Midterm 1 (in class) February 1 (next Thur) (bring calculator, log functions) Review Sessions

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Midterm 1 (in class) February 1 (next Thur) (bring calculator, log functions) Review Sessions"

Transcription

1 Midterm 1 (in class) February 1 (next Thur) (bring calculator, log functions) Review Sessions MN (1/29): WED (1/31): 212 Veihmeyer, 4-6 p.m. 198 Young, 6-8 p.m.

2 Lecture 7 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PD)) omplex Tricarboxylic Acid (TA) ycle (Anaplerotic Reactions)

3 Enzymes for onverting ther arbohydrates into Intermediates of Glycolysis ydrolases (di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides) Kinases (phosphotransferases; phosphorylation ) Isomerases (ketol isomerases, epimerases, mutases) Dehydrogenases (NAD-dependent) Review

4 Intestinal Tract Dietary Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen) Liver, Skeletal Muscles Intracellular Polysaccharides (Glycogen Reserve) ydrolysis (unregulated) Synthesis (ATP-dep.) Phosphorolysis (highly regulated) Glucose Glucose Glc-1-P (Glycolysis) Blood Glucose

5 Intestinal Tract Liver, Skeletal Muscles Polymers (Proteins, Lipids, ) Intracellular Polymers ydrolysis (unregulated) Synthesis (ATP-dep.) Degradation (highly regulated) Monomers Monomers Monomers Blood Amino acids, fatty acids, sugars

6 Glucose 2NAD ATP 2NAD + + ytosol Glycolysis 2x Pyruvate 2x Pyruvate 2ATP 8NAD + 8NAD + + Mitochondria Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Review 6x 2 TA ycle

7 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PD) omplex A. Additional oenzymes Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) Lipoic Acid (Lipoamide( Lipoamide) oenzyme A (oa( oa-s) Review

8 B. Reactions of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase omplex verall Reaction Pyruvate + NAD + + oa-s Acetyl-oA NAD + + ( G o = kj mol -1 ) TPP FAD Five o-factors: E1 E3 S S NAD + oenzyme A E2 TPP Lipoic Acid FAD cwx.prenhall.com p. 43

9 NAD + NAD Pyruvate 2 1 TPP FAD 2 TPP FAD TPP FAD 3 E1 E3 E1 E3 E1 E3 S S S S S S 5 E2 TPP FAD E2 TPP FAD E2 TPP FAD 2 3 E1 E3 S S E1 E3 E1 S S E3 S 3 E2 E2 S E2 4 3 Acetyl-oA oa-s p. 43

10 . Mechanism of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (E1) R 1 "Business end" of TPP is thioazolium ring N 3 S R2 R 1 3 N S arbanion R2-3 R 1 N 3 3 S R2 2 R 1 N 3 Intermediates common to both PD and PD enzymes 3 R 2 S - p. 44

11 R 1 N 3 3 R 2 S 2 R 1 N 3 Intermediates common to both PD and PD enzymes 3 R 2 S - S S ( 2 ) 4 Lipoamide N Enzyme (E2) 3 3 R2 R 1 N + S S S ( 2 ) 4 N Enzyme (E2) oenzymea (oa or oas) 3 ScoA + S S ( 2 ) 4 N E2 FAD 2 FAD NAD + Acetyl-oA NAD + + p. 44

12 Glucose 2NAD + ytosol 2 2 2ATP 2NAD + + Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate 2NAD + 2oA-S Mitochondria 2 2 2NAD + + PD omplex 2 Acetyl-oA

13 verall Goal: ARBYDRATES Glucose ther arbohydrates Glycolysis PD TA ycle 2 Glycogen Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-oA NAD ATP 2 (2x) 2 (4x) 2 Lactate (1 x Glucose) p. 21

14 Tricarboxylic Acid (TA) ycle (itric Acid ycle; Krebs ycle) xidation of Acetyl-oA to 2 Generation of NAD and FAD 2 Substrate-level phosphorylation

15 2 Acetyl-oA 6NAD + 2FAD Mitochondria 2ATP 4 2 2FAD 2 TA ycle 6NAD Why are so many reactions (8) required? Why are they arranged in a cycle?

