yields energy in the form of ATP adenosine P i P

More information

Chemistry B11 Chapter 17 Metabolic pathways & Energy production

Chemistry B11 Chapter 17 Metabolic pathways & Energy production Chapter 17 Metabolic pathways & Energy production Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that take place in living cells to break down or build molecules are known as metabolism. The term metabolism refers

More information

Chapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I

Chapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for

More information