Chiral molecules. Carbon: The framework of biological molecules- Primary functional chemical groups. Chemical vs. structural formulas

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chiral molecules. Carbon: The framework of biological molecules- Primary functional chemical groups. Chemical vs. structural formulas"

Transcription

1 The chemical building blocks of life Carbon: The framework of biological molecules- Biological molecules consist primarily of Carbon atoms bound to carbon atoms Carbon bound to other molecules Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons store energy-good fuels Gasoline is rich in hydrocarbons Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds Carbon can be bound to functional groups with specific properties What is meant by Organic? Chemical vs. structural formulas Easy way to express the particular atoms that makeup an element Uses chemical symbol and number of atoms Propane-C 3 H 8 Butane-C 4 H 10 Graphical representation to show how atoms are arranged. Shows chemical bonding Propane Butane Primary functional chemical groups Biological Molecules Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula Structural isomers-differ in carbon structure Example: glucose and fructose Stereoisomer-differ in how the groups attached to the carbon skeleton are arranged (have same carbon skeleton) Subcategory: Enantiomers: mirror-images of each other A molecule that has mirror-image versions is called a chiral molecule When carbon is bound to 4 different molecules, symmetry exists Polarized light has single plane, chiral molecules rotate this plane either to the left or to the right Call 2 chiral forms: D for dextrorotatory & L for levorotatory In living systems, only single enantiomer (D-sugars & L-amino acids Chiral molecules 1

2 Four biological macromolecules Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Biological Molecules Biological molecules are typically large molecules constructed from smaller subunits Monomer: single subunit (mono=1; -mer=unit) Polymer: many units (poly=many;-mer=unit) Nature of a polymer is determined by the monomers used to build the polymer 1.) Dehydration reactions: formation of large molecules by the removal of water Example: monomers are joined to form polymers 2.) Hydrolysis reactions: breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water Example: polymers are broken down to monomers Making and breaking macromolecules Energy Currency Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. Carbohydrates Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of C, H, O Empirical formula: (CH 2 O) n Examples: sugars, starch, glucose C-H covalent bonds=energy Carbs are good energy storage molecules Monosaccharides Mono =single; saccharum = sugar Simplest of the carbohydrates Can contain as few as 3 carbon atoms Normally have 6 Empirical formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 or (CH 2 O) 6 very important in energy storage -fructose is a structural isomer of glucose -galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose 6-carbon sugars can exist in a straight-chain form, but in water, they form rings 2

3 Monosaccharides Example: glucose Important in energy storage 7 C-H bonds 2 forms (α & β) Depends on orientation of carbonyl group Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose Galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose Structure of the glucose molecule Isomers and Stereoisomers di- 2 Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis Used for sugar transport or energy storage Examples: sucrose (sugarcane), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (storage) Polysaccharides Poly = many Long chains of sugars Used for energy storage Plants use starch; animals use glycogen Used for structural support Plants use cellulose; animals use chitin Examples: Starches Amylose: simplest starch Amylopectin: branched, complex starch Glycogen Polymers of Glucose 3

4 Polymers of glucose Polymers of glucose Cellulose Chitin Cellulose Chitin Polymer of β-glucose Main component of plant cell walls Cows digest cellulose by means of bacteria and protists inside their digestive tracts Found in arthropods and many fungi Modified form of cellulose where N-acetyl group replaces a hydroxyl in each glucose unit Forms hard exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans 2 types Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Functions: specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides: sugar+ phosphate+ nitrogenous base Sugar= deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA Nitrogenous bases include: Purines: adenine and guanine Pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil Structure of a nucleotide Made up of 3 elements Five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Organic nitrogenous base Phosphate group *Sugar numbers are given as primes to distinguish between numbering on rings of bases Structure of Nucleic Acids & Nitrogen-containing bases 4

