Erythrocyte Essential Fatty Acids
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1 Biolab reference: PHWN\ABCD\A12 Referred by: Dr.. Patient: Mr Sample Patient Date of birth: 16/01/969 Your reference: Date: 04/01/2012 Sex: Male Sample date: 03/01/2012 Erythrocyte Essential Fatty Acids (fatty acid composition of erythrocytes reported as mol/l of red blood cells) 6 Fatty Acids LA Linoleic acid Result Reference interval µmol/l GLA Gamma linolenic acid DGLA Dihomo gamma linolenic acid AA Arachidonic acid Adrenic Acid Eicosadienoic acid Docosadienoic acid Fatty Acids ALA Alpha linolenic acid ETA Eicosatetraenoic acid EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid DHA Docosahexaenoic acid Fatty Acids 1.25 Myristoleic acid Fatty Acids 85.0 Palmitoleic acid Cis vaccenic acid Stephen Davies MA BM BCh FACN Page 1 of 3 Nicholas Miller PhD FRCPath
2 Biolab reference: PHWN\ABCD\A12 Referred by: Dr.. Patient: Mr Sample Patient Date of birth: 16/01/969 Your reference: Sex: Male Date: 04/01/2012 Sample date: 03/01/2012 Erythrocyte Essential Fatty Acids (continued) (fatty acid composition of erythrocytes reported as mol/l of red blood cells) 9 Fatty Acids Oleic Acid Result Reference interval µmol/l Cis 11 eicosanoic acid Mead acid (20:3 n 9) Erucic acid Nervonic acid (24:1 n 9) Saturated Fatty Acids 1.2 Lauric acid Myristic acid Pentadecanoic acid Palmitic acid Margaric acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Heneicosanoic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Stephen Davies MA BM BCh FACN Page 2 of 3 Nicholas Miller PhD FRCPath
3 Biolab reference: PHWN\ABCD\A12 Referred by: Dr.. Patient: Mr Sample Patient Date of birth: 16/01/969 Your reference: Sex: Male Date: 04/01/2012 Sample date: 03/01/2012 Erythrocyte Essential Fatty Acids (continued) (fatty acid composition of erythrocytes reported as mol/l of red blood cells) trans Fatty Acids Trans vaccenic acid Elaidic acid (trans ) Linolelaidic acid Ratios Value Reference Interval Comment AA/LA 1.20 <1.90 AA/EPA <10.00 suggests enhanced fish or fish oil intake >20.00 suggests poor dietary intake of oily fish or fish oil AA/DHA Omega 6 / Omega Polyunsaturated / Saturated Omega 3 index (total omega 3 fatty acids as a percentage of total) 2.2% >8.00% suggests a high cardioprotective effect References 1. David F, Sandra P, Wylie PL. Improving the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters using retention time locked methods and retention time databases. Agilent application note EN, Agilent Technologies Inc, Harris WS, Lemke SL, Hansen SN et al. Stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index, an emerging cardiovascular risk marker. Lipids 2008;43: Cao J, Schwichtenberg KA, Hanson NQ, Tsai MY. Incorporation and clearance of omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma phospholipids. Clin Chem 2006;52: Stephen Davies MA BM BCh FACN Page 3 of 3 Nicholas Miller PhD FRCPath Tl(44) Tel: /5905 Fax: (44) E mail: info@biolab.co.uk b
4 General Comments Concentrations of red cell essential fatty acids below the indicated reference intervals are consistent with deficiencies of these substances. This can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, intestinal malabsorption or by impaired molecular transformations among the fatty acids (e.g. impaired conversion of linoleic to - linolenic acid secondary to a -6 desaturase deficiency). Treatment of essential fatty acid deficiencies depends on the underlying cause and may include supplementation with appropriate -6 or -3 EFAs. Biochemical abnormalities may usually be detected before the onset of clinical manifestations, which include dermatitis, impaired wound healing and fatty infiltration of the liver with raised hepatic enzyme activities in the serum. Excess dietary fatty acids, particularly trans fatty acids, may also be associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. To assist in the interpretation of results, a short schema of -6 and -3 fatty acid metabolism is shown below. -6 fatty acids Enzyme -3 fatty acids Linoleic (LA) 18:2 -Linolenic (ALA) 18:3-6 desaturase -Linolenic (GLA) 18:3 Octadecatetraenoic 18:4 elongase Dihomogamma linolenic (DGLA) (Eicosatrienoic) 20:3 Eicosatetraenoic 20:4-5 desaturase Arachidonic (AA) (Eicosatetraenoic) 20:4 Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) 20:5 elongase Adrenic (Docosatetraenoic) 22:4 Decosapentaenoic 22:5 elongase Tetracosatetraenoic 24:4 Tetracosapentaenoic 24:5-6 desaturase Tetracosapentaenoic 24:5 Tetrahexaneoic 24:6 - oxidation Docosapentaenoic 22:5 Docosahexaenoic 22:6 (DPA) (DHA)
5 FATTY ACID common and systematic name INFORMATION Omega 6 essential fatty acids LA Linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) (cis- 9,12-octadecadienoic GLA Gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 n- 6) (cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic DGLA Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6) (cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic AA Arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) (cis- 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic Adrenic acid (22:4 n-6) (cis- 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic Eicosadienoic acid (20:2 n-6) (cis- 11,14-eicosadienoic Docosadienoic acid (22:2 n-6) (cis- 13,16-docosadienoic LA and AA are the main essential omega-6 fatty acids, abundant in many vegetable oils. A major precursor for eicosanoid biosynthesis. From the seed of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), also in blackcurrant, borage and hemp seed oils. Used in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The elongation product of GLA, found only in trace amounts in animal products. Metabolised to anti-imflammatory eicosanoids. Precursor for