BIL 256 Cell and Molecular Biology Lab Spring, Tissue-Specific Isoenzymes

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "BIL 256 Cell and Molecular Biology Lab Spring, Tissue-Specific Isoenzymes"

Transcription

1 BIL 256 Cell and Molecular Biology Lab Spring, 2007 Background Information Tissue-Specific Isoenzymes A. BIOCHEMISTRY The basic pattern of glucose oxidation is outlined in Figure 3-1. Glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid, each with three carbon atoms. These reactions occur in the cytoplasm by a process called glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen (aerobic conditions), pyruvic acid then enters the mitochondria, where it is completely oxidized to CO 2 and water in the citric acid cycle and in the electron transport chain. During the citric acid cycle, the carbon atoms of the acetyl groups are liberated as CO 2 while the hydrogen atoms (protons + electrons) are transferred primarily to the carrier molecule NAD + which is thereby reduced to NADH + H +. The electrons are then transferred from the NADH + H + to a series of electron carrier molecules that comprise the electron-transport chain. During the course of this transfer, the electrons lose energy which is transferred to ATP. The terminal step in the chain is when the electrons and protons combine with molecular oxygen to form water. The final reaction of anaerobic (without oxygen) glycolysis is the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid and this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In skeletal muscle, where oxygen deprivation is common during exercise, the reaction is efficient and large amounts of lactate can be formed. (See Figure 3-1). In tissues that preferentially oxidize glucose aerobically to CO 2 and water, such as cardiac muscle, the reaction is not efficient and pyruvate is preferentially converted to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle. In order to understand the differences in efficiency of this reaction in skeletal and heart muscle, it is necessary to explore the structure of the LDH enzyme in different tissues of the body.

2 Isoenzymes are different molecular forms of the same enzyme, and five major LDH isoenzymes are found in different vertebrate tissues. Each LDH molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains (each is a tetramer) but the subunit composition of the five LDH isoenzymes are different. There are two types of polypeptide chains in LDH called M (for skeletal muscle) and H (for heart muscle) which can be combined into the LDH tetramer in 5 different ways. Each different combination of subunits represents a distinct LDH isoenzyme as illustrated in Figure 3-2. Because the H polypeptide has more acidic amino acid residues than the M polypeptide, the electrophoretic mobilities of the LDH isoenzymes are: LDH 1 > LDH 2 > LDH 3 > LDH 4 > LDH 5. The H and M polypeptides of LDH are encoded by different genes, and the two genes are expressed to different degrees in different tissues. For example, in heart muscle, the gene for the H subunit is more active than the gene for the M subunit. Thus, LDH isoenzyme 1 is the predominant form of the enzyme in cardiac muscle. The reverse is true in skeletal muscle where there is more M than H polypeptide produced, and hence, more of the isoenzyme 5 form of the enzyme. The efficiency of the conversion of pyruvate to lactate increases with the number of M chains. Therefore, the high concentration of LDH 5 (4 M subunits) in skeletal muscle rapidly converts pyruvate to lactate while the high concentration of LDH 1 (4 H subunits) in heart tissue favors conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle. These tissuespecific differences in LDH isoenzymes can be readily detected by the localization of LDH activity in an agarose gel after electrophoresis of tissue extracts as shown in Figure 3-3. Lactate dehydrogenase, like many other enzymes, is also found in serum where it is derived from

