Lecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III
|
|
- Barrie Copeland
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III
2 The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS LIPIDS Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids ther Carbohydrates xaloacetate -xidation Fatty Acid Synthesis Glycogen Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Ketogenesis Lactate Ketone bodies Ribose-5-P Cholesterol NADPH NADH p. 21
3 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids Carbohydrates Proteins PEP Pyruvate Fatty Acids Acetyl-CoA Pyrimidine Bases Acetyl-CoA (cytosol) Thr Asp xalaoacetate Citrate Ile Met Asn Malate TCA Cycle Isocitrate Glutathione Lys Fumarate -Ketoglutarate Glu rnithine Succinyl-CoA Pro Gln Arg Porphyrines Purine Bases Heme Chlorophyll Vitamin B 12 Review
4 The Citrate Shuttle MATRIX Mitochondrial Membrane inner outer CYTSL Acetyl CoA 1 CITRATE CITRATE ATP CoA AA MALATE AA 3 MALATE ADP NADH NAD + NADP + HP 4 3- Fatty acid synthesis Acetyl CoA 4 PYRUVATE NADPH + H + PYRUVATE C 2 p. 76 PPP Review
5 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis I. Activation of Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + C 2 + ATP Malonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Review
6 II. Biosynthesis (Fatty( Acid Synthase Complex) 1. Condensation (Malonyl( Malonyl-CoA C 2 ) 2. Reduction (+ NADPH) 3. Dehydration ( ( H 2 ) 4. Reduction (+ NADPH) Acyl (C+2) -ACP Typically stops at Palmitoyl-CoA (16:0) Review
7 Regulation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase ATP (+) AMP (-) ATP ADP Protein kinase (+) Citrate (-) Palmitoyl CoA Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (active) Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (inactive) Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (partially active) Phosphatase HP 3-4 H 2 p. 83
8 Regulation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Dephosphorylated Activity Highly phosphorylated Citrate Concentration p. 83
9 Reciprocal Regulation of Synthesis and Degradation Acyl-CoA Cytosol Carnitine acyltransferase I Mitochondria Acetyl-CoA + C 2 + ATP Malonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi Fatty Acid Synthesis Acyl-CoA Cytosol
10 Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids H 3 C C SCoA Plants, but not humans, have enzymes that introduce double bonds at n>9 Mammals have enzymes that can introduce double bonds at n<9 Essential fatty acids for humans: Linoleic acid Linolenic acid C H 3 C - H 3 C C - Introduction of a double bond by desaturases
11 Mammals convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid: Desaturase H H C C H H = NADPH/H + 18 H 3 C Elongation CSCoA C=C H H H 2 H 2 Mixed-function xidases NADP H 3 C CSCoA Arachidonoyl CoA 20 H 3 C Cyclooxygenase (CX1) 14 Desaturase CSCoA 20:4 ( ( 5,8,11,14 ) mega-6 6 family Aspirin Cyclization Leukotriene Prostaglandins
12
13 Non-specific CX Inhibitors
14 Specific CX-2 2 Inhibitors CX-1 CX-2
15 Synthesis of Phospholipids and Triglycerides CH 2 H CH 2 P 2-3 Glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase CH 2 H H H NADH + H + NAD + DHAP Glycerol-3-P CH 2 P 3 2- Glycerol-3-P acyltransferase R 1 C SCoA CoASH CH 2 C R 1 H H Lysophosphatidic Acid CH 2 P 3 2- R 2 C SCoA Glycerol-3-P acyltransferase CoASH R 2 C CH 2 C H CH 2 P 2-3 R 1 Phosphatidic Acid p. 84
16 Synthesis of Phospholipids and Triglycerides CoASH R 2 C CH 2 H C R 1 Phosphatidic Acid 2- CH 2 P 3 Phosphatase R 2 C CH 2 H CH 2 H C R 1 R 3 C SCoA Diglyceride acyltransferase CoASH Diacylglycerol R 2 C CH 2 H C R 1 CH 2 C R 3 Phospholipids Triacylglycerol p. 84