the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids; some metabolic conversion from DGLA, but the main source of AA is the diet.; found in meat, fish and animal products. Formed metabolically from elongation of arachidonic acid, one of the most abundant fatty acids in the early human brain A minor omega-6 fatty acid, found in animal tissues. A minor omega-6 fatty acid, found in animal tissues. Omega 3 essential fatty acids ALA Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n- 3) (cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic ETA Eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4 n- 3) (cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) (cis-5,8,11,14,17- eicosapentaenoic DHA Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) (cis-4,7,10,13,16,19- docosahexaenoic Omega 5 fatty acids Myristoleic acid (14:1 n-5) (9- tetradecenoic Omega 7 fatty acids Palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7) (9- hexadecenoic Cis-11-vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7) (11- octadecenoic Essential fatty acid to which many health-beneficial effects are ascribed; dietary sources include seed oils (rapeseed, walnut, flax, hemp) and green leaves of some plants e.g. pursulane (Portulaca oleracea). A minor omega-3 EFA, identified in New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), reported to act as an inhibitor of arachidonic acid oxygenation. Essential omega-3 fatty acid obtained in the human diet from oily fish that have consumed certain algae; found in human breast milk. Antiinflammatory, precursor for prostglandin-3 (inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3 and leukotriene-5. est concentration omega-3 fatty acid in lipid membranes, primary structural component of the human brain and retina. Dietary source is oceanic fish, can be synthesised from EPA. Cardio-protective, lowers serum triglycerides. Metabolically produced from myristic acid by the action of -6 desaturase. In nature found in oil of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Present in all tissues, found in highest concentrations in the liver and adipose tissue. Synthesized from palmitic acid by the action of D-6 desaturase. Dietary sources include animal oils, vegetable oils and marine oils. Behaves like a saturated fatty acid in its effect of raising LDL cholesterol. May have a role in the control of body weight by affecting enzymes of fat oxidation pathways. Vaccenic acid was discovered in 1928 in butter and animal fats (vacca = cow).
6 Omega 9 fatty acids Oleic acid (18:1 n-9) (9-octadecenoic Cis-11-eicosanoic acid (20:1 n-9) Mead acid (20:3 n-9) (cis-5,8,11- eicosatrienoic Nervonic acid (24:1 n-9) (cis-15- tetracosenoic (selacholeic Saturated fatty acids "Oleic" suggests derived from olives, but also produced metabolically. Has been used for the treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy, may have a hypotensive effect. A mono-unstaurated omega-9 fatty acid, found in various plant oils In severe omega-6 EFA deficiency, mammals will elongate and desaturate oleic acid to Mead acid. ly present in significant amounts in cartilage. Has been identified as a requirement in the biosynthesis of nerve cell myelin and hence used in the treatment of disorders involving demyelination (e.g. multiple sclerosis). 14:0 Myristic acid (tetradecanoic Myristic acid is named after nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Also found in palm oil, cocnut oil and butter fat; a minor component of many other animal fats. 15:0 Pentadecanoic acid (pentadesylic 16:0 Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic 17:0 Margaric acid (heptadecanoic 18:0 Stearic acid (octadecanoic 20:0 Arachidic acid (eicosanoic 21:0 Heneicosanoic acid (heneicosylic 22:0 Behenic acid (docosanoic 24:0 Lignoceric acid (tetracosanoic Trans fatty acids Trans-11-vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7t) (trans-11-octadecaenoic) Elaidic acid (18:1 n-9t) (trans-9- octadecaenoic Linolelaidic acid (trans-9,12- octadecadienoic Major source is cows milk butter fat; a marker for butterfat consumption. One of the most common saturated fatty acids in animals and plants. A major component of the oil from palm trees (palm oil and coconut oil). Excess consumption of palmitic acid may increase serum cholesterol levels. Trace component of fat and milk fat of ruminants; not present in high concentration in any natural animal or vegetable fat. The most common saturated fatty acid (with palmitic, more abundant in in animal fat than vegetable fat, except for cocoa butter; consumption is said to lower serum cholesterol. Minor constituent of peanut and corn oil. Found in human milk fat, HEA is also a part of the phospholipids of the articular cartilage boundary lubricant A major component of ben, or behen, oil from the tree Moringa oleifera. Also found in rapeseed and peanut oil. A cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans. Found in small amounts in most natural fats. A naturally occurring trans-fatty acid found in the fat of ruminants and in dairy products. The major trans-fatty acid in hydrogenated vegetable oils. Atherogenic effect, increasing cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which in turn raises VLDL and lowers HDL. Trans- derivative of linoleic acid; its presence in the red cell membrane is associated with a high intake of omega-6 linoleic acid and/or of cooking practices likely to convert linoleic acid to its trans- derivative (e.g. ready meals or cooking at high temperature at home).like trans-vaccenic acid (from milk) and elaidic acid (the trans- acid of oleic, the presence of significant amounts of linoleadic acid in the membrane can be regarded as a health-negative factor. (28 th August 2012)
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