16 2 Acetyl-oA 6NAD + 2FAD Mitochondria 2ATP 4 2 2FAD 2 TA ycle 6NAD Dual function (catabolic and anabolic, or amphibolic) 2. Logistics of - bond cleavage (not a simple feat) 3. Requirement of sequential oxidation steps

17 oa-s ow to break a - bond? In biological systems, - cleavage is assisted by a proximal ( β ( position) carbonyl group (or analogous group). TA cycle intermediates provide a scaffold α β

18 The Tricarboxylic Acid (TA) ycle AETYL-oA 3 ScoA oa-s ITRATE cis-aconitate enzyme-bound NAD ISITRATE 2 3 NAD + 2 NAD + + XALAETATE 8 2 α-ket- GLUTARATE NAD 4 NAD + oa-s NAD MALATE FUMARATE FAD 2 6 FAD 2 2 SUINATE oas 5 GTP GDP + Pi 2 ScoA SUINYL-oA p. 45

19 Reaction 1: itrate synthase G o = - 32 kj mol -1 AETYL-oA 3 ScoA 2 oa-s ITRATE Importance of activated acetate (Acetyl-oA oa) 2 XALAETATE p. 45

20 Reaction 2: Aconitase (Isomerization) G o = kj mol ITRATE cis-aconitate enzyme-bound 2 ISITRATE Tertiary alcohol Secondary alcohol p. 45

21 Reaction 3: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (ID) G o = - 21 kj mol -1 2 α β ISITRATE 3 NAD NAD + 2 xidative Decarboxylation 2 α-ket- GLUTARATE p. 45

22 Reaction 4: α-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase (KD) G o = - 33 kj mol -1 2 α-ket- GLUTARATE 4 NAD + oa-s NAD xidative Decarboxylation 2 ScoA SUINYL-oA p. 45

23 Reaction 5: Succinyl-oA Synthetase (Substrate-level phosphorylation) G o = - 3 kj mol oas 5 GTP GDP + Pi 2 ScoA SUINATE SUINYL-oA GTP + ADP GDP + ATP Nucleoside diphosphate kinase ( G o = 0 kj mol -1 ) p. 45

24 Reaction 6: Succinate Dehydrogenase (SD) G o = 0 kj mol -1 MALATE xidoreduction FAD 2 6 FAD 2 2 FUMARATE SUINATE p. 45

25 Reaction 7: Fumarase G o = - 4 kj mol -1 Addition of 2 (stereospecific, only L-MalateL Malate) MALATE FAD 2 6 FAD 2 2 FUMARATE SUINATE p. 45

26 Reaction 8: Malate Dehydrogenase (MD) AETYL-oA 3 ScoA 2 oa-s ITRATE 2 XALAETATE NAD G o = + 30 kj mol -1 NAD MALATE p. 45

27 Reaction 1: itrate synthase G o = - 32 kj mol -1 AETYL-oA 3 ScoA 2 oa-s ITRATE 2 XALAETATE Reaction 8: MD NAD G o = + 30 kj mol -1 NAD MALATE p. 45

28 The Tricarboxylic Acid (TA) ycle AETYL-oA 3 ScoA oa-s ITRATE cis-aconitate enzyme-bound NAD ISITRATE 2 3 NAD + 2 NAD + + XALAETATE 8 2 α-ket- GLUTARATE NAD 4 NAD + oa-s NAD MALATE FUMARATE FAD 2 6 FAD 2 2 SUINATE oas 5 GTP GDP + Pi 2 ScoA SUINYL-oA p. 45