3 normal cell death since dying and dead cells liberate their cellular enzymes into the bloodstream. The liberation of enzymes into the circulatory system is accelerated during tissue injury and the measurement of LDH isoenzymes in serum has been used extensively for determining the site and nature of tissue injury in humans. For example, when the blood supply to the heart muscle is severely reduced, as during a heart attack, muscle cells die and liberate LDH 1 into the blood stream. Thus, an increase in LDH 1 in serum is indicative of a heart attack. In contrast muscular dystrophy is accompanied by an increase in the levels of LDH 5 which is derived from dying skeletal muscle cells. B. DETECTION OF LDH ACTIVITY IN AGAROSE GELS In this experiment you will prepare tissue extracts from calf thymus and then electrophorese the extracts along with extracts from calf heart, skeletal muscle and serum on agarose gels. The serum and tissue extracts contain hundreds of colorless proteins in addition to LDH. In order to identify the LDH isoenzymes, you will selectively stain the gels after electrophoresis for LDH activity. Each of the LDH isozymes can catalyze the following reaction: LDH Lactate + NAD + Pyruvate + NADH + H + In order to detect the LDH isozyme in an agarose gel after electrophoresis, the above enzymatic reaction is coupled to a color producing reaction: 1) Lactate + NAD + Pyruvate + NADH + H + 2) NADH + PMS NAD + + PMS-H 3) PMS-H + TNBT PMS + TNBT-Formazan NAD - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced PMS - Phenazine methosulfate TNBT - Tetranitroblue tetrazolium The highly colored TNBT-Formazan product localizes in the electrophoretic zones of LDH activity and the amount of brown color formed is quantitatively related to the level of LDH isoenzyme present. Objectives: In this experiment, you will first prepare tissue extracts from calf thymus. You will

4 then characterize the LDH isoenzymes in the tissue extracts and in calf serum. Procedure A. Preparation of the Agarose Gels. 1. Prepare a 1.2% agarose gel 2. While the gel is cooling, prepare the tissue extracts as described below. B. Preparation of the Thymus Extracts. 1. Place 0.5 g of calf thymus into a precooled mortar and cut the tissue into small (l cm) sections with scissors. 2. Add 2 ml of cold extraction buffer and grind the tissue sections with the pestle until a homogenous suspension is formed. The mechanical action of the pestle and the chemical action of a detergent (NP40) that is present in the extraction buffer should disrupt the plasma membrane leaving the nuclear envelope intact. 3. Pour about 1 ml of the homogenate into a small centrifuge tube and centrifuge for 5 minutes to pellet the nuclei. 4. Pour the supernatant into a clean tube, label the tube thymus extract, and then place the tube in an ice bath. C. Electrophoresis 1. To the tube labeled sample buffer, add 50 μl of the thymus extract. 2. Load 15 μl of the following samples into the agarose gel sample wells. Lane Sample 1,5 Calf Serum 2,6 Calf Heart LDH 3,7 Calf Muscle LDH 4,8 Calf Thymus Extract 3. Electrophorese at 170 V until the bromophenol blue in the tissue extract samples has migrated to within 1 mm of the positive electrode end of the gel. 4. Remove the gels from the electrophoresis cell, rinse them in distilled water, and note the blue serum albumin bands in lanes 1 and 5. Some of the bromophenol blue in the sample will remain bound to albumin during the electrophoretic run. IV. Detection of LDH Isoenzymes

5 1. Add 15ml of the LDH-substrate solution to a gel staining dish containing your gel and incubate in the dark for minutes at 37 o C. Data Analysis 1. Rinse the gels with water and examine them on a light box. Locate the bands containing LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5. Figure 3-3 should help in this identification. 2. The amount of brown color is roughly proportional to the amount of an LDH isoenzyme present in a band. In the table below, estimate the amounts of each isoenzyme present in each protein sample. Estimates of the % of Total LDH Activity* SAMPLE LDH-1 LDH-2 LDH-3 LDH-4 LDH-5 Serum Thymus Heart Skeletal Muscle *These percentages can be determined accurately with a gel densitometer. 3. The gels can be stored in standard destain solution containing 10% methanol and 5% acetic acid.

3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP]

3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP] 3.7 Cell respiration ( Chapter 9 in Campbell's book) 3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP] Organic compounds store

More information

What is respiration:

What is respiration: Respiration What is respiration: Aerobic respiration is the controlled release of energy from food using oxygen. The food involved in respiration is glucose. The energy is trapped in molecules of ATP.

