The Cell. The smallest unit of life that can perform all life processes.
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1 The Cell The smallest unit of life that can perform all life processes.
2 Life is macromolecules that can perform unique functions because they are enclosed in a structural compartment that is separate from the external environment. This separation allows living things to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis).
3 All living organisms are composed of cells that can: Respond to their environment Grow, develop and reproduce Metabolize Maintain homeostasis
4 A little bit of history
5 cells Robert Hooke
6 little wretched beasties Antone van Leeuwenhoek - lenses
7 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) Made microscopes with better magnification First person to observe living cells Spirogyra
8 The Cell Theory (3 parts) Matthias Schleiden (botonist) Theodor Schwann (zoologist) 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
9 All organisms are made of one or more cells The cell is the basic unit of all living things Redi spontaneous generation 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells Pasteur spontaneous generation
10 Cell Theory 1. The cell is the basic unit of life. 2. All life forms are made of one or more cells. 3. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.
11 Why are cells so special? Able to differentiate Stem cell = general, unspecialized cell Becomes specialized with time Examples: skin cells, macrophage cells, neurons
12 Differentiation
13 You can use different terms to describe the type of cell(s) you re looking at. 3 different sets of words:
14 1) Unicellular vs. Multicellular Unicellular Uni = one One cell Multicellular Multi = many Many cells
15 2) Prokaryote vs Eukaryote prokaryote Cells that DO NOT have a cell membrane around their nucleus. eukaryote Cells that have a membrane around their nucleus. example Bacteria Plant and Animal Cells Eukaryote cells usually 10X larger than Prokaryote cells.
16 2) Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus- DNA unbound No membrane-bound organelles All unicellular organisms All microscopic Eukaryotic Cells Have nucleus with DNA Organelles membranebound Unicellular OR multicellular organisms microscopic OR macroscopic
17 Amoeba sisters pro & eukaryotes
18 3. Plant or Animal Have cell walls Have chloroplasts Have large vacuoles Tend to have a square shape Animal No cell walls Have small vacuoles, if any Not so square Plant
19 Eukaryotic Cell structures: structure and function Hank crash course
20 Organelles Structures within cells that have specific jobs Little organs
21 plant cell wall cellulose
22 cell wall
23
24 cell membranes a dynamic structure fluid mosaic model
25 functions: Separates cell from its environment Allows cell to maintain homeostasis Acts as selectively permeable membrane (regulates molecules entering and leaving the cell) Cell-cell communication Surface markers - recognition Amoeba sisters - homeostasis
26 Made of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins Harvard animation
27 Phospholipid bilayer
28 The protein part of the cell membrane provides: communication, "I.D." tags, anchors to microtubules, gates of exchange for large molecules and pumps for maintaining ionic balance.
29 Special designs for specific function: The typical cell membrane vs different types of membranes better suited for function In a typical membrane, there is the passive phospholipid bilayer part (75-95%) and the active protein part (5-25%). Those cells that have to do more exchanging of materials, such as glandular cells, have more of the protein membrane. Those cells that have minimal exchange of materials, such as fat cells, have less protein membrane.
30 the cell membrane semi-fluid Selectively permeable
31 microfilaments & microtubules structure movement
32 Cytoskeleton Function: Framework for the cellshape, organize, and support cell Other: made of proteins
33 Cilia and Flagella Function: assist in movement Other: Cilia- short, hair-like Flagella- long, tail-like
34
35
36 centrioles
37 Molecular "tags" on microtubules direct traffic inside cells
38 Cytoplasm Function: fill the spaces between organelles and the plasma membrane
39 the nucleus contains the genetic material
40 Nucleus Function: store and protect genetic info (DNA) NOT THE BRAIN- just stores the info Other: Chromosomes: DNA wound up with proteins Nuclear envelope: double membrane with pores
41 endomembrane system
42 endoplasmic reticulum
43 rough ER transports newly synthesized proteins alters proteins folds into tertiary structures
44 smooth ER site for synthesis of lipids and steroids site for hydrolysis of glycogen modifies (detox.) small molecules
45 golgi apparatus recieves proteins from ER further modifications Concentrates, packages, sorts proteins Polysacc. for plant cell walls synthesized
46 secreting side receiving side
47
48 Vesicles and vacuoles The function and importance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present.
49 functions of the vacuole include: Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell. Breaking down products taken into the cell to be used in metabolism. Exporting unwanted substances from the cell. Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers. Exporting manufactured products from the cell.
50 endocytosis and exocytosis taking in expelling pinocytosis phagocytosis Uses energy Encloses material in vesicles
51
52
53 exocytosis Vesicle membranes are also phospholipid bilayer
54 special vesicles and vacuoles peroxisomes the most common vesicle in cells found in all eukaryotes contain enzymes to rid the cell of hydrogen peroxide (convert the hydrogen peroxide to water) some detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to molecules of oxygen (oxidation). others initiate production of phospholipids
55 special vesicles and vacuoles contain hydrolytic enzymes - break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which are then transferred back into the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials lysosomes
56 autophagy - recycles the cell's organic material
57 special vesicles and vacuoles Helps maintain homeostasis for water balance (osmotic equilibrium) central vacuole contractile vacuole
58 central vacuole (plants ONLY) Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell
59
60 contractile vacuole (animals ONLY) found in certain unicellular organisms pumps fluid from in the cell to the outside by alternately filling and then contracting
61
62 ribosomes site of protein synthesis
63 Mitochondria Function: supply energy by converting food to ATP Other: Highly folded membranes Has own DNA and ribosomes
64
65 chloroplasts
66 Chloroplast Function: carry out photosynthesis, which turns light energy to chemical energy Other: has own DNA and ribosomes
67
68
69 Slide share examples The Cell is like CELL ANALOGY PROJECT
70
71 City 1 City 2 springfield House analogy Amusement park
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