29 Acetyl-oA Isocitrate Round 1 AA 2 Succinate α-kga 2

30 Acetyl-oA Isocitrate Round 2 AA 2 Succinate α-kga 2

31 Acetyl-oA Isocitrate Round 3 AA 2 Succinate α-kga 2

32 Acetyl-oA Isocitrate Round 1 AA 2 Succinate α-kga 2

33 Total ATP Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NAD Pyruvate 2 Acetyl-oA NAD 6 2 Acetyl-oA ATP 6 NAD 2 FAD xidative ADP phosphorylation: 1 NAD = 3 ATP 1 FAD 2 = 2 ATP 38 ATP

34 The Pasteur Effect Glucose Glycolysis PD TA ycle ET 2 Glucose-6-P Pyruvate Acetyl-oA NAD ATP ATP Aerobic onditions: Low Glucose onsumption

35 Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose The Pasteur Effect Glycolysis Glucose-6-P Pyruvate 2 ATP Ethanol Anaerobic onditions: igh Glucose onsumption

36 The Tricarboxylic Acid (TA) ycle AETYL-oA 3 ScoA oa-s ITRATE cis-aconitate enzyme-bound NAD ISITRATE 2 3 NAD + 2 NAD + + XALAETATE 8 2 α-ket- GLUTARATE NAD 4 NAD + oa-s NAD MALATE FUMARATE FAD 2 6 FAD 2 2 SUINATE oas 5 GTP GDP + Pi 2 ScoA SUINYL-oA p. 45

37 ommon Metabolic Motifs of the TA ycle Reactions 1-3 AA α-kga Introduction of (- 2 -) group hain elongation (e.g., amino acid biosynthesis) Reaction 4 α-kga-d Decarboxylation of α-ketoacids (e.g., pyruvate) Reaction 5 Succinyl-oA synthetase Substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP) Reactions 6-8 Succinate AA Introduction of a keto function (e.g., fatty acid degradation)

38 Fuel Energy Action Food Energy Regeneration Reproduction arbon hemistry

39 Biosynthetic Functions of the TA ycle Steroids PEP Pyruvate Fatty Acids Acetyl-oA Pyrimidine Bases Acetyl-oA (cytosol) Thr Asp xalaoacetate itrate Ile Met Asn Malate TA ycle Isocitrate Glutathione Lys Fumarate α-ketoglutarate Glu rnithine Succinyl-oA Pro Gln Arg Porphyrines Purine Bases eme hlorophyll Vitamin B 12 p. 46

40 Anabolic Function atabolic Function Glycolysis PEP Pyruvate 2 Acetyl-oA xalaoacetate itrate Malate TA ycle Isocitrate 2 Remove Intermediates Fumarate Succinyl-oA α-ketoglutarate 2

41 Anabolic Function atabolic Function Glycolysis PEP Pyruvate 2 Acetyl-oA xalaoacetate itrate Malate TA ycle Isocitrate 2 Remove Intermediates Fumarate Succinyl-oA α-ketoglutarate 2

42 Anabolic Function atabolic Function Glycolysis PEP Pyruvate 2 Anaplerotic Reactions 3 Acetyl-oA 2 2 xalaoacetate itrate Malate TA ycle Isocitrate 2 Remove Intermediates Fumarate Succinyl-oA α-ketoglutarate 2

Review Sessions for MT 1

Review Sessions for MT 1 Review Sessions for MT 1 FRI (4/17): Mon (4/20): Kleiber all, 5-7 p.m. Kleiber all, 5-7 p.m. See ESSETIALS for MIDTERM 1 Problem sets and Midterms of 2008 and 2007 posted on the real 103 website (My UCDavis)

More information

Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle

Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylcoa In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final

More information

The Citric acid cycle. The Citric Acid Cycle II 11/17/2009. Overview. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

The Citric acid cycle. The Citric Acid Cycle II 11/17/2009. Overview. Pyruvate dehydrogenase The itric acid cycle The itric Acid ycle II 11/17/2009 It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the hub of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid

More information

Krebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová

Krebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Krebs cycle Energy - 215 Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Overview of Citric Acid Cycle Key Concepts The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a multistep catalytic process that converts acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates,

More information

TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle)

TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) TCA CYCLE The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as: Kreb s cycle Sir Hans Krebs Nobel prize, 1953 TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle The citric acid cycle requires aerobic conditions!!!!