17 Ethyl alcohol MATRIX Mitochondrial Membrane inner outer NADPH NADPH CYTSL NADH NADH Acetaldehyde Acetate Acetyl CoA 1 CITRATE CITRATE ATP CoA Acetyl-CoA AA MALATE AA 3 MALATE ADP NADH NAD + NADP + HP 4 3- Fatty acid synthesis Acetyl CoA 4 PYRUVATE NADPH + H + PYRUVATE C 2 Fatty Acid Synthesis
18 Fatty Liver
19 Synthesis of Isoprenoids and Steroids Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA HMG-CoA HMG-CoA Lyase Ketone Bodies Lovastatin HMG-CoA Reductase Mevalonic Acid (4 steps) P P Dimethylallyl-PP (DMAPP) (C5) P P Isopentenyl-PP (IPP) p. 85
20 Synthesis of Isoprenoids and Steroids P P PPi + + P P DMAPP IPP P P Geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) H Farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15) H H H Cholesterol Squalene (C30) (many steps) Cholesterol (C27) p. 85
21 Important Isoprenoids p. 86
22 The Glyoxylate Cycle (Bacteria, Fungi, Plants) 2 Acetyl-CoA + NAD + + 2H 2 Succinate + NADH + 2 CoA
23
24 In Humans: No Gluconeogenesis from Acetyl-CoA Protein Pyruvate Gluconeogenesis Acetyl-CoA Irreversible C 2 Fatty Acids Glucose xalaoacetate Citrate Malate Fumarate TCA Cycle Isocitrate -Ketoglutarate Irreversible C 2 Succinyl-CoA Irreversible C 2
25 Glyoxylate Cycle versus TCA Cycle 1. Acetyl-CoA ACETYL-CoA H 3 C C ScoA CH C - CoA-SH + H + CH 2 C - H 2 H 2 CH 2 C - H 2 H C - C C - H 2 C - CH 2 C - 2 CHC - 2 HC C - 1 CITRATE H cis-aconitate enzyme-bound NAD ISCITRATE CC - H 2 C C - 3 NADH + H C 2 NADH + H + XALACETATE 8 HC-CH CH A. H CH 2 C - H C C - -KET- GLUTARATE NAD H H C - C H C H C - B. 4 NAD + CoA-SH NADH + H + C 2 MALATE 2. Acetyl-CoA 7 H 2 H C C -C C - H FADH 2 6 FAD C - CH 2 CH 2 C - CoASH 5 GTP GDP + Pi H CH 2 C - C H ScoA FUMARATE SUCCINATE SUCCINYL-CoA
26 Unique Reactions of Glyoxylate Cycle A. Isocitrate Lyase Isocitrate Succinate + Glyoxylate HC-CH CH B. Malate Synthase Glyoxylate + Acetyl-CoA + H 2 Malate + CoA-SH
27 Eukaryotic Glyoxylate Cycle (Plants, Fungi) Triacylglycerols Carbohydrates Lipid Bodies Fatty acids Glucose Fatty acids Gluconeogenesis AA Acetyl-CoA Cytosol Malate AA Citrate Malate AA Acetyl-CoA Malate Glyoxylate Cycle Isocitrate Fumarate TCA Cycle Citrate Acetyl-CoA Glyoxylate Succinate Succinate Glyoxysome Mitochondrion p. 87
28 Last Diet Change CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS LIPIDS Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids ther Carbohydrates xaloacetate Glycogen Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Lactate Ketone bodies Ribose-5-P Cholesterol NADPH NADH p. 21
29 CARBHYDRATES Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP
30 CARBHYDRATES Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Excess Calories Glycogen Triacylglycerides
31 CARBHYDRATES LIPIDS Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Excess Calories Glycogen Triacylglycerides
32 CARBHYDRATES LIPIDS Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Excess Calories Glycogen Triacylglycerides
33 PRTEINS CARBHYDRATES LIPIDS Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Excess Calories Glycogen Triacylglycerides
34 PRTEINS Amino Acids Ammonia (NH 4+ ) Urea CARBHYDRATES Carbon Skeleton LIPIDS xaloacetate Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Excess Calories Glycogen Triacylglycerides
35 PRTEINS Skeletal Muscle Amino Acids Ammonia (NH 4+ ) Urea CARBHYDRATES Carbon Skeleton LIPIDS xaloacetate Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Excess Calories Glycogen Triacylglycerides
36 I ll be baaack!
37 Viewers Discretion Is Advised
38 h, my back...
