WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 11. Mr. Gandha

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1 WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 11 Mr. Gandha

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5 TOPICS OF BIOLOGY 11 Chemicals of life Cells Evolution Taxonomy Microbio Plants Animals

6 BIOLOGY THIS SEMESTER Review of Biology and Processes Adaptation and Evolution: A theory to explain relationships between living things Microbiology: The study of microscopic organisms Viruses Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista - briefly Plant biology: The study of plants Green Algae, Mosses, Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms Animal biology: The study of animals (you may be surprised!) Kingdoms Porifera and Cnidaria Kingdoms Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida Kingdoms Mollusca and Echinodermata Kingdom Arthropoda Kingdom Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata

7 THE CELL Cells: Part 1

8 OBJECTIVES By the end of the lesson you should be able to: State the 2 types of cells Relate the structure to function for all the organelles

9 TYPES OF CELLS There are two types of cells: 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic

10 PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on whether they contain a nucleus Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes A nucleus is a large membraneenclosed structure that contains the cell s genetic material in the form of DNA Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not contain a nuclei and Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nuclei

11 PROKARYOTES Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes, although many exceptions Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus They all grow, reproduce, respond to their environment, and some can move Typically we call prokaryotes, Bacteria

12 EUKARYOTES Generally these cells are larger Usually contain dozens of structures and internal membranes and many are highly specialized Eukaryotes contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell Some are single-celled and others form multi-cellular organisms. Plants, animals, fungi and protists are eukaryotes

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14 WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?? Label your eukaryotic cells Plant and Animals

15 CELL MEMBRANE AKA: Plasma Membrane Confines the cytoplasm Controls what enters and leaves the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer

16 CELL MEMBRANE Structure of Cell Membrane The fatty acid tails are water hating The phosphate heads are water loving There are proteins embedded in the membrane to transport molecules through the membrane

17 NUCLEUS Contains nearly all the cell s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules Nuclear envelope a double layer of nuclear membrane with pores Chromatin DNA with protein (synthesis) Houses nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleoli Nucleolus Where Ribosomes are assembled Nuclear membrane is connected to the RER

18 RER & SER Endoplasmic Reticulum Made of cell membrane folded into sacs There are two types: 1. Rough: has ribosomes attached 2. Smooth: no ribosomes attached

19 RER & SER RER: processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus SER: makes lipids, contain enzymes for specialized tasks, detoxifies poisons, drugs and other toxins

20 RIBOSOMES Found attached to the RER and floating in the cytoplasm Are the site of protein synthesis They receive coded instructions that come from the nucleus

21 GOLGI BODY AKA: Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex Made of flattened sacs of cell membrane Receives and exports proteins via vesicles

22 VACUOLES & VESICLES Membrane bound sacs used for storage Formed from ER and Golgi Apparatus

23 MITOCHONDRIA Powerhouse of the cell Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP) Mitochondria comes from your mom!

24 CHLOROPLAST Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

25 MIRCROTUBULES Hollow structures made up of proteins Maintain cell shape Cell division Centrioles: Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division Centrioles are not found in plant cells

26 FLAGELLA & CILIA Microtubules also help build projections from the cell surface for things like flagella and cilia Flagella: move cells Cilia: move things past cells

27 CYTOSKELETON Gives the cell its shape and supports organelles Moves things inside the cell Made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

28 LYSOSOMES & PEROXISOMES Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest or breakdown lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell

29 YOUR TURN! Crash Course Video Complete the Chart on Cell Organelles

30 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS The Cell: Part 2

31 DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

32 DIFFUSION The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the solvent it is called equilibrium. What does this have to do with cell membranes?

33 OSMOSIS Cell membranes are selectively permeable. Some substances cannot diffuse across them. Water can pass quite easily through the cell membrane to balance out the concentration and reach equilibrium. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

34 SOLUTIONS Isotonic When the concentration of two solutions is the same. Hypertonic The solution with the greater concentration of solutes. Hypotonic The solution with the lesser concentration of solutes.

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36 DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS Diffusion Movement of PARTICLES from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Osmosis Movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

37 OSMOSIS DETAILS Isotonic: equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell the concentration of the solute is equal on both sides of the cell membrane No net gain of water into or out of the cell Hypertonic: higher concentration of water inside the cell the concentration of the solute is higher outside of the cell Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks Hypotonic: lower concentration of water inside the cell the concentration of the solute is higher on the inside of the cell so water moves into the cell; the cell swells (if too much it can burst! LYSIS!)

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39 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The Cell: Part 3

40 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS A little side-step from all the organelles - Protein Synthesis Demo DNA Hank video! You should be able to describe how these structures work together: Hormone/Chemical messenger Nuclear Membrane Cytoplasm Nuclear Pore Nucleus Nucleolus DNA mrna Vesicles RER Golgi body

41 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein (RNA) 2. The DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA 3. RNA leaves through a nuclear pore 4. The RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, where the protein is made

42 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CONT D The manufactured protein enters the ER A vesicle forms off the end of the ER and carries the vesicle to Golgi body 7. Golgi repackages the protein for transport 8. A vesicle forms off the end of Golgi to cell membrane 9. The vesicle attached to cell membrane and is release out

43 LIFE AND ITS MAJOR MOLECULES Intro to Bio

44 OBJECTIVES By the end of the lesson you should be able to: Describe the 8 characteristics of life Draw the structure of the 4 molecules of life State the function and examples of the 4 molecules of life

45 THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. All life is made up of at least one cell or more cells 2. All life must eat 3. All life grows - increasing its biomass 4. All life reproduces itself

46 THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 5. All life responds to its environment 6. All life adapts - evolves - to survive in its environment 7. All life maintains internal and external homeostasis (stable internal environments) 8. All life ends

47 4 MOLECULES OF LIFE Cytoplasm is made of 4 types of molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids These molecules are composed mostly of four elements: H, O, C, & N Video Crash Course You are what you eat

48 CARBOHYDRATES Function: energy for cell and structure There are 3 types: 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides

49 CARBOHYDRATES CONTINUED Monosaccharides are a single unit of sugar If two monosaccharides are combined together, the result is called a disaccharide If there are many monosaccharides combined, the resulting molecule is a polysaccharide

50 EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides: Amylose, chitin, glycogen, cellulose

51 LIPIDS (FATS) There are 3 types: 1. Triglycerides: long term energy storage 2. Steroids: hormones 3. Phospholipids: used to make cell membranes

52 LIPIDS CONTINUED This is a phospholipid Note: the two fatty acid tails and the one glycerol head

53 PROTEINS Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids The amino acids link together to form a chain These long chains of amino acids fold up in a very specific way The differences between proteins is the sequence of the amino acids and how they are folded up

54 NUCLEIC ACIDS There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA A nucleic acid is made up of small molecules called nucleotides (ACTG&U)

55 NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUED Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Largest molecule on earth! Fits in to the nucleus and is twisted into a double helix

56 NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUED Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): there are 3 types 1. Messenger RNA (mrna) 2. Transfer RNA (trna) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rrna) All are single stranded and help DNA make proteins Has a U base instead of the T base

57 NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUED Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) This is the energy molecule of life There are 3 phosphate molecules bonded together The last two have a lot of energy stored in their bonds Video Crash Course - DNA