More information

Lecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III

Lecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS

More information

Citric acid cycle. Tomáš Kučera.

Citric acid cycle. Tomáš Kučera. itric acid cycle Tomáš Kučera tomas.kucera@lfmotol.cuni.cz Department of Medical hemistry and linical Biochemistry 2nd Faculty of Medicine, harles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital 2017

More information

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle. TCA Cycle; Krebs Cycle; Citric Acid Cycle

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle. TCA Cycle; Krebs Cycle; Citric Acid Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid ycle TA ycle; Krebs ycle; itric Acid ycle The Bridging Step: Pyruvate D hase O H 3 - - pyruvate O O - NAD + oash O 2 NADH O H 3 - - S - oa acetyl oa Pyruvate D hase omplex Multienzyme

More information

CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG

CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric

More information

Lecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III

Lecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS

More information

Biological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle

Biological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle Biological oxidation II The Cytric acid cycle Outline The Cytric acid cycle (TCA tricarboxylic acid) Central role of Acetyl-CoA Regulation of the TCA cycle Anaplerotic reactions The Glyoxylate cycle Localization

More information

Module No. # 01 Lecture No. # 19 TCA Cycle

Module No. # 01 Lecture No. # 19 TCA Cycle Biochemical Engineering Prof. Dr. Rintu Banerjee Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Saikat Chakraborty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

More information

III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle

III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Slide 1 The Eight Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes: 4 dehydrogenases (2 decarboxylation) 3

More information

Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism

Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Foods Food is broken down into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and sent through catabolic pathways to produce energy. Glycolysis glucose 2 P i 2 ADP

More information

Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate. Chapter 16 Homework Assignment. Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle

Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate. Chapter 16 Homework Assignment. Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Chapter 16 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 1, 3, 7, 10, 16, 19, 20 Additional Problem: Write out the eight reaction steps of the Citric Acid Cycle, using

More information

Chapter 17 - Citric Acid Cycle

Chapter 17 - Citric Acid Cycle hapter 17 - itric Acid ycle I. Introduction - The citric acid cycle (A) was elucidated in the 1930's by ans Krebs, who first noticed that oxygen consumption in suspensions of pigeon breast muscle was greatly

More information

Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways

Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Three stages of catabolism Glucose Synthesis of compounds e.g. lactose glycolipids Glucose-6-P Pentosephosphate Pathway Glycolysis Glycogenesis Acetyl-CoA

More information

Citrate Cycle. Lecture 28. Key Concepts. The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions

Citrate Cycle. Lecture 28. Key Concepts. The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions Citrate Cycle Lecture 28 Key Concepts The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions Eight reactions of the Citrate Cycle Key control points in the Citrate Cycle regulate metabolic flux What role

More information

Chapter 07. Cellular Respiration.

Chapter 07. Cellular Respiration. hapter 07 ellular Respiration 1 http://www.mobento.com/video/diyoea5mc **Important study hints** Draw out processes on paper and label structures and steps Keep working on those flash cards! http://getyournotes.blogspot.com/2012/01/cellular-respiration-aerobic-and.html

More information

Vocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle

Vocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle Vocabulary Amphibolic: able to be a part of both anabolism and catabolism Anaplerotic: referring to a reaction that ensures an adequate supply of an important metabolite Citrate Synthase: the enzyme that

More information

Chapter 16. The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA

Chapter 16. The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA The Citric Acid Cycle Key topics: To Know Also called Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) or Krebs Cycle. Three names for the

More information

Sheet #13. #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016. Here we go.. Record #18

