Essential Components of Food

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1 Essential Components of Food

2 The elements of life living things are mostly (98%) made of 6 elements: C carbon H hydrogen O oxygen P phosphorus N nitrogen S sulphur -each element makes a specific number of bonds with other elements

3 Large biological molecules are called macromolecules

4 Four Groups of Macromolecules:

5 Sugars: contain C, H, O 1. Carbohydrates These are our primary source of energy

6

7 b) Disaccharides - double sugars: result of two monosaccharides joining together through a dehydration synthesis, ex. maltose, sucrose

8 c) Polysaccharides -complex: result of 3 or more monosaccharides linking together -need to be digested before we can absorb them, ex. glycogen, starch -some are structural, ex. cellulose, chitin

9

10 ex. starch (plant storage polysaccharide)

11 ex. glycogen (animal storage polysaccharide)

12 ex. chitin (insect and crustacean structural polysaccharide)

13 CARBOHYDRATES Simple sugars mono -saccharides disaccharides fructose glucose sucrose maltose Complex polysaccharides structural storage chitin cellulose glycogen starch

14 The Fats of Life: LIPIDS Fats, oils, cholesterol, hormones Composed of C,H,O but not water soluble Store the most energy: these are energy storing molecules!

15 Three types of fats 1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Sterols

16 1. TRIGLYCERIDES Most common fat in plants and animals, used in storage A molecule of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone: fatty acid fatty acid fatty acid

17 There are two types of triglycerides: 1) Saturated triglycerides -have single bonds, solid at room temperature -have straight chains

18 2) Unsaturated triglycerides -have double bonds, liquid at room temperature -have bent chains

19

20 2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS -structural components of cell membrane hydrophilic phosphate head hydrophobic tail

21

22 3. STEROLS Cholesterol is a natural component of cell membranes used by cells to make steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile salt

23 if there is too much cholesterol, it can close arteries, depriving tissue of nutrients and leading to stroke

24

25 good cholesterol vs. bad cholesterol Cholesterol and blood do not mix well. So, for cholesterol to travel through your blood, it is coated with a layer of protein to make lipoprotein

26 You want to have low LDL (low density lipoprotein) and high HDL (high density lipoprotein

27

28 cholesterol testosterone progesterone

29

30 Proteins are "unbranched polymers of amino acids"

31 Amino acids: small molecules containing a central C atom and a side chain There are 20 amino acids in human food 8 of those are essential: we do not produce them and therefore must EAT them

32

33 Amino acids link together during protein synthesis through peptide bonds to form a POLYPEPTIDE Most functional proteins will contain hunderds and thousands of amino acids linked together

34 As the polypeptide lengthens it can fold into sheets (β-sheets) or wrap into coils (α-coils)

35 Protein function depends on its 3-dimensional shape

36

37 Denaturation: a change in the three-dimensional shape of a protein caused by high temperatures or harsh chemical conditions (ex. acids, bases, salts) A denatured protein cannot carry out its original function positives negatives - fever: can denature bacteria - straightening/ curling hair - cooking meat - fever: can cause damage - if peptide bonds are broken protein will be destroyed

38 4. Nucleic Acids Two types: DNA and RNA

39 1. DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid The genetic information of a cell Located in the nucleus Works with RNA to regulate the order of amino acids in proteins

40 Made of 4 nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

41 When a cell needs a specific protein it sends a signal to the nucleus, telling it to make that protein The nucleus makes a photocopy of the piece of DNA that carries the information for the desired protein: mrna

42 2. RNA: ribonucleic acid RNA is a nucleic acid where the central sugar of each nucleotide is a ribose

43 RNA has 4 nucleotides, with Thymine being replaced by Uracil A binds to U C binds to G

44 RNA can travel from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell (the area outside the nucleus) The machinery for making proteins (ribosomes) is outside of the cell nucleus

45 Translation: in the cytoplasm RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence by ribosomes

46

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