39 Downhill
40 PRTEINS Skeletal Muscle Amino Acids Ammonia (NH 4+ ) Urea CARBHYDRATES Carbon Skeleton LIPIDS xaloacetate Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH ATP Excess Calories Glycogen Triacylglycerides
41 Dietary Poteins Degradation
42 Dietary Protein Proteases, Peptidases (e.g., Trypsin,, Pepsin) Amino Acids Blood Liver Hepatocytes (Cytosol) Amino Acid x Aminotransferases (PLP-dependent) + -KGA -Keto Acid x + Glu From and To Mitochondria
43 Aminotransferases = Transaminases R 1 CH C - R 2 C C - NH 3 Amino Acid (1) -Ketoacid (2) PLP R 1 C C - R 2 CH C - -Ketoacid (1) NH 3 Amino Acid (2) p. 53
44 Pyridoxal Phosphate Coenzyme of Aminotransferases H R 1 C C PH 2 C HC H AA 1 H 2 R N CH H N H CH 3 1/2 of AT Reaction N H CH 3 H + NH 2 R CH 2 N H H CH 3 Keto acid R R 1 C C - N CH 2 H H + R R 1 C C - N CH H H 2 N H CH 3 N H CH 3 To complete reaction and regenerate PLP, reverse the reactions p. 52
45 Dietary Protein Proteases, Peptidases (e.g., Trypsin,, Pepsin) Amino Acids Blood Liver Hepatocytes (Cytosol) Amino Acid x Aminotransferases (PLP-dependent) + -KGA -Keto Acid x + Glu From and To Mitochondria
46 Malate-xaloacetate Shuttle Electron Shuttles Cytosol ASP KGA GLUTAMATE Mitochondria ASP KGA GLUTAMATE AA NADH + H + NADH + H + AA MALATE NAD + NAD + MALATE uter Inner Membranes p. 50
47 From cytosol Hepatocytes Glu Dehydrogenase Glu + NAD + + H 2 -KGA + NADH + NH 3 Asp Aminotransferase Glu + AA -KGA + Asp Mitochondria To cytosol
48 Glutamate-xaloacetate Aminotransferase (Transaminase) C - C - C - C - C CH NH 3 CH NH 3 C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C - CH 2 C - CH 2 AA C - Aspartate (Asp) C - Glutamate (Glu) -Ketoglutarate (KGA) p. 51
Lecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III
Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS
More informationMidterm 2 Results. Standard Deviation:
Midterm 2 Results High: Low: Mean: Standard Deviation: 97.5% 16% 58% 16.3 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Dietary (Exogenous) Proteins Hydrolyzed
More informationMidterm 2. Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98. Standard Deviation: 17.7
Midterm 2 Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98 Standard Deviation: 17.7 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Review of Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Synthesis of few amino acids Dietary
More informationCitric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylcoa In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final
More informationKrebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová
Krebs cycle Energy - 215 Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Overview of Citric Acid Cycle Key Concepts The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a multistep catalytic process that converts acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates,
More informationDr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college
Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate(the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvatetransporter into mitochondria which proceeds as follows:
More informationMidterm 1 (in class) February 1 (next Thur) (bring calculator, log functions) Review Sessions
Midterm 1 (in class) February 1 (next Thur) (bring calculator, log functions) Review Sessions MN (1/29): WED (1/31): 212 Veihmeyer, 4-6 p.m. 198 Young, 6-8 p.m. Lecture 7 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PD)) omplex
More informationGlycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4
Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of
More informationIntegrative Metabolism: Significance
Integrative Metabolism: Significance Energy Containing Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Catabolism Energy Depleted End Products H 2 O NH 3 ADP + Pi NAD + NADP + FAD + Pi NADH+H + NADPH+H + FADH2 Cell
More informationLipid metabolism. Degradation and biosynthesis of fatty acids Ketone bodies
Lipid metabolism Degradation and biosynthesis of fatty acids Ketone bodies Fatty acids (FA) primary fuel molecules in the fat category main use is for long-term energy storage high level of energy storage:
More informationINTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY. BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007 Name SIS # Make sure that your name or SIS # is on every page. This is the only way we have of matching you with your exam after
More informationVocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
Vocabulary Amphibolic: able to be a part of both anabolism and catabolism Anaplerotic: referring to a reaction that ensures an adequate supply of an important metabolite Citrate Synthase: the enzyme that
More informationBiological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle
Biological oxidation II The Cytric acid cycle Outline The Cytric acid cycle (TCA tricarboxylic acid) Central role of Acetyl-CoA Regulation of the TCA cycle Anaplerotic reactions The Glyoxylate cycle Localization
More informationCH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003
CH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003 1. A cell in an active, catabolic state has a. a high (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD + ) ratio b. a high (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD + ) ratio c. a
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed
More informationTCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle)
TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) TCA CYCLE The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as: Kreb s cycle Sir Hans Krebs Nobel prize, 1953 TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle The citric acid cycle requires aerobic conditions!!!!