Sheet #13. #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016. Here we go.. Record #18 1 Sheet #13 #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016 Here we go.. Record #18 2 Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism: 1) The citric acid

More information

Chapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I

Chapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for

More information

Chapter 13 - TCA Cycle

Chapter 13 - TCA Cycle Chapter 13 TCA Cycle The third fate of glucose/pyruvate is complete oxidation to C 2 + H 2 in the matrix of the mitochondrion. The 1 st step is the oxidation and decarboxylation of pyruvate to AcetylCoA,

More information

Glycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4

Glycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4 Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of

More information

BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE

BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CITRIC ACID CYCLE (T.C.A) PRODUCTION OF ACETYL CoA REACTIONS OF THE CITIRC ACID CYCLE THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE T.C.A CYCLE THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE

More information

Metabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism

Metabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism Metabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism Last Week Energy Metabolism - The first thing a living organism has got to be able to do is harness energy from the environment - Plants do it by absorbing sunlight

More information

CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete loss of electrons Reduction: partial or complete gain of electrons

More information

Yield of energy from glucose

Yield of energy from glucose Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005

More information

Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain

Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration ellular Respiration 1 ellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 2 ) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H 2 O). 6 H

More information

Midterm 2. Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98. Standard Deviation: 17.7

Midterm 2. Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98. Standard Deviation: 17.7 Midterm 2 Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98 Standard Deviation: 17.7 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Review of Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Synthesis of few amino acids Dietary

More information

Krebs Cycle. Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes. Extra information Biochemistry team 438. Red boxes are IMPORTANT!

Krebs Cycle. Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes. Extra information Biochemistry team 438. Red boxes are IMPORTANT! Red boxes are IMPORTANT! Krebs Cycle Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes : ل ی د ع ت ل ا ط ب ا ر https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wvdec1atp7j- ZKWOUSukSLsEcosjZ0AqV4z2VcH2TA0/edit?usp=sharing

More information

Respiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs

Respiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Respiration rganisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis Heterotrophs Live on organic compounds produced by

More information

SIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM

SIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM SIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM When we eat food such as a tuna fish sandwich, the polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are digested to smaller molecules that are absorbed into the cells of our body. As these

More information

Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading

Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions - Eight enzymatic reactions of the Citrate Cycle - Key control points in the citrate cycle regulate

More information

Pathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H +

Pathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H + Glycolysis Glycolysis The conversion of glucose to pyruvate to yield 2ATP molecules 10 enzymatic steps Chemical interconversion steps Mechanisms of enzyme conversion and intermediates Energetics of conversions

More information

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete

More information

Cellular Respiration. Mitochondria. Redox Reaction. Cellular Respiration. Question: Plants and Animals 12/6/2012

Cellular Respiration. Mitochondria. Redox Reaction. Cellular Respiration. Question: Plants and Animals 12/6/2012 ellular Respiration ellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 2 ) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy () and water (H 2 O). Equation

More information

The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1

The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1 The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1 The Citric Acid Cycle Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism the citric acid cycle electron transport oxidative phosphorylation Metabolism consists of catabolism:

More information

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA.

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the fuel for the citric acid cycle, which processes the two carbon acetyl unit to two molecules

More information

Aerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose

Aerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1 I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until

More information

Amino Acid Metabolism

Amino Acid Metabolism Amino Acid Metabolism Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal

More information

Midterm 2 Results. Standard Deviation:

Midterm 2 Results. Standard Deviation: Midterm 2 Results High: Low: Mean: Standard Deviation: 97.5% 16% 58% 16.3 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Dietary (Exogenous) Proteins Hydrolyzed

More information

Fate of Dietary Protein

Fate of Dietary Protein Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal lining: proteases

More information

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete

More information

1. PDH. The Chemistry

1. PDH. The Chemistry A Respiration: xidative metabolism of all metabolic fuels (carbohyrates, fats) via etyl oa -- Mitochondrial reactions -- Require (or another e acceptor) -- We can metabolize carbohydrates anaerobically