5 DNA Nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds Double helix: 2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds Polynucleotide strands are complementary Genetic information is carried in the sequence of nucleotides The structure of DNA RNA Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose Contains uracil instead of thymine Single polynucleotide strand Functions: Read the genetic information in DNA Direct the synthesis of proteins DNA vs. RNA Other Nucleotides ATP: adenosine triphosphate Primary energy currency of the cell NAD+ and FAD Electron carriers for many cellular reactions Seven functions 1. enzyme catalysts 2. defense 3. transport 4. support 5. motion 6. regulation 7. storage 5

6 Figure 3.16 Enzymatic proteins Defensive proteins Function: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions Function: Protection against disease Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food Example: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria. molecules. Antibodies Enzyme Virus Bacterium Storage proteins Transport proteins Function: Storage of amino acids Function: Transport of substances Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino Examples: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds. blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes. for the developing embryo. Transport protein How Enzymes Work Ovalbumin Amino acids for embryo Cell membrane Hormonal proteins Receptor proteins Function: Coordination of an organism s activities Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli Example: Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, causes other Example: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar signaling molecules released by other nerve cells. concentration. High blood sugar Insulin secreted Normal blood sugar Signaling molecules Receptor protein Contractile and motor proteins Structural proteins Function: Movement Function: Support Examples: Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia Examples: Keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin and flagella. Actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the appendages. Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons contraction of muscles. and webs, respectively. Collagen and elastin proteins provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues. Actin Myosin Collagen Muscle tissue 30 m Connective tissue 60 m are polymers of amino acids Amino acids Amino group (-NH 2 ) & carboxyl group (-COOH) 20 different Joined together by dehydration synthesis Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds 33 Peptide Bond Amino Acid Structure Central carbon atom surrounded by Amino group Carboxyl group Single Hydrogen Variable R-group 6

7 The structure of the R group dictates the chemical properties of the amino acid. Amino acids can be classified as Nonpolar Polar Charged Aromatic Special function The shape of a protein determines its function. Primary structure-sequence of amino acids Secondary structure-interaction of groups in the peptide backbone α-helix β-sheet Tertiary structure-folded shape of the polypeptide chain Protein folding is aided by chaperone proteins. Quaternary structure-interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits Motifs are common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides. Domains are functional regions of a polypeptide. Denaturation is a change in the shape of a protein, usually causing loss of function May involve complete unfolding Caused by changes in the protein s environment ph Temperature Salt Concentration 7

8 are a group of molecules that are insoluble in water. Triglycerides (fats) are composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids A high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds causes the molecule to be hydrophobic Two main categories: Fats (triglycerides) Phospholipids Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains which may be Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated Triglycerides are An excellent molecule for energy storage Store 2X as much energy as carbohydrates Animal fats are usually saturated fats and solid at room temperature lard Plant fats are usually unsaturated fats and liquid at room temperature Vegetable, canola, olive, peanut oils Phospholipids are composed of 1 glycerol 2 fatty acids A phosphate group Phospholipids contain polar heads and nonpolar tails 8

9 Phospholipids spontaneously form micelles or lipid bilayers These structures cluster the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid toward the inside and leave the hydrophilic regions exposed to the water environment. Lipid bilayers are the basis of biological membranes. Cell membranes Figure 3.UN06a Wax-1 fatty acid joined to alchol Steroid- 4 fused carbon rings Figure 3.UN06b 9

The Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Chapter 3

The Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent

More information

Biological Molecules

Biological Molecules The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon may

More information

Biological Molecules

Biological Molecules Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent

More information

Carbon. Isomers. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Carbon. Isomers. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Carbon Chapter 3 Framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to Carbon O, N, S, P or H Can form up to 4 covalent bonds Hydrocarbons molecule

More information

What are the molecules of life?