More information

Releasing Chemical Energy

Releasing Chemical Energy Releasing Chemical Energy Ø Energy From Carbohydrates Ø Aerobic Respiration/ Stages Ø Fermentation Ø Food as a Source of Energy How Do Cells Access the Chemical Energy in Carbohydrayes? Aerobic Respiration

More information

How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration

How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms classified on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on organic compounds

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen In biology and chemistry, energy is referred to

More information

Enzymes and Metabolism

Enzymes and Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky Enzymes and Metabolism Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb 1 Protein Macromolecules composed of combinations

More information

3. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic in terms of cell respiration. Outline the general process of both.

3. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic in terms of cell respiration. Outline the general process of both. 3.7 Cell Respiration 1. Define cell respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic molecules in cells to form ATP. 2. State the equation for the process of cell respiration.

More information

III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular

III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways

More information

Anaerobic Fermentation

Anaerobic Fermentation Anaerobic Fermentation BTEC 101 Bacterial Metabolism Metabolism represents the sum of chemical changes that converts nutrients, the raw materials necessary to nourish living organisms, into energy and

More information

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5 1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced

More information

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? CHAPTER 3 ESSENTIALS OF METABOLISM WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? It is important to have a basic understanding of metabolism because it governs the survival and growth of microorganisms The growth of microorganisms

More information

Higher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25

Higher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25 Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration Page 1 of 25 Sub Topic: Respiration I can state that: All living cells carry out respiration. ATP is the energy currency of the cell

More information

Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration.

Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration. Section 3: Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the stages

More information

Cellular Metabolism 6/20/2015. Metabolism. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!

Cellular Metabolism 6/20/2015. Metabolism. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular metabolism: Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General

Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy A. Obtaining Energy and Electrons from Glucose Lecture Series 12 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy B. An Overview: Releasing Energy from Glucose

More information

Cellular Respiration Notes. Biology - Mrs. Kaye

Cellular Respiration Notes. Biology - Mrs. Kaye Cellular Respiration Notes Biology - Mrs. Kaye Energy Transfer In cellular respiration, chemical energy is converted into usable energy which is converted into heat energy. ATP and ADP ATP acts as an energy

More information

Cellular Respiration. How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!!

Cellular Respiration. How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!! Cellular Respiration How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!! Useable Energy Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) Adenosine Ribose Sugar 3 Phosphates November 27, 2017 November 27, 2017 Where do our cells get energy?

More information

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell.

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Can be reactions that break things down. (Catabolism) Or reactions that build things up. (Anabolism)

More information

Cellular Metabolism 9/24/2013. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!

Cellular Metabolism 9/24/2013. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

Cellular Metabolism. Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61)

Cellular Metabolism. Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

Lesson Objective: By the end of the lesson (s), I can: Vocabulary: Lesson Question: Focus Question: Overarching questions:

Lesson Objective: By the end of the lesson (s), I can: Vocabulary: Lesson Question: Focus Question: Overarching questions: Lesson Objective: By the end of the lesson (s), I can: Vocabulary: 1. Describe the process of cell respiration, including reactants and products, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport

More information

Cellular Metabolism. Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69)

Cellular Metabolism. Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69) Cellular Metabolism Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69) Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell Metabolism Animation Breaking Down Glucose For Energy

More information

BIOENERGETICS. 1. Detection of succinate dehydrogenase activity in liver homogenate using artificial electron acceptors.

BIOENERGETICS. 1. Detection of succinate dehydrogenase activity in liver homogenate using artificial electron acceptors. BIOENERGETICS Problems to be prepared: 1. Methods of enzymes activity assessment, the role of artificial electron acceptors and donors. 2. Reactions catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase,

More information

Mitochondria and ATP Synthesis

Mitochondria and ATP Synthesis Mitochondria and ATP Synthesis Mitochondria and ATP Synthesis 1. Mitochondria are sites of ATP synthesis in cells. 2. ATP is used to do work; i.e. ATP is an energy source. 3. ATP hydrolysis releases energy