More information

Integrative Metabolism: Significance

Integrative Metabolism: Significance Integrative Metabolism: Significance Energy Containing Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Catabolism Energy Depleted End Products H 2 O NH 3 ADP + Pi NAD + NADP + FAD + Pi NADH+H + NADPH+H + FADH2 Cell

More information

Chem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217

Chem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217 Chem 109 C Fall 2014 Armen Zakarian ffice: Chemistry Bldn 2217 o Catabolism of carbohydrates: 10 reactions of glycolysis Chapter 25 C C 2 C 2 D-glucose α-d-glucopyranose aworth projection α-d-glucopyranose

More information

Cell Metabolism. School of Industrial and Information Engineering Course (095857) Introduction to Green and Sustainable Chemistry

Cell Metabolism. School of Industrial and Information Engineering Course (095857) Introduction to Green and Sustainable Chemistry School of Industrial and Information Engineering ourse 096125 (095857) Introduction to Green and Sustainable hemistry ell Metabolism FATS ARBYDRATES Prof. Dipartimento MI Giulio atta http://iscamap.chem.polimi.it/citterio/education/course-topics

More information

General Biology. Overview: Life is Work. 6. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. Energy

General Biology. Overview: Life is Work. 6. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. Energy ourse No: BNG003 redits: 3.00 General Biology verview: Life is Work Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks The giant panda obtains energy for its cells

More information

Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college

Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate(the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvatetransporter into mitochondria which proceeds as follows:

More information

Amino Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Catabolism Amino Acid atabolism 3-1 Lec #8 To date we have considered the catabolism of carbohydrates and lipids with the object of generating energy in the form of ATP. Both give rise to AcoA which is fed through

More information

Marah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh

Marah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh 8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon

More information

CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions

CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy

More information

20 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

20 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 20 Tricarboxylic Acid ycle The TA cycle is frequently called the Krebs cycle because Sir ans Krebs first formulated its reactions into a cycle. It is also called the citric acid cycle because citrate was

More information

BCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry

BCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry BCH 5045 Graduate Survey of Biochemistry Instructor: Charles Guy Producer: Ron Thomas Director: Glen Graham Lecture 50 Slide sets available at: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/teach/guyweb/bch5045/index.html

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.

More information

This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)

This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that

More information

November, Exam 2 (Short answer section) Biochemistry. NESA Fall Name

November, Exam 2 (Short answer section) Biochemistry. NESA Fall Name 1 November, 26 2001 Exam 2 (hort answer section) Biochemistry NEA Fall 2001 Name All questions are worth the point values designated in parentheses. This section of the exam is open book, open notes, and

More information

Respiration. Energy is everything!

Respiration. Energy is everything! Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular

More information

Biochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture - 27 Metabolism III

Biochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture - 27 Metabolism III Biochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture - 27 Metabolism III In the last step of our metabolism of carbohydrates we are going to consider

More information

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Overview (Also called KREBS CYCLE, or CITRIC ACID CYCLE ) Occur totally in mitochondria. TCA cycle is an aerobic pathway, bcz O 2 is required as the final electron accepter. Supplies

More information

Triose-P isomerase Enolase

Triose-P isomerase Enolase Select the single best answer. 1 onsider the catabolism of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. In this metabolic direction, which of these enzymes catalyzes a reaction where the PRUTS have one more "high-energy"

More information

Gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009. Free energy changes in glycolysis 11/13/2009

Gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009. Free energy changes in glycolysis 11/13/2009 Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009 Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids are converted to glucose. Fasting requires all the

More information

Respiration. Energy is everything!

Respiration. Energy is everything! Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular

More information

The Krebs cycle is a central pathway for recovering energy from three major metabolites: carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids.