More information6. How Are Fatty Acids Produced? 7. How Are Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids Produced? 8. How Is Cholesterol Produced?
Lipid Metabolism Learning bjectives 1 How Are Lipids Involved in the Generationand Storage of Energy? 2 How Are Lipids Catabolized? 3 What Is the Energy Yield from the xidation of Fatty Acids? 4 How Are
More informationRoles of Lipids. principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular
Roles of Lipids principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular = Oxidation of fatty acids Central energy-yielding pathway in animals. O
More informationLIPID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI
LIPID METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI Lipid metabolism is concerned mainly with fatty acids cholesterol Source of fatty acids from dietary fat de novo
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor F. Al-Khateeb
number 23 Done by A. Rawajbeh Corrected by Doctor F. Al-Khateeb Ketone bodies Ketone bodies are used by the peripheral tissues like the skeletal and cardiac muscles, where they are the preferred source
More informationCITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG
CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric
More informationModule No. # 01 Lecture No. # 19 TCA Cycle
Biochemical Engineering Prof. Dr. Rintu Banerjee Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Saikat Chakraborty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 28 Fatty Acid Synthesis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 28 Outline 1. The first stage of fatty acid synthesis is transfer
More informationLIPID METABOLISM
LIPID METABOLISM LIPOGENESIS LIPOGENESIS LIPOGENESIS FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS DE NOVO FFA in the blood come from :- (a) Dietary fat (b) Dietary carbohydrate/protein in excess of need FA TAG Site of synthesis:-
More informationLecture: Amino Acid catabolism: Nitrogen-The Urea cycle
BIOC 423: Introductory Biochemistry Biochemistry Education Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of New Mexico Lecture: Amino Acid catabolism: Nitrogen-The Urea cycle OBJECTIVES Describe
More informationChapter 13 - TCA Cycle
Chapter 13 TCA Cycle The third fate of glucose/pyruvate is complete oxidation to C 2 + H 2 in the matrix of the mitochondrion. The 1 st step is the oxidation and decarboxylation of pyruvate to AcetylCoA,
More informationAMINO ACID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI
AMINO ACID METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI Amino acids derived from dietary protein absorbed from intestine through blood taken up by tissues used for biosynthesis
More informationBiosynthesis of Fatty Acids
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids Fatty acid biosynthesis takes place in the cytosol rather than the mitochondria and requires a different activation mechanism and different enzymes and coenzymes than fatty
More informationBY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE
BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CITRIC ACID CYCLE (T.C.A) PRODUCTION OF ACETYL CoA REACTIONS OF THE CITIRC ACID CYCLE THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE T.C.A CYCLE THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE
More informationCitric acid cycle. Tomáš Kučera.
itric acid cycle Tomáš Kučera tomas.kucera@lfmotol.cuni.cz Department of Medical hemistry and linical Biochemistry 2nd Faculty of Medicine, harles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital 2017
More informationSummary of fatty acid synthesis
Lipid Metabolism, part 2 1 Summary of fatty acid synthesis 8 acetyl CoA + 14 NADPH + 14 H+ + 7 ATP palmitic acid (16:0) + 8 CoA + 14 NADP + + 7 ADP + 7 Pi + 7 H20 1. The major suppliers of NADPH for fatty
More informationBCM 221 LECTURES OJEMEKELE O.