More information

Biology Kevin Dees. Chapter 9 Harvesting Chemical Energy: Cellular Respiration

Biology Kevin Dees. Chapter 9 Harvesting Chemical Energy: Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Harvesting Chemical Energy: Cellular Respiration Life is Work!!! Biology Kevin Dees Catabolic pathways and ATP production Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down large molecules into

More information

Ch. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53)

Ch. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Ch. 9 Cell Respiration Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Essential question: How do cells use stored chemical energy in organic molecules and to generate ATP? Title: Oct 15 3:28 PM (2 of 53) Title: Oct 19

More information

Respiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7

Respiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on

More information

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation*

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. Life Is Work

More information

Chemical Energy. Valencia College

Chemical Energy. Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of

More information

Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7

Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs:

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 -----> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + energy (heat and ATP) 1. Energy Capacity to move or change matter Forms of energy are important to life include Chemical, radiant (heat

More information

Lesson Overview. Cellular Respiration: An Overview. 9.2 process of cell respiration

Lesson Overview. Cellular Respiration: An Overview. 9.2 process of cell respiration 9.2 process of cell respiration Glycolysis During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of the 3-carbon molecule pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid is a reactant in the Krebs cycle. ATP and NADH

More information

Introduction to Carbohydrate metabolism

Introduction to Carbohydrate metabolism Introduction to Carbohydrate metabolism Some metabolic pathways of carbohydrates 1- Glycolysis 2- Krebs cycle 3- Glycogenesis 4- Glycogenolysis 5- Glyconeogenesis - Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) - Curi

More information

Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)

Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need

More information

Cellular Respiration Assignment

Cellular Respiration Assignment I. MULTIPLE CHOICES. Select the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided. 1. Electron transport chain allows the electron to. a) transfer from grana to stroma. b) transfer from

More information

MIDDLETOWN HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BIOLOGY

MIDDLETOWN HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BIOLOGY MIDDLETOWN HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BIOLOGY BOOKLET 10 NAME: CLASS: 1 S.Tagore Middletown South High School March 2013 LEARNING OUTCOMES The role and production of ATP (a) Importance, role and structure of ATP

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy AP Biology Reading Guide Name: Date: Period Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take

More information

Biology Chapter-7 Cellular Respiration

Biology Chapter-7 Cellular Respiration Biology-1406 Chapter-7 Cellular Respiration Energy is stored in Chemicals Catabolism- the breaking down of complex molecules, such as glucose, to release their stored energy. Catabolism may or may not

More information

3.7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. How are these two images related?

3.7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. How are these two images related? 3.7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION How are these two images related? CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is the process whereby the body converts the energy that we get from food (glucose) into an energy form

More information

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes How is energy obtained biologically? Recall: Red Ox Reactions Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Oxidation Is the chief mechanism by which chemical potential energy is released This energy comes from reduced

More information

KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. ! Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.

More information

1 Which pathway for aerobic cellular respiration is located in the cytoplasm of the cell?

1 Which pathway for aerobic cellular respiration is located in the cytoplasm of the cell? 1 Which pathway for aerobic cellular respiration is located in the cytoplasm of the cell? glycolysis citric cycle 2 Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding aerobic cellular respiration?

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.

More information

Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration)

Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration) Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration) 1 SECTION ONE: GLYCOLYSIS AND FERMENTATION HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY Cellular respiration is the process in which cells make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by breaking

More information

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-1 Chemical Pathways Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Animal Cells Animal

More information

Structure of the Mitochondrion. Cell Respiration. Cellular Respiration. Catabolic Pathways. Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration ATP 10/14/2014

Structure of the Mitochondrion. Cell Respiration. Cellular Respiration. Catabolic Pathways. Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration ATP 10/14/2014 Structure of the Mitochondrion Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Pgs. 163 183 Enclosed by a double membrane Outer membrane is smooth Inner, or cristae, membrane is folded - this divides the mitochondrion

More information

Background knowledge

Background knowledge Background knowledge This is the required background knowledge: State three uses of energy in living things Give an example of an energy conversion in a living organism State that fats and oils contain

More information

Cellular Respiration Checkup Quiz. 1. Of the following products, which is produced by both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration in humans?