The Krebs cycle is a central pathway for recovering energy from three major metabolites: carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. Chapter 16 - Citric Acid Cycle TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) Citric acid cycle and Krebs cycle. Named after Sir Hans Krebs, Nobel Laureate. He worked as an assistant professor for Otto Warburg (Nobel

More information

Glycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition

Glycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition Glycolysis B 40 lecture hapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway Glycolysis is degradation of glucose to generate energy (ATP) and to provide

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration

More information

III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular

III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways

More information

Chapter-5 Respiration in Plants Very Short Answers Questions: 1. Different substrates get oxidized during respiration. How does respiratory quotient (RQ) indicate which type of substrate i.e. carbohydrate,

More information

Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD

Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Why do we need it? Location & where is it in the picture? Electron (energy) carrying molecules Components Enzymes & cofactors

More information

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Note (Study Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose, TCA cycle and Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle, HMP shunt in

More information

Energy and life. Generation of Biochemical Energy Chapter 21. Energy. Energy and biochemical reactions: 4/5/09

Energy and life. Generation of Biochemical Energy Chapter 21. Energy. Energy and biochemical reactions: 4/5/09 Energy and life Generation of Biochemical Energy Chapter 21 1 Biological systems are powered by oxidation of biomolecules made mainly of C, H and O. The food biomolecules are mainly Lipids (fats) Carbohydrates

More information

METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI

METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI 1 METABOLISM Process of how cells acquire, transform, store and use energy Study of the chemistry, regulation and energetics

More information

Metabolic Biochemistry Lecture 5

Metabolic Biochemistry Lecture 5 :The PDH Complex Part 1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Content: The pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction mechanism Roles of vitamin derivatives in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

More information

Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 1 Metabolism: The sum of all the chemical transformations taking place in a cell or organism, occurs through a series of enzymecatalyzed reactions that constitute

More information

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5 1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced

More information

General Biology. Overview: Life is Work. Energy. flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves it as heat. Examples of RedOx reactions.

General Biology. Overview: Life is Work. Energy. flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves it as heat. Examples of RedOx reactions. ourse o: BG00" redits:.00 " General Biology " " 6. ellular Respiration: arvesting hemical Energy verview: Life is Work Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their

More information

7.05 Spring 2004 May 7, Recitation #11

7.05 Spring 2004 May 7, Recitation #11 Recitation #11 ontact Information TA: Victor Sai Recitation: Friday, 3-4pm, 2-132 E-mail: sai@mit.edu ffice ours: Friday, 4-5pm, 2-132 Unit 4 Schedule Recitation/Exam Date Topic Recitation #11 Friday,

More information

Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.6 Krebs Cycle 3.6a Pyruvate Oxidation 3.6b Krebs Cycle Reactions 3.6c Krebs Cycle Regulation

Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.6 Krebs Cycle 3.6a Pyruvate Oxidation 3.6b Krebs Cycle Reactions 3.6c Krebs Cycle Regulation Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY 3.6 Krebs Cycle 3.6a Pyruvate Oxidation 3.6b Krebs Cycle Reactions 3.6c Krebs Cycle Regulation Sources of Acetyl Group of Acetyl-CoA - Acetyl group of acetyl-coa can be

More information

Chem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217

Chem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217 Chem 109 C Fall 2014 Armen Zakarian ffice: Chemistry Bldn 2217 Chapter 25 o Glycolysis : fates of pyruvate NADH, H + H + C 2 NADH, H + H - (S)-lactic acid lactate dehydrogenase; anaerobic conditions -

More information

CH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview. Concept 7.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels

CH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview. Concept 7.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels CH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms Energy flows into

More information

Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle

Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 21 Session Plan Gluconeogenesis Cori Cycle Common Metabolic Pathway The Citric Acid Cycle Stoker 2014, p859 Gluconeogenesis

More information

Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy

Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular work (ATP) 3. Importance of electrons and

More information

Chemical Energy. Valencia College

Chemical Energy. Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Living cells require energy from outside sources Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and

More information

Lecture 3 Topics. Role of co-factors. Esssentials of enzyme regulation. Carbohydrate Catabolism. Brief carbohydrate review.

