Chapters 2 and 3. Pages and Pages Prayer Attendance Homework

Transcription

1 Chapters 2 and 3 Pages and Pages Prayer Attendance Homework

2 The Cell The cell is the basic unit of life on Earth, separated from its environment by a membrane and sometimes an outer wall.

3 Prokaryotic Cell vs. Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell does not have a nucleus does not have organelles can have a cell wall very small Example: bacteria has a nucleus has organelles can have a cell wall big Example: white blood cell

4 Prokaryotic Cell

5 Each organelle has a specific job in a cell. Cytosol is between the nucleus and plasma membrane. Cytosol is a watery matrix with water, salt, and many enzymes needed for cell reactions. The cytoplasm includes the cytosol and organelles. Cytosol only holds the organelles. The CELL

6 Cell Structure: Plasma Membrane All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. Cell membranes are semipermeable. This means some substances can move across the membranes and others cannot. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer.

7 Plasma Membrane: A Fluid Mosaic When phospholipid molecules are put in a watery environment, like in a cell, they move. Hydrophilic heads move towards the water and the hydrophobic tails move away from the water. They join together to make a phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer has many proteins inside. These proteins can be receptors, help transport substances, or are enzymes. The membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins because the lipids and proteins can move from one area of the membrane to another.

8 Cell Structure: Cell Wall The cell wall is outside the plasma membrane of plants fungi, and bacterial cells. The cell wall is rich in cellulose. Cellulose is assembled into strong fibrils and is in a matrix.

9 Cell Structure: Nucleus Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by two membranes, they are called the nuclear envelope. Nuclear pores regulate substances that come into and out of the nucleus. Inside the nucleus is chromatin which has DNA and proteins. Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus.

10 Cell Structure: Mitochondrion Found in plant and animal cells. Mitochondria produce energy. The inner membrane has many of the proteins that produce ATP. The matrix is where most of cellular respiration occurs.

11 Cell Structure: Chloroplast Found in plant cells. The chloroplast uses the sun's energy to change carbon dioxide and water into sugar. Thylakoids stack on one another, like pancakes, to form grana (singular: granum).

12 Cell Structure: Lysosome A lysosome has digestive enzymes that degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Lysosomes move around the cell and eat certain molecules and organelles for recycling.

13 Cell Structure: Ribosomes Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus and move from the nucleus through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are found free in the cytoplasm or bound to the ER. Ribosomes make proteins in the cytoplasm.

14 Cell: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER has ribosomes attached. Smooth ER has no ribosomes attached. Smooth ER can detoxify harmful substances and make lipids.

15 Cell Structure: Golgi Apparatus Proteins, from the ER, are modified and sorted in the Golgi. These proteins are then sent to appropriate vesicles from the Golgi.

16 Cell Structure: Centrioles Centrioles have microtubules that help move chromosomes during cell division. Centrioles also help form cilia and flagella.

17 Cell Structure: Cytoskeletal Elements Cytoskeletal elements are protein fibers in the cytoplasm. They give shape to the cell, hold and move organelles, and are involved in cell movement.

18 Cell Structure: Central Vacuole Plant cells have large vacuoles. A vacuole can have different molecules, such as, sugars and pigments that give color to flowers and leaves. Vacuoles also maintains pressure inside cells, which helps support the plant.

19 Animal Cell You have 15 minutes to memorize this:

20 Animal Cell

21 Plant Cell

22 Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

23 Creatine Supplements Some athletes use creatine to increase muscle mass or to have more bursts of energy. Creatine is used to help make proteins (with ribosomes) and ATP (with mitochondria). Dangerous side effect: kidney failure

24 Questions 7 1. What is a cell? 2. What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? 3. What do nuclear pores do? 4. What does chromatin have? 5. What do lysosomes do? 6. Describe thylakoids. 7. What do ribosomes do? 8. What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? 9. What do centrioles do? 10. What do cytoskeletal elements do? 11. What polysaccharide is found in the cell wall? 12. In mitochondria, where are the proteins that produce ATP found? 13. What is cytosol? 14. What are 3 differences between plant cells and animal cells? 15. What can creatine cause?