Cellular Respiration Checkup Quiz. 1. Of the following products, which is produced by both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration in humans? 1. Of the following products, which is produced by both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration in humans? I. Pyruvate II. III. ATP Lactate A. I only B. I and II only C. I, II and III D. II and III

More information

serves as a source of raw materials and energy for cellsslide

serves as a source of raw materials and energy for cellsslide 9-1 Chemical Pathways (Metabolism) refers to all of the chemical that take place in an organism or cell. Each reaction may handle materials or and is catalyzed by an enzyme. Metabolism has two parts: 1.

More information

Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy. Examples:

Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy. Examples: Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy Examples: Energy can be transformed: Thermodynamics: First law of Thermodynamics: Second

More information

7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy 7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Metabolism? How Is Energy Harvested

More information

Cell Respiration. Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration

Cell Respiration. Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration Cell Respiration Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration Understandings/Objectives 2.8.U1: Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP. Define cell respiration State

More information

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration Learning Objectives Know the relationship between photosynthesis & cellular respiration Know the formulae of the chemical reactions for photosynthesis

More information

2) The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidationreduction

2) The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidationreduction Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex

More information

Cell Respiration Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date.

Cell Respiration Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date. Cell Respiration Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date. Working by alone or in a group, answer the following questions about Cell Respiration. This assignment is worth 30 points with the possible points for

More information

Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy

Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular work (ATP) 3. Importance of electrons and

More information

Introduction. Living is work. To perform their many tasks, cells must bring in energy from outside sources.

Introduction. Living is work. To perform their many tasks, cells must bring in energy from outside sources. Introduction Living is work. To perform their many tasks, cells must bring in energy from outside sources. In most ecosystems, energy enters as sunlight. Light energy trapped in organic molecules is available

More information

Class XI Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants Biology. 1. It is a biochemical process. 1. It is a physiochemical process.

Class XI Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants Biology. 1. It is a biochemical process. 1. It is a physiochemical process. Question 1: Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion (b) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation (a) Respiration and combustion Respiration Combustion 1. It is a

More information

A cell has enough ATP to last for about three seconds.

A cell has enough ATP to last for about three seconds. Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Energy and carbon sources in living cells 2. Sources of cellular ATP 3. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular

More information

Cellular Respiration. Cellular Respiration. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O > 6CO 2 + 6H energy. Heat + ATP. You need to know this!

Cellular Respiration. Cellular Respiration. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O > 6CO 2 + 6H energy. Heat + ATP. You need to know this! Cellular Respiration LISA Biology Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 - - - - - > 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + energy You need to know this! Heat + ATP 1 Did that equation look familiar? * The equation for cellular

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration To perform their many tasks, living cells require energy from outside sources. Energy stored in food utimately comes from the sun. Photosynthesis makes the raw materials

More information

LAB 6 Fermentation & Cellular Respiration

LAB 6 Fermentation & Cellular Respiration LAB 6 Fermentation & Cellular Respiration INTRODUCTION The cells of all living organisms require energy to keep themselves alive and fulfilling their roles. Where does this energy come from? The answer

More information

1. The diagram shows the flow of energy through a marine ecosystem. The units are kj m 2 year 1. Light energy measured at sea surface 12.

1. The diagram shows the flow of energy through a marine ecosystem. The units are kj m 2 year 1. Light energy measured at sea surface 12. 1. The diagram shows the flow of energy through a marine ecosystem. The units are kj m 2 year 1. Light energy measured at sea surface 12.5 10 5 6250 1000 Producers Respiration 1250 500 4000 Primary consumers

More information

Cellular Respiration. How is energy in organic matter released for used for in living systems?