Lecture 3 Topics. Role of co-factors. Esssentials of enzyme regulation. Carbohydrate Catabolism. Brief carbohydrate review. Lecture 3 Topics Role of co-factors in catalysis Esssentials of enzyme regulation arbohydrate atabolism Brief carbohydrate review First pathway ATP as universial carrier of chemical energy Role of enzymes

More information

Biochemistry: A Short Course

Biochemistry: A Short Course Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course First Edition CHAPTER 19 Harvesting Electrons from the Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 19 Outline The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl

More information

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell.

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Can be reactions that break things down. (Catabolism) Or reactions that build things up. (Anabolism)

More information

respiration mitochondria mitochondria metabolic pathways reproduction can fuse or split DRP1 interacts with ER tubules chapter DRP1 ER tubule

respiration mitochondria mitochondria metabolic pathways reproduction can fuse or split DRP1 interacts with ER tubules chapter DRP1 ER tubule mitochondria respiration chapter 3-4 shape highly variable can fuse or split structure outer membrane inner membrane cristae intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix free ribosomes respiratory enzymes

More information

Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain. Pavla Balínová

Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain. Pavla Balínová Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain Pavla Balínová Mitochondria Structure of mitochondria: Outer membrane Inner membrane (folded) Matrix space (mtdna, ribosomes, enzymes of CAC, β-oxidation of FA,

More information

Chap 3 Metabolism and Growth

Chap 3 Metabolism and Growth Chap 3 Metabolism and Growth I. Metabolism Definitions: Metabolism includes two parts: anabolism and catabolism Catabolism: Anabolism: Aerobic metabolism: catabolism anabolis m catabolis anabolis m Anaerobic

More information

PHM142 Energy Production + The Mitochondria

PHM142 Energy Production + The Mitochondria PHM142 Energy Production + The Mitochondria 1 The Endosymbiont Theory of Mitochondiral Evolution 1970: Lynn Margulis Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Endosymbiant Theory: the mitochondria evolved from free-living

More information

atty Acid Oxidation (β-oxidation)( in Mitochondria Net Result of Fatty Acid Oxidation Pathway Fatty acid shortened by 2 carbon unit

atty Acid Oxidation (β-oxidation)( in Mitochondria Net Result of Fatty Acid Oxidation Pathway Fatty acid shortened by 2 carbon unit ecture 14 10/3/05 ellular Respiration: arvesting hemical Energy hapter 9 II. atabolic Pathways Lecture utline 1. Review Fatty Acid xidation Pathway. xidation of Monosaccharides ( Pathway) 3. Mitochondrial

More information

(A) Urea cycle (B) TCA cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Pyruvate oxidation (E) Respiratory chain

(A) Urea cycle (B) TCA cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Pyruvate oxidation (E) Respiratory chain Biochemistry - Problem Drill 15: Citric Acid Cycle No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements is not a metabolic pathway involved in carbohydrate catabolism and ATP production. (A) Urea cycle (B)

More information

Lecture 3 Topics. Review of ATP, enzymes and co-factors. Esssentials of enzyme regulation. Carbohydrate Catabolism. Brief carbohydrate review

Lecture 3 Topics. Review of ATP, enzymes and co-factors. Esssentials of enzyme regulation. Carbohydrate Catabolism. Brief carbohydrate review Lecture 3 Topics Review of ATP, enzymes and co-factors Esssentials of enzyme regulation arbohydrate atabolism Brief carbohydrate review First pathway Electrostatic bond strain Ionization of ADP product

More information

Chemistry B11 Chapter 17 Metabolic pathways & Energy production

Chemistry B11 Chapter 17 Metabolic pathways & Energy production Chapter 17 Metabolic pathways & Energy production Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that take place in living cells to break down or build molecules are known as metabolism. The term metabolism refers

More information

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation*

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. Life Is Work

More information