What are the molecules of life? Molecules of Life What are the molecules of life? Organic Compounds Complex Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Organic Compounds Carbon- hydrogen based molecules From Structure to Function Ø Carbon

More information

Biological Molecules. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Biological Molecules. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Biological Molecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Organic Molecules Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Carbon is missing four electrons Capable of forming 4 covalent bonds

More information

Lesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1

Lesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Lesson 2 Biological Molecules Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Carbon in Biological Molecules Organic molecules contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Example: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Inorganic

More information

Chapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of

Chapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..

More information

Chapter 3- Organic Molecules

Chapter 3- Organic Molecules Chapter 3- Organic Molecules CHNOPS Six of the most abundant elements of life (make up 95% of the weight of all living things)! What are they used for? Structures, enzymes, energy, hormones, DNA How do

More information

Biology Chapter 5. Biological macromolecules

Biology Chapter 5. Biological macromolecules Biology Chapter 5 Biological macromolecules Small molecules (like water and NaCl) have certain properties that arise from the bonds which hold atoms together in a particular arrangement. Many of the molecules

More information

Biology Kevin Dees. Biology Chapter 5. Biological macromolecules

Biology Kevin Dees. Biology Chapter 5. Biological macromolecules Biology Chapter 5 Biological macromolecules Small molecules (like water and NaCl) have certain properties that arise from the bonds which hold atoms together in a particular arrangement. Many of the molecules

More information

Macromolecules. Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own.

Macromolecules. Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own. Macromolecules Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own. Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of thousands or hundreds

More information

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 3.1 I can explain why carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules. Diverse molecules found in cells are composed of carbon bonded to other elements

More information

Macromolecules. Molecules of Life

Macromolecules. Molecules of Life Macromolecules Molecules of Life Learning Objectives know the difference between a dehydration synthesis reaction and a hydrolysis reaction know the different types of biological macromolecules be able

More information

Macro molecule = is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism:

Macro molecule = is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism: Macromolecule Macro molecule = molecule that is built up from smaller units The smaller single subunits that make up macromolecules are known as Joining two or more single units together form a M is all

More information

Macromolecules. 3. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary

Macromolecules. 3. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary Macromolecules 1. If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule so that it has only carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule become a molecule. A) carbohydrate B) carbonyl C) carboxyl

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY. How Are Macromolecules Formed? Dehydration Synthesis or condensation reaction Polymers formed by combining monomers and removing water.

BIOCHEMISTRY. How Are Macromolecules Formed? Dehydration Synthesis or condensation reaction Polymers formed by combining monomers and removing water. BIOCHEMISTRY Organic compounds Compounds that contain carbon are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as

More information

Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of polymerization

Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of polymerization Chapter 5, Campbell Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of polymerization. Polymerization = large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together

More information

A. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules

A. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules Biological Substances found in Living Tissues Lecture Series 3 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function A. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Lipids can form large biological molecules, but these aggregations

More information

Carbon. Carbon. Carbon Skeleton 8/25/2016. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Carbon. Carbon. Carbon Skeleton 8/25/2016. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Carbon Life as we know it is carbon-based. Biological molecules are built on a carbon skeleton. Small atom with a valence of 4. Carbon Can form up to 4 covalent bonds.

More information

Biology 5A Fall 2010 Macromolecules Chapter 5

Biology 5A Fall 2010 Macromolecules Chapter 5 Learning Outcomes: Macromolecules List and describe the four major classes of molecules Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage and distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

More information

Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function

Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules

More information

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules The Structure and Function of Macromolecules I. Polymers What is a polymer? Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together. What is a monomer?

More information

Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function

Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules

More information

Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life

Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life Chapter 3 Outline 3.1 Why Is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? p. 38 3.2 How Are Organic Molecules Synthesized? p. 38 3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?

More information

Bio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name:

Bio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name: Bio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name: Many molecules of life are.(means many molecules joined together) Monomers: that exist individually Polymers: Large organic molecules

More information

CARBOHYDRATES. Produce energy for living things Atoms? Monomer Examples? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.