Cellular Respiration. How is energy in organic matter released for used for in living systems? Cellular Respiration How is energy in organic matter released for used for in living systems? Cellular Respiration Organisms that perform cellular respiration are called chemoheterotrophs Includes both

More information

Question 1: Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion (b) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation (a) Respiration and combustion Respiration Combustion 1. It is a

More information

Cellular Respiration Guided Notes

Cellular Respiration Guided Notes Respiration After you hear word 'respiration', you may now think about breathing. During breathing, the is entered with each inhale and is released with each exhale. You may have noticed that breathing

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Respiration Practice Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following statements describes NAD+? A) NAD+ can donate

More information

cell respiration bi Biology Junction Everything you need in Biology Cellular Respiration All Materials Cmassengale

cell respiration bi Biology Junction Everything you need in Biology Cellular Respiration All Materials Cmassengale Biology Junction Everything you need in Biology cell respiration bi Cellular Respiration All Materials Cmassengale C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (heat and ATP) Energy http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_respiration_bi.htm

More information

BIO 311C Spring Lecture 27 Monday 5 Apr. 1

BIO 311C Spring Lecture 27 Monday 5 Apr. 1 BIO 311C Spring 2010 Lecture 27 Monday 5 Apr. 1 Review Metabolic Pathways and Processes that Participate in Respiration - Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasmic matrix - Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Krebs Cycle

More information

Cellular Respiration. Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1

Cellular Respiration. Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1 Cellular Respiration Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1 4/28/2014 2 The Mitochondria The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle Two membranes Outer membrane Inter membrane space Inner membrane Location

More information

Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes

Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Topics Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 2 Metabolism Catabolism Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and dform simpler

More information

Reading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass.

Reading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14

More information

Chapter 5. Microbial Metabolism

Chapter 5. Microbial Metabolism Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take place within a microbe Ultimate function of metabolism is to reproduce the organism Metabolic Processes

More information

Ch 9: Cellular Respiration

Ch 9: Cellular Respiration Ch 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration An overview Exergonic reactions and catabolic pathway Energy stored in bonds of food molecules is transferred to ATP Cellular respiration provides the energy

More information

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Global Athlete Outreach Program US CytoThesis Systems Medicine Center www.cytothesis.us US OncoTherapy Systems BioMedicine Group CytoThesis Bioengineering Research Group

More information

How Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7

How Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 7.1 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways All organisms (including photoautotrophs) convert chemical energy of organic compounds to chemical energy of

More information

What is Respiration? The process of respiration is where organisms convert chemical energy into cellular energy, which is known as ATP. Adenine Ribose P P P Cellular Respiration high energy sugar low energy

More information

Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Electrons transferred. Cytoplasm Blood vessel

Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Electrons transferred. Cytoplasm Blood vessel 7/19/2014 Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell PLAY Animation Breaking Down Glucose For Energy Biol 105 Lecture Packet 6 Read Chapter

More information

Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP 2006-2007 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP 2006-2007 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats,

More information

Plant Respiration. Exchange of Gases in Plants:

Plant Respiration. Exchange of Gases in Plants: Plant Respiration Exchange of Gases in Plants: Plants do not have great demands for gaseous exchange. The rate of respiration in plants is much lower than in animals. Large amounts of gases are exchanged

More information

Objective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy.

Objective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy. Objective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy. Do Now: Compare and contrast the three black equations below ADP + P + Energy

More information

Chapter 12 Respiration

Chapter 12 Respiration Chapter 12 Respiration R. Cummins 1 Chapter 12 Respiration External Respiration is the exchange of gases with the environment. Internal Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food. Respiration

More information

Cell Respiration Ch 7. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO2 and water from

Cell Respiration Ch 7. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO2 and water from Cell Respiration Ch 7 Objectives: Identify the 2 major steps of cellular respiration Describe the major events in glycolysis Compare lactic acid fermentation with alcoholic fermentation Calculate the efficiency

More information

2: Describe glycolysis in general terms, including the molecules that exist at its start and end and some intermediates

