Macro molecule = is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism:

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1 Macromolecule Macro molecule = molecule that is built up from smaller units The smaller single subunits that make up macromolecules are known as Joining two or more single units together form a M is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism: Catabolism: Break down of Polymers - Hydrolysis = hydration - Addition of water to break a bond Formation of Polymers - Dehydration synthesis = condensation - removal water to form a bond Four Major Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates - monosaccharide: glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose - disaccharide: sucrose, lactose, maltose - polysaccharide: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin 2. Lipids - triglyceride: glycerol, FA - saturated and unsaturated FA - phospholipids, steroid, wax, carotenoid 3. Proteins - amino acid - peptide bond - structural levels - folding: conformational change, denaturation, chaperonin 4. Nucleic acids - nucleotide, sugar, base - base pair, double helix - phosphodiester bond - DNA & RNA

2 Carbohydrates Basic Functions 1. Fuel - monosaccharides and disaccharides 2. Storage - polysaccharides: starch, glycogen 3. Structural support - polysaccharide: cellulose, chitin Levels of Structure (a) Monomer: monosaccharide Mono saccharides = Carbo hydrate = + = C + H2O Monosaccharides are made from multiples of CH2O where the number of carbons range from (e.g. CH2O x 6 = C6H12O6) Most names for sugars end in (e.g. glucose) How to recognize a monosaccharide linear structure A straight chain of carbons with one of these a carbonyl groups: o o All other carbons have a group at one end or group in the chain group Forming ring structures from the linear structure Practice: On each linear monosaccharide, draw an arrow between the 2 atoms that will connect to form the ring structure shown.

3 Alpha (α) = carbon 1 OH group below ring Beta (β) = carbon 1 OH group above ring How to recognize a monosaccharide ring structure Cyclic carbon ring structure with one All carbons but one is attached to a in the ring group Name Diagram #of carbons Chemical Formula Class of sugar (shape) Identifier (how it differs) Glucose 6-sided Hexose sugar Galactose Mannose Fructose Ribose Deoxyribose

4 (b) Disaccharides & Glycosidic bond Di saccharides = Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides to form an bond which is specifically called a bond in carbohydrates Disaccharide Diagram of glycosidic bond Monomers Common products Sucrose Lactose Maltose (c) Polysaccharides are all made from chains of glucose monomers Polysaccharide Function Structure Organism Example / location Some branching Starch A lot of branching which allows: Glycogen No branching which allows: Cellulose 1,2 Chitin Structure is similar to cellulose but contains nitrogen molecules

5 Glycerol Lipids Five Forms of Lipids Basic Functions: 1. long-term energy storage 2. insulation / cushioning of organs 3. structural component of cell (phospholipid membrane) 4. chemical messenger (hormones) A. FAT = Triglyceride = Triacylglycerol What is Glycerol? What is a fatty acid? = Glycerol backbone + 3 Fatty acid chain Fatty acid Fatty acid Fatty acid - 3 carbon molecule - each carbon has a hydroxyl group - Draw glycerol below: - unbranched chain of 4-24 c - contains carboxylic a functional group at one end - can be classified by chain l and the number of d bonds Fatty acid Definition Structure & Fluidity Example maximum number of hydrogen atoms are bound to the carbon backbone (full) Saturated number of hydrogen is less than the possible maximum due to double bonds Unsaturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated olive, canola, peanut, and sesame oil corn, sunflower Explain how chain length of a fatty acid affects fluidity: How does the fatty acid molecule attach to the glycerol backbone? - Hydroxyl group on glycerol react with carboxyl group on the fatty acids - Condensation reaction releases waters - Results in formation of a triglyceride held together by a ester bond

6 B. Phospholipid = Glycerol + 2 Fatty acid + 1 Phosphate Molecule Quantity Component Polarity Affinity for water Phosphate 1 Head Fatty acid tail C. Steroid = 4 interconnected rings (three 6C + one 5C) Common examples: (e.g. testosterone) D. Wax = long chain hydrocarbon usually contains an e group A thermoplastic exhibiting plastic properties: Examples natural animal wax: natural plant wax: natural mineral wax: synthetic wax: E. Carotenoid = 40C chain with alternating single and d bonds ended by c groups Natural fat-soluble pigment Key question: The give forms of lipid studied are not built upon any common monomer. What property unifies these lipids so that they are all classified under the lipid category? What makes a lipid, a lipid?.

7 Proteins Basic Functions 1. Structural muscles, feathers, hair, nails 2. Energy egg, meat, fish 3. Contractile muscle & movement 4. Chemical reactions catalysts, enzymes (see enzyme handout) 5. Immune response antibodies, fibers in blood clotting 6. Regulatory chemical messengers (e.g. hormones) 7. Transport regulation of substances in and out of cell; haemoglobin transport of oxygen Levels of Structure (a) Monomer: Amino Acid Basic structure of an amino acid contains 4 parts connected to a H H 2 N C COOH R group group hydrogen atom R group different for each amino acid carbon: All living things are made from the same Humans have amino acids amino acids that are classified as essential (can t be made by the body) Grouped into 4 categories based on the characteristic of the R group: Features Group Example: on R group Non-polar Polar Acidic Basic

8 (b) Primary Structure: Polypeptide chain & Peptide Bonds - sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide Practice: a. Circle the 2 R groups in the amino acids. b. Classify each amino acid into one of the 4 possible groups. c. Complete the reaction by drawing the dipeptide to the right of the arrow. d. Circle the newly formed peptide bond. e. Indicate the N and C terminus. (c) Secondary Structures: alpha helix & beta sheets - coiling or bending of a polypeptide into or (pleated) sheets - held together by between atoms on the (d) Tertiary structures: functional 3-dimensional protein - Tertiary: arrangement of secondary structures into a three dimensional shape that determines - held together by interactions between the of amino acids which include: attractive forces = covalent bonds = (e) Quaternary structures: formed by the interaction of - fibrous: - globular: Denaturation irreversible unfolding or shape change of a protein by - excessive heat: disrupts weak attractive forces (H-bonds) - ph changes: destroys / weakens ionic bonds that hold 3D shape - Harsh chemicals Conformational change r shape change in a protein for a specific f

9 Nucleic Acids Levels of Structure (a) Monomer: Nucleotides - Nucleotide = Nitrogen base + pentose sugar phosphates Pentose Sugars = 5 carbon (5 sided) Ribose Deoxyribose - Nucleoside = Nitrogen base + pentose sugar Nitrogen-containing base = rings containing Purines and Pyrimidines All carbons have a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon Bonds H-bonds 3 H-bonds Naming of nucleotide = name of sugar + name of base + number of phosphates = name of nucleoside + number of phosphates Base Nucleoside (ribose) Nucleoside (deoxyribose) A G C T U Practice: Provide the full and abbreviated name for each of the following nucleotides: i. containing deoxyribose sugar, two phosphates and a pyrimidine base with 2 H-bonds full name: abbreviation: ii. containing ribose sugar, three phosphates and a purine base with 2 H-bonds full name: abbreviation: Summary of differences between DNA & RNA Nucleic Acid Pentose sugar N-Bases Strands DNA RNA

10 (b) Nucleic Acid Strand & Phosphodiester Bond (c) Complementary base pairs - Purine paired with pyrimidine with the same # of H-bonds A pairs with G pairs with Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine (d) Double helix Ladder analogy Sides = Rungs (steps) =