CARBOHYDRATES. Produce energy for living things Atoms? Monomer Examples? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio. CARBOHYDRATES Produce energy for living things Atoms? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio Monomer Examples? Sugars, starches MONOSACCHARIDES--- main source of energy for cells Glucose Know formula?

More information

Honors Biology Chapter 3: Macromolecules PPT Notes

Honors Biology Chapter 3: Macromolecules PPT Notes Honors Biology Chapter 3: Macromolecules PPT Notes 3.1 I can explain why carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules. Diverse molecules found in cells are composed of carbon

More information

Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function

Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules

More information

CHAPTER 3. Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life

CHAPTER 3. Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life CHAPTER 3 Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Carbon: The Organic Element Compounds that are synthesized by cells and contain carbon are organic So what is inorganic? Why are carbon compounds so prevalent?

More information

3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World

3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World BIOL 100 Ch. 3 1 3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World Carbon Central element to life Most biological molecules are built on a carbon framework. Organic molecules Humans 18.5% Carbon Why is Carbon

More information

The Atoms of Life. What are other elements would you expect to be on this list? Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur (sometimes)

The Atoms of Life. What are other elements would you expect to be on this list? Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur (sometimes) Macromolecules The Atoms of Life The most frequently found atoms in the body are Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur (sometimes) What are other elements would you expect to be on this list?

More information

All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:

All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Biochemistry Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic

More information

Chapter 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Chapter 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Chapter 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES You Must Know The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds.

More information

Macromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.

Macromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbon Compounds All compounds

More information

Organic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1

Organic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1 Organic Molecules 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1 Carbohydrates Commonly called sugars and starches Consist of C, H, O with H:O ration 2:1 Usually classified as to sugar units Monosaccharide are single sugar

More information

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley

More information

Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives (cont.) Chapter 3: Organic Chemistry 1. Lectures by Tariq Alalwan, Ph.D.

Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives (cont.) Chapter 3: Organic Chemistry 1. Lectures by Tariq Alalwan, Ph.D. Biology, 10e Sylvia Mader Lectures by Tariq Alalwan, Ph.D. Learning Objectives List the features of carbon that result in the diversity of organic molecules. Describe how macromolecules are assembled and

More information

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Is it made of carbohydrates? Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms would have

More information

Most life processes are a series of chemical reactions influenced by environmental and genetic factors.

Most life processes are a series of chemical reactions influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Biochemistry II Most life processes are a series of chemical reactions influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Metabolism the sum of all biochemical processes 2 Metabolic Processes Anabolism-

More information

6/15/2015. Biological Molecules. Outline. Organic Compounds. Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules. What is organic?

6/15/2015. Biological Molecules. Outline. Organic Compounds. Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules. What is organic? Biological Molecules Biology 105 Lecture 3 Reading: Chapter 2 (pages 29 39) Outline Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids and Proteins Nucleotides

More information

Macromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Macromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Macromolecules Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Q: Which of the above are polymers? (put a star by them). Polymer literally means. Polymers are long

More information

Unit #2: Biochemistry

Unit #2: Biochemistry Unit #2: Biochemistry STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF FOUR MACROMOLECULES What are the four main biomolecules? How is each biomolecule structured? What are their roles in life? Where do we find them in our body?

More information

Carbon s Bonding Pattern

Carbon s Bonding Pattern Organic Compounds It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells German chemists in the 1800 s learned how to do this in the lab, showing

More information

Biomolecules. Biomolecules. Carbohydrates. Biol 219 Lec 3 Fall Polysaccharides. Function: Glucose storage Fig. 2.2

Biomolecules. Biomolecules. Carbohydrates. Biol 219 Lec 3 Fall Polysaccharides. Function: Glucose storage Fig. 2.2 Biomolecules Biomolecules Monomers Polymers Carbohydrates monosaccharides polysaccharides fatty acids triglycerides Proteins amino acids polypeptides Nucleic Acids nucleotides DNA, RNA Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

More information

Chapter Three (Biochemistry)

Chapter Three (Biochemistry) Chapter Three (Biochemistry) 1 SECTION ONE: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON BONDING All compounds can be classified in two broad categories: organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made

More information

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life State Standards Standard 1.h. Standard 5.a. Standard 4.e. Organic Molecules A cell is mostly water. The rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon based molecules organic

More information

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function

More information

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules. Chapter 5

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules. Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Chapter 5 The Molecules of Life Living things made up of 4 classes of large biological molecules (macromolecules) : 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3.