2: Describe glycolysis in general terms, including the molecules that exist at its start and end and some intermediates 1 Life 20 - Glycolysis Raven & Johnson Chapter 9 (parts) Objectives 1: Know the location of glycolysis in a eukaryotic cell 2: Describe glycolysis in general terms, including the molecules that exist at

More information

Metabolism. Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism. Metabolic balancing act. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes. Topics. Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis

Metabolism. Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism. Metabolic balancing act. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes. Topics. Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 1 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism and anabolism simple model Catabolism Enzymes

More information

Name: Block: Date: PACKET #8 Unit 3: Energy Transfer, Part II: Cellular Respiration

Name: Block: Date: PACKET #8 Unit 3: Energy Transfer, Part II: Cellular Respiration Name: Block: Date: PACKET #8 Unit 3: Energy Transfer, Part II: Cellular Respiration Reading: BSCS Text chapters 4, 5, and 2.8. Objectives: By the conclusion of this unit the student will be able to: Topic

More information

Name Class Date. 1. Cellular respiration is the process by which the of "food"

Name Class Date. 1. Cellular respiration is the process by which the of food Name Class Date Cell Respiration Introduction Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates,

More information

Table of Contents. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration

Table of Contents. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Table of Contents Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Objectives Identify the two major steps of cellular respiration. Describe the major events in glycolysis. Compare lactic

More information

2

2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 What is the fate of Pyruvate? Stages of Cellular Respiration GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OX. KREBS CYCLE ETC 2 The Krebs Cycle does your head suddenly hurt? 3 The Krebs Cycle An Overview

More information

CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis

CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis Net reaction of Glycolysis Converts: 1 Glucose Hexose stage 2 pyruvate - Two molecules of ATP are produced - Two molecules of NAD + are reduced to NADH Triose stage Glucose + 2 ADP

More information

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1I

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1I Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1I Agenda I. Overview (Big Pictures) of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration II. Making Glucose - Photosynthesis III. Making ATP - Cellular

More information

Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Page by: OpenStax Summary The Citric Acid Cycle In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria,

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex

More information

ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing highenergy Phosphate bonds Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates

More information

Chapter 6 : How Cells Harvest Energy (B) Dr. Chris Doumen 10/28/14 CITRIC ACID CYCLE. Acetyl CoA CoA CoA CO 2 NAD + FADH 2 NADH FAD + 3 H + ADP + ATP

Chapter 6 : How Cells Harvest Energy (B) Dr. Chris Doumen 10/28/14 CITRIC ACID CYCLE. Acetyl CoA CoA CoA CO 2 NAD + FADH 2 NADH FAD + 3 H + ADP + ATP Chapter 6 : How Cells Harvest Energy (B) Dr. Chris Doumen Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate CITRIC ACID CYCLE CO FADH 3 NAD + FAD 3 NADH ADP + P + 3 1 Pyruvate oxida.on and Citric Acid Cycle Thus

More information

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Richard L. Myers 6.1 Photosynthesis

More information

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration =

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration = 1 AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration = Day 1 p. I. Overview A. Cellular Respiration 1. Respiration breathing, exchange of O 2 for CO 2 2. Cellular respiration aerobic harvesting of energy from food

More information

Metabolism. Metabolism. Energy. Metabolism. Energy. Energy 5/22/2016

Metabolism. Metabolism. Energy. Metabolism. Energy. Energy 5/22/2016 5//016 Metabolism Metabolism All the biochemical reactions occurring in the body Generating, storing and expending energy ATP Supports body activities Assists in constructing new tissue Metabolism Two

More information

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter 6 Introduction: How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Individuals inherit various percentages of the two main types of muscle fibers, slow and fast The

More information

AEROBIC RESPIRATION. Chapter 8

AEROBIC RESPIRATION. Chapter 8 AEROBIC RESPIRATION Chapter 8 AEROBIC RESPIRATION Aerobic respiration is the next step after Glycolysis if the cell can obtain oxygen. We won t need it until the last step but we still need it. Remember

More information