BCM 221 LECTURES BY OJEMEKELE O. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO LIPID CHEMISTRY STORAGE OF ENERGY IN ADIPOCYTES MOBILIZATION OF ENERGY STORES IN ADIPOCYTES KETONE BODIES AND KETOSIS PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX
More informationAhmad Ulnar. Faisal Nimri ... Dr.Faisal
24 Ahmad Ulnar Faisal Nimri... Dr.Faisal Fatty Acid Synthesis - Occurs mainly in the Liver (to store excess carbohydrates as triacylglycerols(fat)) and in lactating mammary glands (for the production of
More informationBIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS. doc. Ing. Zenóbia Chavková, CSc.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS doc. Ing. Zenóbia Chavková, CSc. The pathway for the of FAs is not the reversal of the oxidation pathway Both pathways are separated within different cellular compartments In
More informationBiochemistry Sheet 27 Fatty Acid Synthesis Dr. Faisal Khatib
Page1 بسم رلاهللا On Thursday, we discussed the synthesis of fatty acids and its regulation. We also went on to talk about the synthesis of Triacylglycerol (TAG). Last time, we started talking about the
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site. Still having trouble understanding the material? Check
More informationCitric acid cycle and respiratory chain. Pavla Balínová
Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain Pavla Balínová Mitochondria Structure of mitochondria: Outer membrane Inner membrane (folded) Matrix space (mtdna, ribosomes, enzymes of CAC, β-oxidation of FA,
More informationLecture 36. Key Concepts. Overview of lipid metabolism. Reactions of fatty acid oxidation. Energy yield from fatty acid oxidation
Lecture 36 Lipid Metabolism 1 Fatty Acid Oxidation Ketone Bodies Key Concepts Overview of lipid metabolism Reactions of fatty acid oxidation Energy yield from fatty acid oxidation Formation of ketone bodies
More informationFatty acid breakdown
Fatty acids contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylate group. Most contain between 14 and 24 carbon atoms. The chains may be saturated or contain double bonds. The complete oxidation of
More informationCHAPTER 24: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
CHAPTER 24: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism Describe the digestion of fats and proteins utline the steps in the β-oxidation of fatty acids and describe the circumstances of ketone body production Describe
More informationSynthesis of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerol
Synthesis of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerol Lippincott s Chapter 16 Fatty Acid Synthesis Mainly in the Liver Requires Carbon Source: Acetyl CoA Reducing Power: NADPH 8 CH 3 COO C 15 H 33 COO Energy Input:
More informationFate of Dietary Protein
Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal lining: proteases
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Metabolism Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal
More informationFatty acids synthesis
Fatty acids synthesis The synthesis start from Acetyl COA the first step requires ATP + reducing power NADPH! even though the oxidation and synthesis are different pathways but from chemical part of view
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism
I. Overall concepts A. Definitions ANC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism 1. De novo synthesis = synthesis from non-fatty acid precursors a. Carbohydrate precursors (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) b.
More informationSIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM
SIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM When we eat food such as a tuna fish sandwich, the polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are digested to smaller molecules that are absorbed into the cells of our body. As these
More informationMarah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh
8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon
More informationSheet #13. #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016. Here we go.. Record #18
1 Sheet #13 #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016 Here we go.. Record #18 2 Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism: 1) The citric acid
More informationBiology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-3. (Note that you are not allowed to use any calculator)
Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-3 (Note that you are not allowed to use any calculator) 1. In the non-cyclic pathway, electron pathway is. Select the most accurate one. a. PSII PC Cyt b 6 f PC PSI Fd-NADP
More informationPathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H +
Glycolysis Glycolysis The conversion of glucose to pyruvate to yield 2ATP molecules 10 enzymatic steps Chemical interconversion steps Mechanisms of enzyme conversion and intermediates Energetics of conversions
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work
Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes
More informationOxidation of Long Chain Fatty Acids
Oxidation of Long Chain Fatty Acids Dr NC Bird Oxidation of long chain fatty acids is the primary source of energy supply in man and animals. Hibernating animals utilise fat stores to maintain body heat,
More informationCompanion to Biosynthesis of Ketones & Cholesterols, Regulation of Lipid Metabolism Lecture Notes
Companion to Biosynthesis of Ketones & Cholesterols, Regulation of Lipid Metabolism Lecture Notes The major site of acetoacetate and 3-hydorxybutyrate production is in the liver. 3-hydorxybutyrate is the
More informationChapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I
n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for
More informationCitrate Cycle Supplemental Reading
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions - Eight enzymatic reactions of the Citrate Cycle - Key control points in the citrate cycle regulate
More informationSynthesis of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerol
Fatty Acid Synthesis Synthesis of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerol Requires Carbon Source: Reducing Power: NADPH Energy Input: ATP Why Energy? Why Energy? Fatty Acid Fatty Acid + n(atp) ΔG o : -ve Fatty
More informationTutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain
Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion
More informationPhysiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004
Name Write your name on the back of the exam Physiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004 This examination consists of forty-four questions, each having 2 points. The remaining
More informationLecture 29: Membrane Transport and metabolism
Chem*3560 Lecture 29: Membrane Transport and metabolism Insulin controls glucose uptake Adipose tissue and muscles contain a passive glucose transporter GluT4 which takes up glucose from blood. (This is
More informationFatty acid oxidation. doc. Ing. Zenóbia Chavková, CSc.
Fatty acid oxidation doc. Ing. Zenóbia Chavková, CSc. Physiological functions of fatty acids 1. Structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids and sphingolipids) 2. Energy storage (triacylglycerols)
More informationChem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217
Chem 109 C Fall 2014 Armen Zakarian ffice: Chemistry Bldn 2217 Chapter 25 o Glycolysis : fates of pyruvate NADH, H + H + C 2 NADH, H + H - (S)-lactic acid lactate dehydrogenase; anaerobic conditions -
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe
number 24 Done by Mohammed tarabieh Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe 1 P a g e *Please look over the previous sheet about fatty acid synthesis **Oxidation(degradation) of fatty acids, occurs in the
More informationBiochemistry - I SPRING Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) Lecture 16. Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat
Biochemistry - I Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) SPRING 2017 Lecture 16 Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat 1 Catabolism of Di- and Polysaccharides Catabolism (digestion) begins
More informationIII. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Slide 1 The Eight Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes: 4 dehydrogenases (2 decarboxylation) 3
More informationAmino acid Catabolism
Enzymatic digestion of dietary proteins in gastrointestinal-tract. Amino acid Catabolism Amino acids: 1. There are 20 different amino acid, they are monomeric constituents of proteins 2. They act as precursors
More informationChemistry 3503 Final exam April 17, Student s name:
Chemistry 3503 Final exam April 17, 2008 Student s name: THIS EXAM IS FOR STUDENTS IN D. CRAIG S SECTION. IF YOU ARE IN M. EZE S SECTION THIS EXAM IS NOT FOR YOU. Part I /40 Part II Question 1 /4 Question
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy
Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes
More informationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration
More informationChapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Foods Food is broken down into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and sent through catabolic pathways to produce energy. Glycolysis glucose 2 P i 2 ADP
More informationBiosynthesis of Fatty Acids. By Dr.QUTAIBA A. QASIM
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids By Dr.QUTAIBA A. QASIM Fatty Acids Definition Fatty acids are comprised of hydrocarbon chains terminating with carboxylic acid groups. Fatty acids and their associated derivatives
More informationThe Citric Acid Cycle 19-1
The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1 The Citric Acid Cycle Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism the citric acid cycle electron transport oxidative phosphorylation Metabolism consists of catabolism:
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM. Fatty Acid Elongation and Desaturation
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM I. Fatty acid elongation A. General 1. At least 60% of fatty acids in triacylglycerols are C18. 2. Free palmitic acid (16:0) synthesized in cytoplasm is elongated
More informationCitrate Cycle. Lecture 28. Key Concepts. The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions
Citrate Cycle Lecture 28 Key Concepts The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions Eight reactions of the Citrate Cycle Key control points in the Citrate Cycle regulate metabolic flux What role
More informationSynthesis and degradation of fatty acids Martina Srbová
Synthesis and degradation of fatty acids Martina Srbová martina.srbova@lfmotol.cuni.cz Fatty acids (FA) mostly an even number of carbon atoms and linear chain in esterified form as component of lipids
More informationAerobic Fate of Pyruvate. Chapter 16 Homework Assignment. Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 1, 3, 7, 10, 16, 19, 20 Additional Problem: Write out the eight reaction steps of the Citric Acid Cycle, using
More informationRespiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs
Respiration rganisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis Heterotrophs Live on organic compounds produced by
More informationEnergy storage in cells
Energy storage in cells Josef Fontana EC - 58 Overview of the lecture Introduction to the storage substances of human body Overview of storage compounds in the body Glycogen metabolism Structure of glycogen
More informationNAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!
EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More informationLipid Metabolism. Catabolism Overview
Lipid Metabolism Pratt & Cornely, Chapter 17 Catabolism Overview Lipids as a fuel source from diet Beta oxidation Mechanism ATP production Ketone bodies as fuel 1 High energy More reduced Little water
More information(de novo synthesis of glucose)
Gluconeogenesis (de novo synthesis of glucose) Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of new glucose. The main purpose of gluconeogenesis is to maintain the constant blood Glc concentration.
More informationThis is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)
This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that
More informationTricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Overview (Also called KREBS CYCLE, or CITRIC ACID CYCLE ) Occur totally in mitochondria. TCA cycle is an aerobic pathway, bcz O 2 is required as the final electron accepter. Supplies
More informationChapter 16. The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA The Citric Acid Cycle Key topics: To Know Also called Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) or Krebs Cycle. Three names for the
More information(A) Urea cycle (B) TCA cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Pyruvate oxidation (E) Respiratory chain
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 15: Citric Acid Cycle No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements is not a metabolic pathway involved in carbohydrate catabolism and ATP production. (A) Urea cycle (B)
More informationComparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways
Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Three stages of catabolism Glucose Synthesis of compounds e.g. lactose glycolipids Glucose-6-P Pentosephosphate Pathway Glycolysis Glycogenesis Acetyl-CoA
More informationTricarboxylic Acid Cycle. TCA Cycle; Krebs Cycle; Citric Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid ycle TA ycle; Krebs ycle; itric Acid ycle The Bridging Step: Pyruvate D hase O H 3 - - pyruvate O O - NAD + oash O 2 NADH O H 3 - - S - oa acetyl oa Pyruvate D hase omplex Multienzyme
More informationKrebs Cycle. Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes. Extra information Biochemistry team 438. Red boxes are IMPORTANT!
Red boxes are IMPORTANT! Krebs Cycle Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes : ل ی د ع ت ل ا ط ب ا ر https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wvdec1atp7j- ZKWOUSukSLsEcosjZ0AqV4z2VcH2TA0/edit?usp=sharing
More informationYield of energy from glucose
Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.2 Light energy
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationIII. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular
III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM. Triacylglycerol and Fatty Acid Metabolism
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM II. Triacylglycerol synthesis A. Overall pathway Glycerol-3-phosphate + 3 Fatty acyl-coa à Triacylglycerol + 3 CoASH B. Enzymes 1. Acyl-CoA synthase 2. Glycerol-phosphate
More information4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5
1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced
More informationPart III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.4 Lipid Catabolism 3.4a Fatty Acid Degradation 3.4b Ketone Bodies
Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY 3.4 Lipid Catabolism 3.4a Fatty Acid Degradation 3.4b Ketone Bodies Section 3.4a: Fatty Acid Degradation Synopsis 3.4a - Triglycerides (or fats) in the diet or adipose
More information