More information

Macromolecules. Honors Biology

Macromolecules. Honors Biology Macromolecules onors Biology 1 The building materials of the body are known as macromolecules because they can be very large There are four types of macromolecules: 1. Proteins 2. Nucleic acids 3. arbohydrates

More information

BIOLOGY. Chapter 3 BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

BIOLOGY. Chapter 3 BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES BIOLOGY Chapter 3 BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Figure 5.1 Large Biological Molecule Terms 4 classes of bio. molecules Carbohydrates (sugars) Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids Monomers (subunits): single-part

More information

Biological molecules

Biological molecules Biological molecules 04-04-16 Announcements Your lab report 1 is due now Quiz 1 is on Wednesday at the beginning of class, so don t be late Review Macromolecues are large molecules necessary for life made

More information

Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen.

Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry Introduction Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. All living things contain these organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic

More information

The Carbon Atom (cont.)

The Carbon Atom (cont.) Organic Molecules Organic Chemistry The chemistry of the living world. Organic Molecule a molecule containing carbon and hydrogen Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell and can share electrons with

More information

Chp 2 (cont.) Organic Molecules. Spider s web and close up of capture strand - spider silk protein

Chp 2 (cont.) Organic Molecules. Spider s web and close up of capture strand - spider silk protein Chp 2 (cont.) Organic Molecules Spider s web and close up of capture strand - spider silk protein 1! Molecular Diversity is Based on Carbon An organic molecule contains both carbon and hydrogen. Ex: Methane

More information

The Star of The Show (Ch. 3)

The Star of The Show (Ch. 3) The Star of The Show (Ch. 3) Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl, K Chemistry of Life Organic

More information

I. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers. Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis

I. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers. Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis I. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis 1 Dehydration Synthesis: Figure 3: Depolymerization via Hydrolysis Hydrolysis:

More information

Chapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules

Chapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules Formation of Macromolecules Monomers Polymers Macromolecules Smaller larger Chapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules monomer: single unit dimer: two monomers polymer: three or more monomers

More information

Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2

Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Carbohydrates are Polymers of Monosaccharides Three different ways to represent a monosaccharide Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches and provide

More information

All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:

All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic compounds

More information

Chemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon

Chemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Ach Chemistry of Carbon All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Carbon atom with an outer shell of four electrons can form covalent bonds with four atoms. In organic molecules,

More information

Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School

Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School IB Syllabus Statements 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from

More information

Macromolecules. copyright cmassengale

Macromolecules. copyright cmassengale Macromolecules 1 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 2 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent

More information

Organic Molecules. Contain C

Organic Molecules. Contain C Contain C Organic Molecules Can form 4 strong covalent bonds Ergo can form many complex, stable molecules Chemistry of life is complex, and requires complex molecules However, several kinds of molecules

More information

Organic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

Organic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Macromolecules Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent

More information

Water Carbon Macromolecules

Water Carbon Macromolecules Water Carbon Macromolecules I. CHEMISTRY: THE BASIS FOR LIFE Hydrogen bond Hydrogen bonds happen mainly between water molecules. The electrons between hydrogen and the other atoms are shared unequally

More information

Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Title: Sep 3 4:37 PM (1 of 65) macromolecules = smaller organic molecules that are joined together to make larger molecules four major classes: proteins

More information

Many of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry

Many of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry 1 2 3 4 Bio 1101 Lecture 3 Chapter 3: Molecules of Life Organic Molecules Many of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called

More information

Essential Components of Food

Essential Components of Food Essential Components of Food The elements of life living things are mostly (98%) made of 6 elements: C carbon H hydrogen O oxygen P phosphorus N nitrogen S sulphur -each element makes a specific number

More information

The Building blocks of life. Macromolecules

The Building blocks of life. Macromolecules The Building blocks of life Macromolecules 1 copyright cmassengale 2 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 3 LIFE ON EARTH IS CARBON-BASED

More information

Chapter 3. Table of Contents. Section 1 Carbon Compounds. Section 2 Molecules of Life. Biochemistry

Chapter 3. Table of Contents. Section 1 Carbon Compounds. Section 2 Molecules of Life. Biochemistry Biochemistry Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life Section 1 Carbon Compounds Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of

More information

Biological Molecules Ch 2: Chemistry Comes to Life

Biological Molecules Ch 2: Chemistry Comes to Life Outline Biological Molecules Ch 2: Chemistry Comes to Life Biol 105 Lecture 3 Reading Chapter 2 (pages 31 39) Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino acids and Proteins Nucleotides and Nucleic

More information

From Atoms to Cells: Fundamental Building Blocks. Models of atoms. A chemical connection

From Atoms to Cells: Fundamental Building Blocks. Models of atoms. A chemical connection From Atoms to Cells: A chemical connection Fundamental Building Blocks Matter - all materials that occupy space & have mass Matter is composed of atoms Atom simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler

More information

Biochemistry notes BI ch3

Biochemistry notes BI ch3 Biology Junction Everything you need in Biology Biochemistry notes BI ch3 Biochemistry All Materials Cmassengale I. Cells Contain Organic Molecules A. Most Common Elements 1. Most common elements in living

More information

Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes. Unit 02

Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes. Unit 02 Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes Unit 02 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. What is Carbon? Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds

More information

Macromolecules. Biology

Macromolecules. Biology Macromolecules Biology Intro Video https://vimeo.com/83005599 The Importance of CHNOPS CARBON Major structural atom in all organic molecules. Key component in photosynthesis, returned back to the environment

More information

Chapter 3. The Molecules of Cells. Lecture by Richard L. Myers

Chapter 3. The Molecules of Cells. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard

More information

Organic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

Organic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Macromolecules 1 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 2 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent

More information

BIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules

BIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules The Chemistry of Life : Learning Outcomes 2.4) Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biological

More information

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Introduction: Got Lactose? The Molecules of Cells. Most of the world s population cannot digest milkbased

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Introduction: Got Lactose? The Molecules of Cells. Most of the world s population cannot digest milkbased Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Introduction: Got Lactose? Most of the world s population cannot digest milkbased foods They are lactose intolerant, because they lack the enzyme lactase This illustrates

More information

The building blocks of life.

The building blocks of life. The building blocks of life. The 4 Major Organic Biomolecules The large molecules (biomolecules OR polymers) are formed when smaller building blocks (monomers) bond covalently. via anabolism Small molecules

More information

Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5 Macromolecules Macromolecules Multiple Units Synthesis of Dimers and Polymers

Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5 Macromolecules Macromolecules Multiple Units Synthesis of Dimers and Polymers Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5 Macromolecules Giant molecules weighing over 100,000 daltons Emergent properties not found in component parts Macromolecules Multiple Units meris = one

More information

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Chapter 5 1 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley

More information

Macromolecules. Large molecules made up of smaller building blocks or subunits. Chapter

Macromolecules. Large molecules made up of smaller building blocks or subunits. Chapter Macromolecules Large molecules made up of smaller building blocks or subunits Chapter 2.8 2.21 Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Primary fuel source for

More information

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules (Chapter Five)

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules (Chapter Five) 1 Most Macromolecules are Polymers The Structure and Function of Macromolecules (Chapter Five) POLYMER PRINCIPLES The four main classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic

More information

Macromolecules. You are what you eat! Chapter 5. AP Biology

Macromolecules. You are what you eat! Chapter 5. AP Biology Macromolecules You are what you eat! Chapter 5 AP Biology Organic Compounds Contain bonds between CARBON glycosidic bond AP Biology Carbohydrates Structure / monomer u monosaccharide Function u energy

More information

organic molecules compounds that are synthesized by cells and contain carbon

organic molecules compounds that are synthesized by cells and contain carbon 1 Matter & Energy: Chemistry of Life EVPP 110 Lecture GMU Dr. Largen Fall 2003 2 Molecules are the building blocks of life Molecules building blocks of life four major types of biological macromolecules

More information

General Biology 1004 Chapter 3 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005 Dr. Frisby

General Biology 1004 Chapter 3 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005 Dr. Frisby Slide 1 CHAPTER 3 The Molecules of Life PowerPoint Lecture Slides for Essential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero Copyright 2004 Pearson

More information

3. Hydrogen bonds form between which atoms? Between an electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative N, O or F.

3. Hydrogen bonds form between which atoms? Between an electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative N, O or F. Chemistry of Life Answers 1. Differentiate between an ionic and covalent bond. Provide an example for each. Ionic: occurs between metals and non-metals, e.g., NaCl Covalent: occurs between two non-metals;

More information

Chemical Composition of the Cell. B. Balen

Chemical Composition of the Cell. B. Balen Chemical Composition of the Cell B. Balen Table 2-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008) 1. Water the most abundant substance in the cell! Where did it come from? several hypothesis: -

More information

Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 2.3 Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 2.3 Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview 2.3 THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms organic, believing they were fundamentally different from

More information

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Introduction Most of the

More information

Macromolecules. Chapter 4. How to build a polymer. Polymers. How to break down a polymer. Carbohydrates 8/30/2012

Macromolecules. Chapter 4. How to build a polymer. Polymers. How to break down a polymer. Carbohydrates 8/30/2012 Macromolecules Chapter 4 Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Polymers

More information

Cell Biology. A few notes: Biological Molecules. Mono = one Monomer = one piece. Poly = many Polymer = many pieces

Cell Biology. A few notes: Biological Molecules. Mono = one Monomer = one piece. Poly = many Polymer = many pieces Cell Biology Biological Molecules A few notes: Mono = one Monomer = one piece - a basic building block - able to bond into long chains Poly = many Polymer = many pieces - many molymers 1 Polymerization

More information

Carbon: The Backbone of Life

Carbon: The Backbone of Life Organic Chemistry Carbon: The Backbone of Life Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds due to its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and

More information

Outline. Biology 105: Biological Molecules. Carbon Review. Organic Compounds. Carbon 1/28/2016. Biological Molecules Functional Groups

Outline. Biology 105: Biological Molecules. Carbon Review. Organic Compounds. Carbon 1/28/2016. Biological Molecules Functional Groups Outline Biology 105: Biological Molecules Lecture 3 Reading: Chapter 2, Pages 29-40 Organic Compounds Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino acids and Proteins Nucleotides and

More information

2.2 Cell Construction

2.2 Cell Construction 2.2 Cell Construction Elemental composition of typical bacterial cell C 50%, O 20%, N 14%, H 8%, P 3%, S 1%, and others (K +, Na +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Cl -, vitamin) Molecular building blocks Lipids Carbohydrates

More information

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s 14 P a g e Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur ~Major ~Found in all ~Found in most ~Found in all component of all organic organic molecules. molecules. ~Major structural atom in all organic

More information

Agenda. Chapter 3: Macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates. Macromolecules (in general) What are organic compounds?

Agenda. Chapter 3: Macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates. Macromolecules (in general) What are organic compounds? Agenda Chapter 3 The molecules of life Macromolecules --Detour into Healthy Pig Land 4. Nucelic acids Chapter 3: Macromolecules Macromolecules is just a fancy word for: Giant Molecules Made From Smaller

More information